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Appendix A: Physical Constants and Conversion of Units

Values of physical constants

Physical constant Symbol Value

Atomic mass unit (dalton) amu

1.660 × 10

Avogadro's number N

6.022 × 10

mol

Boltzmann's constant k

1.381 × 10

J K

3.298 × 10

cal K

Electron volt eV

1.602 × 10

3.828 × 10

cal

Faraday constant F

9.649 × 10

C mol

2.306 × 10

cal volt

Curie Ci

3.70 × 10

disintegrations s

Gas constant R

8.315 J mol

1.987 cal mol

Planck's constant h

6.626 × 10

J s

1.584 × 10

cal s

Speed of light in a vacuum c

2.998 × 10

cm s

Abbreviations: C, coulomb; cal, calorie; cm, centimeter; K, Kelvin;eq, equivalent; g, gram; J, joule; mol, mole; s, second.

Appendix A: Physical Constants and Conversion of Units

Mathematical constants

π = 3.14159

e = 2.71828

log

x = 2.303 log

Appendix A: Physical Constants and Conversion of Units

Conversion factors

Physical quantity Equivalent

Length

1 cm = 10

m = 10 mm = 10

µm = 10

1 cm = 10

Å = 0.3937 inch

Mass

1 g = 10

kg = 10

mg = 10

µg

1 g = 3.527 × 10

ounce (avoirdupois)

Volume

1 cm

= 10

1 ml = 1 cm

= 10

liter = 10

µl

1 cm

= 6.1 × 10

= 3.53 × 10

Temperature K = °C + 273.15

°C = (5/9)(°F

32)

Energy

1 J = 10

erg = 0.239 cal = 1 watt s

Pressure 1 torr = 1 mm Hg (0°C)

= 1.333 × 10

newtons m

= 1.333 × 10

pascal

= 1.316 × 10

atmospheres

Appendix A: Physical Constants and Conversion of Units

Standard prefixes

Prefix Symbol Factor

kilo k

hecto h

deca da

deci d

centi c

milli m

micro

nano n

pico p

Appendix B: Acidity Constants

Values of Some Acids

Acid pK (at 25°C) Acid pK (at 25°C)

Acetic acid 4.76 Lactic acid 3.86

Acetoacetic acid 3.58 Maleic acid, pK

1.83

Ammonium ion 9.25 pK

6.07

Ascorbic acid, pK

4.10 Malic acid, pK

3.40

11.79 pK

5.11

Benzoic acid 4.20 Phenol 9.89

n-Butyric acid 4.81 Phosphoric acid, pK

2.12

Cacodylic acid 6.19 pK

7.21

Carbonic acid, pK

6.35 pK

12.67

10.33 Pyridinium ion 5.25

Citric acid, pK

3.14 Pyrophosphoric acid, pK

0.85

4.77 pK

1.49

6.39 pK

5.77

Ethylammonium ion 10.81 pK

8.22

Formic acid 3.75 Succinic acid, pK

4.21

Glycine, pK

2.35 pK

5.64

9.78 Trimethylammonium ion 9.79

Imidazolium ion 6.95 Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane 8.08

Water* 15.74

] [OH

] = 10

; [H

O] = 55.5 M.

Appendix B: Acidity Constants

Typical pK

values of ionizable groups in proteins

Appendix C: Standard Bond Lengths

Standard Bond Lengths

Bond Structure Length (Å)

C H R

1.07

Aromatic 1.08

RCH

1.10

C Hydrocarbon 1.54

Aromatic 1.40

C Ethylene 1.33

C Acetylene 1.20

O RNH

1.47

C N 1.34

O Alcohol 1.43

Ester 1.36

O Aldehyde 1.22

Amide 1.24

S R

S 1.82

H Amide 0.99

H Alcohol 0.97

O O

1.21

O Ester 1.56

H Thiol 1.33

S Disulfide 2.05

Glossary of Compounds

The following pages contain the structures of amino acids, common metabolic intermediates, nucleotide bases, and

important cofactors. In many cases, two versions of the structure are shown: the Fisher structure (bottom) and a more

stereochemically accurate version (top).