Bennemann K.H., Ketterson J.B. Superconductivity: Volume 1: Conventional and Unconventional Superconductors; Volume 2: Novel Superconductors

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24 Superﬂuid

He and the Cuprate Superconductors 1533

perimental quantities such as the specific heat which

are crudely proportional to the amount of normal

component will themselves have a power-law behav-

ior. Such power-law behavior is indeed observed in

the cuprates,in particular in theNMR properties and

the deviation of the penetration depth from its zero-

temperature limit. This is strong evidence for the ex-

istence of nodes of the gap which are also observed

more directly in ARPES experiments. To be sure, the

mere existence of nodes is not peculiar to exotic pair-

ing states, an s-wave (A

) state, provided it is of the

so-called“extended”type,can also have them, but the

salient point is that a d

−y

state, because it must (by

definition!) change sign under reﬂection in any 45

◦

axis, necessarily has nodes at these points, which is

exactly where they are observed in ARPES.

In the above argument, it was taken for granted

that the energy gap (k) is simply proportional to

the orbital order parameter. This is indeed the case

for spin singlet pairing, where the order parameter

can be expressed as a simple product of a trivial spin

factor (the singlet state) and an orbital factor. For

spin triplet pairing the situation is in general a lit-

tle more complicated. In this case it turns out (at

least for the so-called “unitary” class of states which

includes the A and B states) that the gap (k) is pro-

portional to the quantity |d(k) |

1/2

. We see that the

B-phase gap is uniform over the Fermi surface and

thus has no nodes, while the A-phase gap is propor-

tional to (k · )2 and so has two nodes in the direc-

tions±

.Consequently,we expect that the properties

He-B should behave as a function of temperature,

similarly to those of a classic (s-wave) superconduc-

tor, (e.g. the specific heat should decrease exponen-

tially in the limit T → 0), while for

He-A we should

get power-law behavior qualitatively similar to that

seen in the cuprates. But at the very lowest temper-

atures (lower than currently accessible) the thermo-

dynamics should be dominated by bosonic collective

excitations such as spin waves. This prediction ap-

pears consistent with existing experiments, although

lower-temperature measurements would be needed

to confirm it definitively [9].

A second consequence of exotic pairing in general

is that various experimentally measured quantities

may show an anisotropy over and above that pre-

scribed by the Hamiltonian. Examples of such be-

havior in superﬂuid

He include the A-phase ultra-

sonic attenuation,which depends on the angle of the

sound propagation vector relative to the characteris-

tic orbital vector

, and the magnetic susceptibility,

which depends on the angle of the field relative to

the characteristic spin vector

d.In

He-B the orbital

and spin properties are individually isotropic,but the

effect of the rather subtle anisotropy in the correla-

tion of the spin and orbital coordinates comes out

in the NMR behavior,which is sensitive to just such

correlations and indeed depends on the direction of

the static field relative to the“spin-orbit rotation vec-

tor” ˆ!. In the cuprates the most obvious signature of

anisotropy is in the ARPES data.While onewould ex-

pect (and finds) the spectra to be somewhat different

along the crystal axes and at 45

◦

even in the normal

phase, this difference is strongly accentuated in the

superconducting phase, since as already described a

gap develops which is finite along the axes but zero

in the 45

◦

directions.

A third class of phenomena related to exotic pair-

ing has to do with possible variations of the char-

acteristic “orientation”in space and/or in time. Here

there is a very substantial difference between

He and

the cuprates.In the former case,if for definiteness we

consider the A phase, the characteristic orbital vec-

tor

 and spin vector

d are pinned only very weakly

in bulk (by effects such as the nuclear dipole–dipole

interaction,residual heat ﬂows,etc., see [29], Sect.X),

and as a result such spatial and/or temporal variation

of the orientation is quite commonplace and of great

interest both experimentally and theoretically, see,

e.g. [9]. By contrast, in the cuprates there is no ques-

tion of spin “orientation” since the state is a singlet,

and the “orientation” of the orbital wave function

is firmly pinned by the crystal axes. The only re-

maining freedom is to exchange the + or – signs on

thefour“lobes”ofthepairwavefunction.Sincethis

merely multiplies the total pair wave function by a

– sign, one might think it would have no physical

significance.Indeed for a spatially uniform situation

this is true. However, it is precisely this subtle degree

of freedom which allows, in a spatially nonuniform

setup, the rather spectacular Josephson (quantum

phase interference) experiments which are the most

1534 A.J.Leggett

convincing evidence in favor of the d

−y

symmetry

assignment, see, e.g. [27].

24.6 Conclusion

From the discussion in this chapter the reader might

draw the conclusion that the phenomenon of super-

ﬂuidity in liquid

He has been no help in understand-

ing cuprate superconductivity. Note, the vast differ-

ences between the two systems and the few simi-

larities. However, such a conclusion would, I think,

miss a crucial point: In the history of research on

Cooper pairing in Fermi systems,superﬂuid

He was

the very first case of a system where the pairing was

neither of the conventional (s-wave) symmetry nor

due to exchange of entities (phonons) different from

those being paired. These features had been antici-

pated theoretically. It is difficult to overestimate the

role of the experimental discovery of superﬂuidity in

He in opening the minds of the community to the

idea thatsuperconducting(orsuperﬂuid) long-range

order might be a very generic phenomenon and that

the detailed properties of systemssharing it might be

very different from those of the classic superconduc-

tors.Certainly,such an expectation has been spectac-

ularly realized in the cuprates; and to my mind it is

entirely possible that it will in the future have other

equally spectacular realizations elsewhere.

24.7 Summary

This chapter compared the phenomenon of super-

ﬂuidity in liquid

He with that of superconductivity

in the cuprates. It discussed, inter alia, the similari-

ties and differences of the two systems in the normal

state with particular attention to the

He analog of

the“mid-infrared peak” seen in the cuprates, the ex-

tent to which the superﬂuid state in either or both

systems can be regarded as a “superﬂuid Fermi liq-

uid”, and the differences in the consequences of the

“exotic” order-parameter symmetry believed to be

common to the two superﬂuid phases.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science

Foundation under grant NSF–DMR–99–86199.

24 Superﬂuid

He and the Cuprate Superconductors 1535

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Author Index

Abanov, A. 1357,1368,1398,1405

Abeles, B. 260,263,275,276

Abrahams, E. 1399,1405

Abrikosov,A.A. 5,46,47,121,202,208,209, 211,214,

218,496,498,642,687,987,1066, 1405

Achkir, D. 1206

Aebi, P. 940

Aeppli, G. 1096,1097,1405

Akamatu, H. 1156

Akis, R. 131

Alexander, S. 277

Alexandrov, A.S. 84

Allen, J.W. 987

Allen, P.B. 7,74,94,101,131,834

Altshuler, B.L. 1405

Ambegaokar,V. 1445,1510

Andersen,O. 987

Anderson,P.W. 7,74,76,77,113,208,574,656, 780,

987,1402,1491,1528,1529

Ando,Y. 487,1398

Andraka, B. 1208

Andreev, A.F. 308

Andrei, N. 1405

Aoki,Y. 1139

Arai, T. 1203

Arko,A. 987

Armbr¨uster, H. 648

Arnold, G. 117,846

Ashcroft, N. 927

Aslamazov, L.G. 371,399,422,423

Bader, S.D. 648

Balakrishnan, G. 1096

Balatsky, A. 1405

Balestrino, G. 453

Baltensperger, W. 652

Bandyopahyay, B. 263

Bandyopay, S. 264

Bansil, A. 928,987

Bardeen, J. 31,52,74–76,86,118,508,1054, 1115,

1116,1445,1510

Barzykin,V. 1400,1405

Basov, D.N. 479,728,1405

Batlogg, B. 987

Bauer, E.D. 639

Baym, G. 287,1507

Bechgaard, K. 696

Bedell, K. 1351

Bednorz, J.G. 3,9,77,202,496,717,765,847, 1033

Bennemann, K.H. 3,11,18,19,23,25,26,196,

1405,1415

Berghuis, P. 552

Bergman,D. 277

Bergmann, G. 110

Berk, N.F. 8,11

Bernal, O.O. 1094

Bernhoeft, N. 1131

Berthod, L. 1444

Betbeder-Matibet, O. 1108

Bianchi,A. 674

Bickers, N.E. 11

Biggs, T. 1189

Blatt, J.M. 77

Blatter, G. 495,1445

Blonder, G.E. 1119

Bloomfield, P.E. 647,649

Blount, E.I. 656,1060

Blumberg, G. 731,1405

Boebinger, G.S. 1398

Bogoliubov, N.N. 54,55,76

Bohm, D. 75

Bonn, D.A. 1478

Borisenko, S.V. 941

Br´ezin, E. 538

Brandt, E.H. 538

Brinckmann, J. 1405

Brinkmann, W.F. 1491,1529

Brison, J.P. 1133,1134

Broholm, C. 1099

Bruder, C. 1119

Bucher, E. 1032

Buckel, W. 18,25

Bulaevskii, L.N. 215

Butler, S.T. 117

Buzdin,A.I 163,387,453

Caldeira,A.O. 592

Campuzano, J.C. 923,935,1405

1538 Author Index

Carbotte,J.P. 73,74,89,94,118,131,834,1106,1398

Carlson, E.W. 1225

Carneiro, G.M. 1047

Carrington,A. 713

Casimir, H.G.B. 6

Chakravarty, S. 1403

Chandra, P. 1405

Chandrasekhar, B.S. 215

Chandrasekhar,V. 279

Charalambous, M. 539

Chen, S.J. 477

Chiao, M. 1529

Chubukov,A.V. 865,1349,1425

Clem, J.R. 533,535

Clogston, A.M. 215

Coffey, L. 865,1113

Cohen,M. 7,113

Cohen, R. 276

Coleman, P. 1405

Coles, G.R. 1064

Cooke, D.W. 1094

Cooper, L.N. 31,52,53,74,1054

Corenzwit, E. 641

Culetto, F.J. 112

Curro, N.J. 1401

Daams, J.M. 88

Daemen, L.L. 539

Dagotto, E. 1405

Damascelli, A. 924

Davis, J.C. 1405

Dayan, M. 277

de Gennes, P.G. 46,77,218,219,306

Deaver, B.D. 5

Decker, W.R. 644

Demler, E. 1405

Dempesy, C.W. 650

Dessau, D.S. 935,1435,1464

Deutscher, G. 18,259,270,272

DeWilde 852,856,862

Ding, H. 737,935,941,950,977,987

Dodgson, M. 539,625

Doll, R. 5

Doniach, S. 538

Dorsey, A.T. 432,1185

Dressel, M. 1206,1213

Dumm, M. 738

Dynes, R.C. 836

Edwards, S.F. 202

Eilenberger, G. 218,221,289,295

Eliashberg, G.M. 5,74,77,118,218

Elsinger, H. 1209

Emery,V. 11,1225

Engelsberg, S. 972

Eremin, I. 25,1415

Eschrig, M. 987

Eyring,V. 718

Fairbank, W.M. 5

Falci, G. 267

Falicov, L. 151

Federici, F. 453

Fehrenbacher, R. 719

Feigel’man, M.V. 539

Feller, J.R. 1117

Fenichel, H. 277

Ferrell, R. 656,674,1106,1116

Feyerherm, R. 1126

Feynman, R.P. 30,75

Fibich, M. 1129

Filler, T. 277

Finkelstein,A. 1405

Finnemore, D.K. 644

Fischer, Ø 538

Fisher, D.S. 539

Fisher, M.P.A. 1033,1402,1405

Fisk, Z. 1033

Flouquet, P. 1139

Franz, M. 853

Franz, W. 1083

Fretwell, H. 941,987

Frey, E. 539

Friedel, J. 539,542,1357

Fr¨ohlich, H. 52,75–77,86,1049

Fujimori, A. 987

Fukuyama, H. 1199,1210

Fukuzumi,Y. 475,476

Fulde, P. 674,1106,1211

Galitski,V. 453

Gammel, P.L. 538

Garland, J. 18

Gavoret, J. 1518

Author Index 1539

Geilikman, B.T. 116

Georges, A. 1405

Gerber,A. 277

Gershenson, M. 277

Geshkenbein,V.B. 453,495,807

Giamarchi, T. 625

Ginsburg, D.M. 718

Ginzburg,V.L. 44,45,214,766

Giovannini, B. 1444

Girlando,A. 1198

Glazman, L.I. 539

Glover, R.E. 371

Gofron, K. 987

Goldin, T.R. 539

Goodrich, R.G. 462

Gor’kov,L.P. 5,32,41,61,65,77,121,150, 201,202,

208,209,211,213–215,218,372,642,1066, 1405

Goremychkin, E.A. 1100

Gorter, C.J. 6

Graebner, J.E. 1208

Grave, I. 277

Gray, K.E. 432,848,865

Greene, L.H. 860,861

Grewe, N. 1133

Grigereit, T.E. 653

Grilli, M. 1405

Gromko, A.D. 985

Grunbaum, E. 277

Gschneidner, K.A. 718

Gunther, L. 272

Guptasarma, P. 987

Haase, J. 1401

Hagel, J. 1193

Hallwachs, E. 927

Halperin, B.I. 552

Hamann,D.R. 647,649

Hardy, W.N. 1478

Harrison,N. 710

Harrison, W.A. 841,842

Harshman, D.R. 1206

Hasegawa, T. 848

Hasegawa,Y. 1207,1210

Haslinger, R. 1400,1405

Hauger, W. 580

Hayden, S.M. 993

Hebel, L.C. 213

Helfand, E. 724,1106

Herbut, I.F. 474

Herring, C. 642

Hertz, J.A. 927,1048

Hess, D.W. 1133

Hielsch, R. 18

Hinks,D. 987

Hirsch, J.E. 148

Hirschfeld, P. 1069,1117

Hohenberg, P.C. 724,1106

Holstein, T. 75

Horovitz, B. 539

Horsch, P. 89

Houghton, A. 538

Hu, C.R. 839

Huang, H.Y. 836,839,848

Huberman, B.A. 538

Hudson, E.W. 856

Hussain, Z. 924

Hwang, H.Y. 1399

Imer, J.N. 950

Imry,Y. 272,277

Ioffe, J. 264

Ioffe, L. 1405

Ishida,Y. 1424

Ito, H. 1181,1186

Izawa, K. 673,692,1204

J´erome, D. 696,700,1156,1179

Jaccarino,V. 657,659

Jacobsen, C.S. 1168

Janko, B. 865

Johnson, P. 987,1405

Josephson, B.D. 33

Jourdan, M. 862

Joynt, R. 1107,1133,1134,1405

Junod, A. 539

Kadanoff, L. 287,1367,1507

Kadowaki,K. 664,987,1090

Kaiser,A.B. 648

Kamal, S. 548,1478

Kamerlingh Onnes, H. 3,75

Kaminski,A. 944,987,1405

Kang, J.S. 727

Kanoda, K. 1172,1180

1540 Author Index

Kaplan, S.B. 836

Kashiwaya, S. 838,839

Kataev,V. 1172

Kawamoto,A. 1172

Keesom, W.H. 37

Keimer, B. 1405

Keller, H. 489

Keller, J. 423

Kes, P.H. 552

Ketterson, J.B. 3,315

Khveschenko, D. 1405

Kihl,R. 117

Kim, D.H. 432

Kini,A.M. 1213

Kino, H. 1199

Kirtley, J.R. 11,13,811,841, 848,869,1352

Kitazawa, K. 848

Kivelson, S.A. 1225,1405

Klein, O. 1206

Klemm 533,535

Kohara 1092

Kondo,Y. 1199

Koopmann, J. 625

K¨oppen, M. 1213

Korenman,V. 424

Kornelsen, K. 1169

Korshunov, S. 625

Kosevich,A.M. 1163

Koshelev, A. 453,539,625

Kotliar, G. 1405

Kouznetsov, K.A. 732

Kozlov, M.E. 1170

Kresin,V.Z. 116

Kromer, F. 1213

Kugler, M. 738

Kuli´c, M.L. 163

Kund, M. 1177

Kupriyanov, M.Y. 301,302

Kwok, R.J. 539

Kyogaku, M. 671,1092

Landau, L.D. 28,38,44,45,75,214

Lang, M. 713,1155

Langhammer, C. 1213

Lanzara,A. 982,984,986,1421

Larkin,A.I. 218,221,287,295,369,371,399, 422,

423,453,498,500,567,580,625,674, 807,1106

Laughlin, R. 78,987,1400,1405

Lavagna, M. 1405

Le, L.P. 1206,1207

Leavens, G.R. 110

Lebed,A. 706,707

Lee, P.A. 75,1117,1402,1405

Lefebvre, S. 1181

Leggett,A.J. 592,1517

Levanyuk,A.P. 371

Li, M.R. 1117

Li, Z.Z. 987

Lie, S.G. 89

Lifshitz, E.M. 283,1163

Lin, H.Q. 1172

Lindenfeld, P. 277

Lindroos, M. 928

Livanov, D. 453

London, F. 33,35,38,75

London, H. 33

Lonzarich, G. 672,681,1356,1405

Loram, J. 739,852,1400

Low, F.E. 75

Ludwig, A. 648

Luengo, C.A. 644,648,650

Lukichev,V.F. 301,302

Luttinger, J.M. 118

Lynch, D.L. 924

Maclaughlin, D.E. 1127

Maeno,Y. 1495

Maki, K. 213,215,216,218,371,372,423,447,

673,836,1106,1204,1211,1213

Maley, M.P. 575

Manske, D. 25,1415

Manzke, R. 1437

Maple, M.B. 639,644,718,727

Marsiglio, F. 73

Martin, D.L. 650

Martinis, J.M. 309

Matsubara, T. 68

Matsuda,A. 475,671,739

Matsumoto, H. 656

Matthias, B.T. 74,641,642,1031

Mattis, D.C. 1115,1116

McKenzie, R.H. 703

McLean,W. 277

McMillan,W.L. 6,77,99,100,846

Author Index 1541

Meissner,W. 5

Mesot, J. 953,987

Meul, H.W. 657–659

Migdal, A.B. 81

Millis,A. 681,853,1351,1367,1048,1405

Minnhagen, P. 393

Mishonov, T. 387,399,453

Mitrovi´c, B. 74,89

Miyakawa, N. 851–854,865

Miyake, K. 685

Mochiku, T. 987

Momono, N. 461,482,483

Moncton, D.E. 655

Monien, H. 1367,1405

Montgomery, L.K. 1167

Monthoux, P. 1351,1352,1356,1372,1405

Morel, P. 74,77,1528

Moriya, T. 681,1048,1199

Moriya,Y. 1351

Morr, D.K. 225,1405

Morris, G.D. 678

Moses, P. 703

Mota, A. 1033

Movshovich, R. 732,1033

M¨uhlschlegel, B. 25

M¨uller, K.A. 3,9,77,202,489,496,717, 765,847,

1033,1038

M¨uller,V. 1089,1112,1115

M¨uller–Hartmann, E. 648

N¨abauer, M. 5

Nakatsuji, S. 1495

Nakazawa,Y. 1208

Nambu,Y. 65,74,77

Narozhny, B. 411

Nelson, D.R. 538,539,552

Nettel, S.J. 89

Neumeier, J.J. 727

Nogueira, F. 25

Nordberg, H. 625

Norman, M. 865,1405

Norman,M.R. 923

Nowack,A. 1170

Nozi`eres, P. 271,1071,1108,1518

Ochsenfeld, R. 5

Olson, C. 924,935,950,987

Ono, S. 484,486

Onsager, L. 30,1517

Orgad, D. 1225

Orlando, T.P. 1106

Osheroff, D. 8

Ott, H.R. 765,1032,1133

Ovadyahu, Z. 277

Ovchinnikov,Y.N. 218,221,287,295,453,500, 567,

580,674,1106

Overhauser, A.W. 645

Ozyuzer, L. 837,850,865

P´epin, C. 1405

Paglione, J. 674

Pagliuso, P.G. 1353

Panagopoulos, C. 479,1400

Parks, R.D. 25,77

Pastoriza 539

Patton, B.R. 423

Paulius, L.M. 727

Peierls, R.E. 38

Pelcovits, R.A. 538

Pendry, J. 927

Penev, E. 387

Penrose, O. 28,1517

Peter, M. 25,88,659

Pethick, C.J. 1047,1067,1108

Pickett, W.E. 89

Pines,D. 11,75–77,86,734,1067,1108,1349, 1351,

1352,1367,1372,1400

Pintschovius, L. 1202

Pippard, A.B. 35

Pistolesi, F. 271

Pitaevskii, L. 27,283

Presland, M.R. 459

Proetto, C.R. 151

Puchkov, A.V. 1397

Qian,Y.J. 1038

Raffy, H. 987

Rainer, D. 74,78,110,112,131,219,289,1529

Randeria, M. 923,929

Ranninger, J. 151

Rappaport, M. 277

Rauchschwalbe, U. 1037

Ravex, A. 1112

1542 Author Index

Regel,A. 264

Reggiani, L. 428

Renner, C. 852,853

Rice, T.M. 719,808,1068,1424,1457

Rickayzen, G. 77,87

Rietschel, H. 89

Rigamonti, A. 453

Riseborough,P.S. 1031,1133

Roas, B. 536

Rosch,A. 1101,1405

Rosenkranz, S. 987

Rossat–Mignod, J. 655,1100

Rowell, J. 77,99,100,117

Rutgers, A.J. 37

Sachdev, S. 1405

Safar, H. 539

Saint-James, D. 46

Saito, G. 1158

Samuely, P. 848

Sasaki, T. 1213

Sato, T. 987

Sauls, J.A. 1117

Savona, G. 453

Saxena, S.S. 685

Scalapino, D. 5,11,74,77,972,1405,1491

Schachinger, E. 122,148

Schafroth, M.R. 77

Schaich, W.L. 927

Scher, H. 101

Schilling, A. 539

Schlueter, J.A. 1213

Schmalian, J. 11,1199,1203,1349

Schmid,A. 296,580

Schmidt, H. 606,837,865

Schmiedeshoff, G.M. 1031

Schmitt, P. 536

Schneider, T. 459

Schooley, J. 78

Schotte, K.D. 1089

Schr¨oder,A. 1101

Sch¨on, G. 296

Schrieffer, B. 987

Schrieffer, J.R. 5,8,11,31,52,74,77, 972,973,

987,1053,1054,1070,1405

Schweitzer, D. 1213

Segawa, K. 484,485

Semba, K. 475

Senthil, T. 1402,1405

Serene, J.W. 219,289,1529

Shafranjuk,S.E. 315

Shapira,Y. 270,277

Shapoval, E.A. 219

Shen, Z.X. 924,935,950,951,973,987

Shibata, S. 1122

Shull, C.G. 721

Si, Q. 1405

Sidorov,V.A. 676

Sigrist, M. 625,808,1106,1424,1457

Silin,V.P. 1523

Sinha, S.K. 655

Skalski, S. 644,645,1117

Skocpol, W.J. 387

Slichter, C.P. 213,1405

Smith, F.W. 650

Smith, J.L. 1031,1032,1036,1133

Smith, N.V. 929

Sondhi, S. 1405

Steglich, F. 740,1032,1033,1133,1213

Stephen, M. 118,508,1445,1510

Stewart, G.R. 1032,1072,1073,1133

Stockert, O. 1101

Stojkovic, B.P. 734,1405

Strassler, S. 652

Sudbø, A. 538

Suhl, H. 641,642,656

Sulzbach, E.v. 25

Suzuki, M. 858,859

Taillefer, L. 953,1107,1133,1134

Takahashi, T. 987

Takeuchi, T. 987

Takigawa,M. 1210

Tallon, J.L. 739,852,1399,1400

Tanaka,Y. 838,839

Tanatar, M.A. 1177

Tanner, D. 1400

Tayama, T. 691

Tchernyshyov, O. 1405

Tesanovic, Z. 1405

Tewordt, L. 11,515,1439

Thiaville, A. 538

Thibblin, U. 151

Thoma, H. 1167

Author Index 1543

Thomas, H. 89

Thompson, R.S. 371,423,453

Tinkham, M. 77,218,387,709,1116

Tomli nson, P.G . 9 4

Torikachvili, M.S. 727

Toyota, N. 1213

Tralshawala, N. 847,849

Tranquada, J.M. 738

Tremblay, J. 1425

Trugman, S. 151

Tsuei, C.C. 11,13,811,869,1352

Tsuneto, T. 215,673

Tsvelik, A. 1405

Tu, J. 1405

Tuyn, W. 75

Ueda, K. 1068,1106

Uemura,Y.J. 474,479,1419,1441,1443,1504

Ullah, S. 432,1185

Usadel, K.D. 223,299

Valat in, J.G. 54

van der Slot,A.L.F. 552

van Harlingen, D.J. 1352

Varlamov, A.A. 369

Varma, C. 656,987,1051,1399,1405

Veal, B. 987

Veki ´c, M. 152

von L¨ohneysen, H. 1405

Wang, N.L. 1169

Ward, J.C. 118

Watanabe, S. 685

Watson, H.L. 650

Wedgewood, F.A. 721

Welp, U. 539

Wen, X.-G. 1402

Werthamer, N.R. 121,724,1106

Wilhelm, F. 305

Wilkens, J. 5

Wohlman, O.E. 277

Wolf, P.A. 1070

Wollman, D. 808

Wolynes, P.G. 1405

Won, H. 836,1204

Woods, S.B. 1090

Worrington, T. 277

Wosnitza, J. 639,1213

Xiao, S. 482

Yamaji, K. 1198

Yazdani, A. 1405

Yip, S.K. 1117

Yokoya, T. 987

Yurgens,A. 859

Yusof, Z. 842

Zaitsev,A.V. 301

Zapf,V.S. 639

Zasadzinski, J. 833,1405

Zeldov, E. 539

Zeyher, R. 1202

Zhang, S.-C. 1405

Zhao, G.M. 461

Zieve, R.J. 1135

Zittartz, J. 648

Zuckermann, M.J. 648

Zuo, F. 711

Zwicknagl, G. 1202