Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 487
HELPING VERB (MODAL AUXILIARY) QUESTIONS
Might (cont.) Might in questions is very formal and not often used.
Must
Means necessary
STATEMENTS
PRESENT: We must try.
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
We must have tried.
NEGATIVES
PRESENT: We must not try.
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
We must not have tried.
QUESTIONS
PRESENT: Must we try?
Past-tense questions with must are unusual.
Should
Means duty or expectation
STATEMENTS
PRESENT: They should call.
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
They should have called.
NEGATIVES
PRESENT: They should not call.
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
They should not have called.
QUESTIONS
PRESENT: Should they call?
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
Should they have called?
Will
Means intend to (future)
For past-tense forms, see might.
STATEMENTS
FUTURE: I will succeed.
NEGATIVES
FUTURE: I will not succeed.
QUESTIONS
FUTURE: Will I succeed?
Would
Means prefer or used to start a
future request. It can also be the
past tense of will.
STATEMENTS
PRESENT: I would like to travel.
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
I would have traveled if I had the money.
continued
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EDITING ESSAYS
488 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
HELPING VERB (MODAL AUXILIARY) NEGATIVES
Would
PRESENT: I would not like to travel.
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
I would not have traveled if it hadn’t been for you.
QUESTIONS
PRESENT: Would you like to travel?
Or to start a request: Would you help me?
PAST (with have + past participle of base verb):
Would you have traveled with me if I had asked you?
Following are some common errors in using modal auxiliaries.
• Using more than one helping verb
INCORRECT They will can help.
CORRECT They will help. (future intention)
They can help. (are able to)
• Using to between the helping verb and the main (base) verb
INCORRECT Emilio might to come with us.
CORRECT Emilio might come with us.
• Using must instead of had to in the past
INCORRECT She must work yesterday.
CORRECT She had to work yesterday.
• Forgetting to change can to could in the past negative
INCORRECT Last night, I cannot sleep.
CORRECT Last night, I could not sleep.
• Forgetting to use have with could / should / would in the past tense
INCORRECT Tara should called last night.
CORRECT Tara should have called last night.
■ For more practices
on the modal auxilia-
ries (can/could; may/
might/must; should/
will/would), including
forming negatives
and questions, see
pages 613–18.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 489
• Using will instead of would to express a preference in the present tense
INCORRECT I will like to travel.
CORRECT I would like to travel.
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing
As you edit the following paragraphs and your own writing, use the Criti-
cal Thinking guide below and the Verb Tense Reference Charts that begin
on page 478.
CRITICAL THINKING: EDITING FOR VERB PROBLEMS
FOCUS
• Read all of your sentences carefully, looking for verb problems.
ASK
• Is my sentence about the present? About the past? About
something that happened before something else?
• Is each verb a regular verb or an irregular verb?
• Have I used the tense that tells the reader when the action
happened?
• Have I used the correct form of the verb?
• If the verbs in the sentence are not all in the same tense, is it
because the actions actually happened at different times?
EDIT
• Edit to correct any problems with verb form or verb tense.
Find and correct any problems with verb form or tense in the following
paragraphs.
EDITING REVIEW 1 (7 errors)
(1) Since 1835, trapeze artists consider the triple somersault the most
dangerous maneuver. (2) That year, a performer tried to do a triple som-
ersault on a trapeze for the fi rst time and dies in the attempt. (3) Only
one person has managed to do the trick successfully in the next sixty-three
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EDITING ESSAYS
490 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
years. (4) That man, a trapeze artist named Armor, did a triple somersault
in 1860 and is afraid to try it again. (5) According to circus legend, the
second person to survive the triple, Ernie Clarke, once done a quadruple
somersault in private. (6) Ernie Lane, the third person to complete a triple
somersault, was later killed by the maneuver when his catcher missed.
(7) Circus historians now believed that Alfredo Codona, a performer in
the 1920s and 1930s, was the greatest master of the triple somersault.
(8) He has went down in history as the King of Trapeze.
EDITING REVIEW 2 (8 errors)
(1) Many people go through life without even knowing that there is
a record for peeling an apple or hopping on a pogo stick. (2) However,
some people are very aware of such records, and ordinary folks around
the world have did some peculiar things to qualify for the Guinness Book
of World Records. (3) For example, a New Jersey disc jockey, Glen Jones,
recently setted a new record for the longest continuous radio broadcast.
(4) In the spring of 2001, he has stayed on the air for one hundred hours
with only a few fi fteen-minute breaks. (5) Another world record, for
hopping up steps on a bicycle, is hold by Javier Zapata of Colombia.
(6) He climbed 943 steps without letting his feet touch the ground,
breaking a record that he has previously set. (7) Ashrita Furman of New
York also be a record breaker. (8) She balanced a milk bottle on her head
and then walks almost eighty-one miles around a track. (9) These strange
endurance contests may not make Jones, Zapata, and Furman famous,
but their names had entered the record book.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 491
EDITING REVIEW 3 (9 errors)
(1) The Olympic Games fi rst let women compete in swimming events
in 1912, and with that, the swimsuit revolution begun. (2) In 1913, the
fi rst mass-produced women’s swimsuit hit the market. (3) Before that
year, women have only been able to wade at the beach in bathing
costumes with long, baggy legs. (4) The 1913 suits, designed by Carl
Jantzen, was ribbed one-piece outfi ts that allowed actual swimming.
(5) An engineer, Louis Réard, comed up with the next major devel-
opment in swimwear in 1946 while working in the lingerie business.
(6) He has called it the “bikini,” after a Pacifi c island used for testing the
atomic bomb. (7) In the 1950s, few Americans had dared to wear bikinis,
which was considered scandalous. (8) Two-piece swimsuits catch on in
the 1960s and 1970s. (9) The bikini losted some popularity in the last
decades of the twentieth century, but it has made a triumphant return in
the new millennium.
EDITING REVIEW 4 (14 errors and 6 formal English errors)
(1) At most small colleges and universities, people got wherever they
want to go by walking or riding their own bikes. (2) But students at one
college who didn’t have their own bikes or whose bikes were stole now
had an alternative. (3) One of this college’s new programs help students
2 get frm one place 2 another. (4) It is calling a shared bike program,
and any member of the campus community can participate. (5) For a
$10 fee, the participant received a key that will have unlocked any one
of dozens of pink bikes that are park in various locations on campus.
(6) The participant rides the pink bike to the desired destination, and
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EDITING ESSAYS
492 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
then locked the bike there. (7) The bike then is becoming available for
the next participant who wants to use it. (8) The pink color of the bikes
so far have not been a prob, even for the most masculine of campus
men. (9) Actually, the bikes R pink cuz one of the school’s colors was
rose. (10) So now, for the participant who will have found one of the pink
bikes, getting from one end of the campus to the other is simple.
PRACTICE 17 EDITING YOUR OWN WRITING FOR
CORRECT VERB TENSE AND FORM
As a fi nal practice, edit for verb problems in a piece of your own writing — a
paper you are working on for this class, a paper you’ve already fi nished, a
paper for another course, or a recent piece of writing from your work or every-
day life. Use the Verb Tense Reference Charts starting on page 478.
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Part Five
Other Grammar
Concerns
27. Pronouns 495
28. Adjectives and Adverbs 517
29. Misplaced and Dangling
Modifi ers 531
30. Coordination and
Subordination 539
31. Parallelism 553
32. Sentence Variety 563
33. Formal English
and ESL 582
EDITING ESSAYS
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495
27
Pronouns
Using Substitutes for Nouns
Understand What Pronouns Are
Pronouns replace nouns (or other pronouns) in a sentence so that you do
not have to repeat the nouns.
her
Tessa let me borrow Tessa’s jacket.
He
You have met Carl. Carl is my cousin.
The noun (or pronoun) that a pronoun replaces is called the ante-
cedent. The word antecedent means “something that comes before.” In
most cases, a pronoun refers to a specifi c antecedent nearby.
I fi lled out the form. It was complicated.
Antecedent Pronoun replacing antecedent
There are three basic types of pronouns — subject pronouns, object
pronouns, and possessive pronouns. Note the pronouns in the following
sentences.
Object Subject
The linebacker tackled him, and he went down hard.
Possessive
His shoulder was injured.
^
^
■ IDEA JOURNAL
Write about some-
thing you did with
friends recently.
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EDITING ESSAYS
496 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
Pronoun Types
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
First person
(singular/plural)
I/we me/us my, mine/
our, ours
Second person
(singular/plural)
you/you you/you your, yours/
your, yours
Third person (singular)
he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers,
its
Third person (plural)
they
who/who
them
whom/whom
their, theirs
whose
Language Note: Notice that pronouns have gender (he/she, him/
her, his/her/hers). The pronoun must agree with the gender of the
noun it refers to.
INCORRECT Tonya lives with his cousin.
CORRECT Tonya lives with her cousin.
Also, notice that English has different forms for subject and object
pronouns, as shown in the preceding chart.
PRACTICE 1 IDENTIFYING PRONOUNS
In each of the following sentences, circle the pronoun, underline the ante-
cedent (the noun to which the pronoun refers), and draw an arrow from the
pronoun to the antecedent.
EXAMPLE: My uncle is a hardworking entrepreneur who knew he
could succeed with a business loan.
1. Many poor people don’t feel as if they can depend on big banks.
2. A bank in an underdeveloped area, however, needs to fi nd customers
wherever it can.
■ For more practice
with pronouns, visit
Exercise Central at
bedfordstmartins
.com/realessays.
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