Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 457
6. Also, we are (think) of taking a course in genealogical research
at a local college.
7. Even our mother is (pitch) in.
8. For example, she is (call ) older Mancinis to get family stories.
9. She is constantly (share) the stories with my sister and me; for
instance, she learned that our great-grandfather helped to organize a coal-
miner strike soon after coming to America.
10. “These stories are (remind) me of some modern Mancinis,” she
said. “We like to stir things up.”
The present perfect tense is used for an action begun in the past that
is ongoing into the present or that was completed at some unspecifi ed time
in the past. It is formed by using a past participle, a verb form that uses
the helping verb have. The past participle of the verb play, for example, is
has played or have played. The present perfect is formed as follows:
Present-tense form of have (helping verb)
+
Past participle
■ Be and have are
irregular verbs. For
more details on
irregular verbs, see
pages 467–75.
Present Perfect Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
First person I have laughed. We have laughed.
Second person You have laughed. You have laughed.
Third person She/he/it has laughed. They have laughed.
The baby has laughed. The babies have laughed.
Language Note: Be careful not to leave out have when it is
needed for the present perfect. Time-signal words like since or for
may mean that the present perfect is needed.
INCORRECT Krystal played basketball since she was ten.
CORRECT Krystal has played basketball since she was ten.
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EDITING ESSAYS
458 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
PRACTICE 4 USING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
In each of the following sentences, underline the helping verb (a form of
have), and fi ll in the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
EXAMPLE: My father has
served
(serve) in the army for twenty
years.
1. My father’s military career has (force) our family to move many
times.
2. We have (live) in seven towns that I remember.
3. I have (attend) three different high schools.
4. None of the towns has ever really (seem) like home.
5. I have never (object) to my family’s traveling life.
6. None of us has ever (expect) to stay in one place for long.
7. My closest friends have all (travel) a lot, too.
8. One of them has (visit) Egypt, Australia, Turkey, Pakistan, and
seventeen other countries.
9. She has always (like) the idea of becoming a travel agent.
10. But she has (decide) to accept a position with a large interna-
tional corporation that will allow her to travel.
Past Tense
The simple past tense is used for actions that have already happened. An
-ed ending is needed for all regular verbs in the past tense.
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
First person I rush to work. I rushed to work.
Second person You lock the door. You locked the door.
Third person Rufus seems strange. Rufus seemed strange.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 459
PRACTICE 5 USING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
In each of the following sentences, fi ll in the correct past-tense form of the
verb in parentheses.
EXAMPLE: After the Revolutionary War
ended
(end), American
politicians
turned
(turn) their anger against each other.
(1) In general, politicians after the war (decide) to support
either Alexander Hamilton, who favored a strong central government,
or Thomas Jefferson, who advocated states’ rights. (2) Rival politicians
were (concern) about the direction of the new democracy,
so they (attack) each other with great passion. (3) Few
people (care) about facts or honesty in their attacks. (4) Some
politicians eagerly (challenge) President George Washington
and (call ) him a would-be king. (5) Hamilton (engage)
in personal attacks that were especially nasty. (6) In return, Hamilton’s
enemies (accuse) him of planning to bring back the British
monarchy.
(7) In six different instances, Hamilton (participate)
in fi erce arguments that (stop) just short of causing a duel.
(8) He (fail ) to avoid a duel in his long dispute with Vice Presi-
dent Aaron Burr. (9) For years, Hamilton (charge) Burr with
being corrupt and dishonest. (10) When they (duel ) in 1804,
each (fi re) a shot from a pistol. (11) Burr was not hit, but Hamilton
was seriously wounded, and he (die) the next day.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE My car stalled.
[The car stalled at some point in the past but does not stall now, in the present.]
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE My car has stalled often.
[The car began to stall in the past but may continue to do so into the present.]
■ Be careful not to
confuse the simple
past tense with the
present perfect tense
(see p. 457).
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EDITING ESSAYS
460 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
PRACTICE 6 USING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
In each of the following sentences, circle the correct verb form.
EXAMPLE: Within the last twenty years, racial profi ling ( became /
has become ) a signifi cant source of disagreement between law
enforcement agencies and some communities of color.
1. Numerous charges of racial profi ling ( increased / have increased ) the
tension between local police and members of various ethnic groups.
2. Law enforcement agencies ( used / have used ) profi ling for a long time.
3. With this practice, they ( attempted / have attempted ) to identify people
who might be participating in criminal activity by their behavior and the
conditions of a particular situation.
4. Once these “profi led” individuals ( were singled out / have been singled
out ), the police questioned or searched them for drugs, guns, or other
illegal material.
5. In 1998, an investigation of the New Jersey State Police ( raised / has
raised ) the public’s awareness of this issue.
6. The extensive publicity from this investigation ( defi ned / has defi ned )
racial profi ling as the separating out of members of racial or ethnic groups
for minor traffi c or criminal offenses.
7. Investigators reviewing past law-enforcement activity concluded that the
New Jersey State Police ( violated / have violated ) civil rights on numer-
ous occasions.
8. Since this case was made public, other police departments ( initiated /
have initiated ) investigations into their own possible profi ling activities.
9. Similarly, communities ( started / have started ) to demand that the po-
lice be more accountable in their relationships with members of minority
racial or ethnic groups.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 461
10. The issue of profi ling ( endured / has endured ) in the public mind and
continues to be controversial.
Two other past-tense forms are the past progressive tense and the past
perfect tense. The past progressive tense is used to describe actions that
were ongoing in the past. It is formed as follows:
Past-tense form of be
(helping verb)
+
Main verb with
-ing ending
Past Progressive Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
First person I was laughing. We were laughing.
Second person You were laughing. You were laughing.
Third person She/he/it was laughing. They were laughing.
The baby was laughing. The babies were laughing.
PRACTICE 7 USING THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
In each of the following sentences, fi rst underline the helping verb (a form of
be), and then fi ll in the correct form(s) of the verb in parentheses.
EXAMPLE: Grandma and Grandpa still remember what they were
doing
(do) when Neil Armstrong became the fi rst person
to walk on the moon.
1. On that summer day in 1969, they were (climb) up Mount
Marcy, the highest mountain in New York State.
2. Neither of them was (intend) to see that famous fi rst moon
walk.
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EDITING ESSAYS
462 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
3. They were both ( focus) on the diffi cult climb up the steep
mountain.
4. Grandma, who exercised regularly, was (handle) the hike pretty
well.
5. But Grandpa was (have) a lot of trouble with it.
6. By the time they got about halfway up the mountain, he was
–
(ask) to stop for a rest every few minutes.
7. Finally, he said he was (stop) and going back down; Grandma
went back down with him.
8. On the drive back to their house in New Jersey, they were
(listen) to the radio when they heard that Neil Armstrong would soon set
foot on the moon.
9. They drove to the nearest diner, where people were (watch)
the moon landing on television.
10. About ten minutes after Grandma and Grandpa had each ordered hot
chocolate, they were (experience), along with most of the
world, the fi rst steps on the moon by a human.
The past perfect tense is used for an action that was begun in the
past but was completed before some other past action took place. It is
formed as follows:
Past-tense form of have
+
Past participle
Past tense of have Past participle
PAST PERFECT TENSE My head had ached for a week before I called a
doctor.
[Both of the actions (head ached and I called ) happened in the past, but the ache
happened before the calling.]
■ Be and have are
irregular verbs. For
more details on
irregular verbs, see
pages 467–75.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 463
Be careful not to confuse the simple past tense with the past perfect tense.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE My car stalled.
[One action (the car’s stalling) occurred in the past.]
PAST PERFECT TENSE By the time Jill arrived, my car had stalled.
[Two actions (Jill’s arrival and the car’s stalling) occurred in the past, but the car
stalled before Jill’s arrival.]
PRACTICE 8 USING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
In each of the following sentences, circle the correct verb form. Note: Some
of the verbs are irregular. For a chart showing forms of these verbs, see
pages 469–72.
EXAMPLE: By the time I reached home, rolling blackouts ( darkened /
had darkened ) the city.
1. The temperature was unseasonably hot when I ( got / had gotten ) out of
bed that morning.
2. By noon, the air conditioners at the offi ce ( were running / had been run-
ning ) at high power for three hours.
3. My boss told me that she ( heard / had heard ) that energy use that day
was skyrocketing.
4. I ( asked / had asked ) how we could conserve energy.
5. I mentioned that I ( just learned / had just learned ) that some household
and offi ce machines use power even when they are turned off.
6. My boss ( read / had read ) the same information, so we unplugged com-
puters in the offi ce that were not in use.
7. We also ( raised / had raised ) the offi ce temperature from sixty-eight
degrees to seventy-two, and then we turned off some of the lights.
8. By late afternoon, we ( did / had done ) everything we could think of to
save energy, but it was not enough.
■ For more practice
on the past and
perfect tenses, see
Chapter 33.
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EDITING ESSAYS
464 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
9. We knew that the city ( warned / had warned ) residents that rolling black-
outs were possible.
10. However, when the offi ce ( suddenly darkened / had suddenly darkened ),
everyone was stunned.
Future Tense
The simple future tense is used for actions that will happen in the fu-
ture. It is formed with the helping verb will.
Simple Future Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
First person I will graduate in May. We will graduate in
May.
Second person You will graduate in You will graduate in
May. May.
Third person She/he/it will graduate They will graduate in
in May. May.
My son will graduate My sons will graduate
in May. in May.
Two other future tense forms to be familiar with are the future pro-
gressive tense and the future perfect tense. The future progressive tense
is used to describe actions in the future that are continuing. It is formed
as follows:
Will
+
Be
+
Main verb with -ing ending
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 26 • Verb Problems 465
Future Progressive Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
First person I will be working Friday. We will be working
Friday.
Second person You will be working You will be working
Friday. Friday.
Third person She/he/it will be working They will be working
Friday. Friday.
The boss will be working The bosses will be
Friday. working Friday.
The future perfect tense is used to describe actions that will be
completed in the future before another action in the future. It is formed
as follows:
Will have
+
Past participle
Future Perfect Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
First person I will have fi nished by We will have fi nished
10:00. by 10:00.
Second person You will have fi nished by You will have fi nished
10:00. by 10:00.
Third person She/he/it will have fi nished They will have fi nished
by 10:00. by 10:00.
The painter will have The painters will have
fi nished by 10:00. fi nished by 10:00.
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EDITING ESSAYS
466 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
PRACTICE 9 USING THE FUTURE TENSE
In each of the following sentences, circle the correct verb form. Note: Some
of the verbs are irregular. For a chart showing forms of these verbs, see
pages 469–72.
EXAMPLE: By Monday, Andrew ( will pass / will be passing / will have
passed ) his driving test.
1. From then on, he ( will use / will be using / will have used ) his new car
whenever he wants to get anywhere.
2. Andrew has already said he ( will visit / will be visiting / will have visited )
his friend Angela at her school one day next month.
3. Over the next few days, he also ( will plan / will be planning / will have
planned ) visits to several other friends.
4. His car’s manual says that his car ( will need / will be needing / will have
needed ) servicing in six months.
5. By the time he leaves for his trip to Colorado next fall, he ( will check /
will be checking / will have checked ) with his mechanic to make sure the
car is in good condition.
6. Andrew has promised himself that, whenever something needs to be fi xed
on the car, he ( will fi x / will be fi xing / will have fi xed ) it.
7. He learned this from seeing his older sister Carrie, who always ( will wait /
will be waiting / will have waited ) until something in her car breaks before
she concerns herself with it.
8. Andrew expects that next winter he ( will receive / will be receiving / will
have received ) frequent emergency calls from his sister when her car
breaks down.
9. By next spring, he expects that he ( will rescue / will be rescuing / will have
rescued ) her several times.
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