Alciatore D.G., Histand M.B. Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
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Confirming Pages
Index 551
potentiometer (pot), 19, 133,
287–290, 379
power, 44–46, 71–72
power factor, 46
power supply options, 342
for PIC (peripheral interlace
controller) projects, 337–339
power transistors, 98
preset input, 218
pressure, measurement of, 425
pressure regulators, 469–470
primary cell batteries, 339
printed circuit boards, 52–54,
499–500
product-of-sums method, 212–214
programmable array logic, 480
programmable logic arrays, 480
programmable logic controllers,
480–482
programming microcontrollers,
258–345
proportional-integral-derivative
controllers, 488–489
proportional valves, 472–473
prosthetic limbs, 188–191
protoboard, 54
prototyping, 51–54, 342–343
proximity, measurement of, 377–378
pull up resistor, 102, 109, 230, 233
pulse-width modulation, 309,
447–448
pulse-width modulation amplifiers,
447
pumps, hydraulic, 468–469
PWM amplifiers, 447
Q
quadrature signals, 387–389
quantizing, 351–352
R
radian frequency, 37
RAM (random access memory),
260–266
Rankine (°R), 407–408
RC circuit, 136
RC servomotor, 447
real diode, 78
real op amps, 182–183, 195–196
recorder, 4–5
rectangular form, 40
rectangular rosettes, 403
rectification, 79
rectifiers, 77
regenerative braking, 442
relative encoder, 387
relays, 433–435, 475
reserved words, 283
reset input, 215
reset output, 216
resistance, 150
resistance temperature device,
408–409
resistivity, 16
resistors, 14–19, 188, 241–242
resistance color coding, 18–19
tolerance codes, 51
resolution, 351
resolver, 383
resonance, 144
reverse bias, 76
reverse saturation current, 76
reversible DC motors, 343
right-hand rule, 21, 432–433
RISC (reduced instruction-set
computer), 261
rise time, 141, 182
rms, See root-mean-square
robotic arm case study, 494–506
robotic walking machines, 516–521
ROM (read-only memory), 260,
262, 268
root-mean-square, 45
rosettes, strain gage, 401–404
rotary pot, 379–380
rotors, 436
RS-232, 498
RS flip-flop, 215–216
RTD, 408–409
run-away, 443
S
safety, 63–66
sample and hold circuits, 180
sampling, definition of, 347
sampling music, 369–373
in LabVIEW VI files, 372
sampling rate, 348
sampling theorem, 348–350
saturation, 98, 104, 181
saturation region, 93–94, 104
SAW devices, 426–427
Schmitt trigger, 239–240, 343, 460
second-order system, 137–151,
158–159
secondary cell batteries, 340
security device, PIC solution,
312–317
security systems, 208–211, 285–287
Seebeck coefficient, 410
Seebeck effect, 409
sEMG, 494
semiconductor electronics, 73–116
semiconductor sensors, 425–427
semiconductors, 74
See also transistors
sensitivity, 132
sensors, 375–430
definitions of, 4, 376
digital optical encoder, 383–391
linear position sensors, 380–383
load cells, 405–407
position measurement, 376–391,
427
pressure and flow measurement,
425
proximity sensors, 377–378
semiconductor sensors, 425–427
speed measurement, 376–391, 427
stress and strain measurement,
391–407, 428
temperature measurement,
407–414, 428
vibration and acceleration
measurement, 414–424, 429
See also strain gages
sequential logic devices, 198, 214
serial communication, 498
serial data, 224–225
serial-to-parallel converter, 225
series motors, 442–443
series resistance circuits, 24–26
servo valves, 473
servomotor, 442, 466
set input, 215
set output, 216
set point, 447, 484
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Confirming Pages
552 Index
system identification, 364
system order, 131
system response, 117–160
T
T (toggle) flip-flop, 219–221
TEC, 410
temperature, 407–414, 428
terminal blocks, creating for
LabVIEW VI files, 371
terminals (LabVIEW), 366
thermistor, 409
thermocouples, 5, 409–414
thermoelectric cooler (TEC), 410
thermometers, 408–409
thermopile, 412–413
Thevenin equivalent, 35–36, 70
Thompson effects, 410
threshold voltage, 104
throws, 378
time constant, 134, 136
time-domain representation, 123
time shift, 37
timing diagrams, 205–206, 250, 460
toggle, 219
tolerance codes, for capacitors and
resistors, 51
Tools palette (LabVIEW), 366
torque, 437–440, 454
torque constant, 445
torque-speed curve, 442, 455
totem pole configuration, 227
transducers, 4–5, 118, 162, 376
transfer function, 143, 486
transformers, 46–47, 72
transient solution, 135
transistor-transistor logic, 204,
226–228, 232–235, 255
transistors
active region, 93
cutoff, 93, 97
Darlington pair, 100
FETs, 102–109, 115
JFETs, 103
MOSFETs, 103–109
phototransistors, 100–102
power, 98
saturation, 93–94, 98
switch circuits, 97–99
stator, 436
steady state solution, 135
steady state value, 141
step, 453
step-down transformers, 47
step input, 134
step response, 134, 141–142
step-up transformers, 47
stepper motors, 453–463, 476
for angular positioning, 466
components and operation of,
453–459
definition of, 453
drive circuits, 460–463
performance curves, 464
position and speed controllers,
7–8, 320–325, 461–463
unipolar vs. bipolar, 453
storage capacitors, 247, 342
strain gage rosettes, 401–404
strain gages
fundamentals of, 392–395
load cells, 405–407
measurement of different states of
strain, 400–404
with Wheatstone bridge, 396–399
strain measurement, 391–407, 428
stress measurement, 391–407, 428
strip chart recorder, 138
subroutines, 291
successive approximation A/D
converter, 356–357
sum-of-products method, 212–214
summer op amp, 173, 193
superposition, 173
surface acoustic wave devices,
426–427
surface electromyograms, 494
surface mount packages, 229, 342
suspension, automobile, 146–150
swash plate pumps, 469
switch bounce, 222–223, 342
switches, 377–379
bipolar junction transistors, 97–99
LEDs, 98–99
SPDT switch, 223, 239, 378–379
SPST switch, 223, 239, 378–379
synchronous AC motors, 441
synchronous operation, 216
settling time, 141, 354
Shannon’s sampling theorem, 348
shunt motors, 442
shunt resistor, 178
siemen, 19
signal conditioning, 495
signal processor, 4–5
signal spectrum, 126
signal termination, 47
signals, distortion of, 130–131, 157
silicon, 75
silicon diode, 77
simulators, 268
Simulink model, 486
single-acting cylinders, 473
single-board computers, 259, 483
single conditioning circuit, 497
single in-line package, 16
sink, 227
sinusoidal AC voltage, 37–38
SIP, 16
slew rate, 182
slewing mode, 455
slip, 441
slip rings, 441
smart devices, 2
snubber diodes, 80
software, 259
debugging, 336
soldering, 54–58
solenoids, 433–435, 475
solid state technology, 163
SOP, 229
sound, 123
source, 103, 227
SPDT switch, 223, 239, 378–379
spectrum, 123
speed, measurement of, 376–391,
427
spool valves, 471–473
SPST switch, 223, 239, 378–379
square wave, 121–123
SRAM (static RAM), 261
stall current, 446–447
stall torque, 442
standard values, 17–18
starting torque, 442
static balanced mode, 396
static sensitivity, 134, 136
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Confirming Pages
Index 553
voltage regulators, 81–82, 84–86
voltage sources, 14, 30–33
voltmeters, 32
W
W register, 265
watch-dog timers, 266
weak pull-up FETs, 306
Wheatstone bridge, 396–399
wired-AND, 285
word, 259
WORD (PicBasic Pro), 276
working register, 265
X
Xor (PicBasic Pro), 279
XOR gate, 202
Z
zener diodes, 80–85
zener voltage, 81
zero-order system, 132–133, 157
See also bipolar junction transistor
transistor-transistor logic, 204,
226–228, 229, 215, 234–235
transparent latch, 217–218
transverse sensitivity, 395
TRIAC (triode for alternating
current), 98
triggering, 59
trim pot, 19, 379–380
TRISA, 278, 306
TRISB, 278, 306
tristate output, 230
truncation, 278
truth table, 202, 207, 211–215,
217–218, 220–221
TTL, 204, 226–228, 232–235, 255
two-pole DC motors, 440
two-pole Sallen-Key, 499
U
undamped motion, 139
underdamped system, 140
unipolar output, 360
unipolar stepper motors, 453, 457
up-down counters, 239
USB 6009 data acquisition card,
367–369
pin assignment for, 368
signal descriptions for, 369
V
valves, hydraulic, 470–473
vane pumps, 469
variable reluctance, 453–454
variables, 276
VI files
See LabVIEW VI files
vibrometers, 420–421
virtual instruments, 363–364
VLSI (very-large-scale integration),
259
voice coil, 383, 434–435
voltage, 12
voltage biasing, 343
voltage dividers, 25–26
voltage limiter, 90
voltage measurement, 54–55
voltage-regulator (zener) diodes, 80–85
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