Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual
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PORTUGUESE
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PORTUGUESE: A REFERENCE MANUAL
Sheila R. Ackerlind
Rebecca Jones-Kellogg
University of Texas Press
Austin
For reasons of economy and speed, this volume has been printed from camera-ready copy
furnished by the authors.
© 2011 by University of Texas Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
First edition, 2011
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The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Portuguese : a reference manual / Sheila R. Ackerlind, Rebecca Jones-Kellogg.
p. cm.
Text in English and Portuguese.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-292-72663-5 (cloth : alk. paper) —ISBN 978-0-292-72673-4 (pbk. : alk.
paper)—ISBN 978-0-292-73495-1 (E-book)
1. Portuguese language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—English. 2. Portuguese
language—Grammar I. Ackerlind, Sheila II. Jones-Kellogg, Rebecca. III. Title.
PC5075.E5A35 2011
469.82'421—dc22 2010048762
Dedicated to the memory of
Frederick C. H. Garcia
who taught Portuguese at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point)
from 1959 until his untimely death in 1984
Dr. Garcia's A Handbook of Portuguese Grammar
helped countless cadets to understand the complexities of Portuguese and
inspired the authors to write Portuguese: A Reference Manual.
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CONTENTS
The Portuguese-Speaking World................................................................................................xi
Preface and Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xiii
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Diacritical Marks.......................................................................xvii
Phonetic Symbols ..................................................................................................................xviii
Linguistic and Grammatical Terms in English and Portuguese ..................................................xx
Definitions of Linguistic and Grammatical Terms................................................................... xxv
Orthographic Reforms...........................................................................................................xxxii
Sound System .............................................................................................................................1
Oral Vowels ....................................................................................................................2
Oral Diphthongs ..............................................................................................................4
Nasal Vowels ..................................................................................................................5
Nasal Diphthongs ............................................................................................................6
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Vowels and Diphthongs.....................................7
Consonants......................................................................................................................8
Writing System and Accentuation............................................................................................. 11
Alphabet........................................................................................................................12
Letters Used to Transcribe Portuguese Sounds............................................................... 16
Capitalization ................................................................................................................20
Punctuation Marks and Commonly Used Typographic Symbols.................................... 21
Diacritical Marks...........................................................................................................22
Syllables and Word Division .........................................................................................24
Stress and Accentuation................................................................................................. 25
Words Stressed on the Second-to-Last Syllable (Proparoxytones) ......................26
Words Stressed on the Next-to-Last Syllable (Paroxytones) ...............................27
Words Stressed on the Last Syllable (Oxytones) ................................................28
Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates...............................................................................29
Cognates .......................................................................................................................30
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Sounds and Letters........................ 31
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Sounds and Letters...........................................37
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Prefixes ........................................39
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Suffixes ........................................ 40
Differences in Stress between Portuguese and Spanish Cognates...................................48
True, Partial, and False Cognates...................................................................................49
Grammatical Categories............................................................................................................53
Articles
Definite and Indefinite Articles............................................................................. 54
Contractions of Prepositions with Articles..........................................................56
Nouns and Adjectives
Adjectives..........................................................................................................57
Plural of Nouns and Adjectives..........................................................................58
Gender of Nouns and Adjectives........................................................................62
Differences in Gender between Portuguese and Spanish Noun Cognates............67
Placement of Adjectives with Nouns..................................................................68
Diminutives and Augmentatives ........................................................................69
Portuguese
viii
Numbers and Numerals ................................................................................................. 71
Adverbs.........................................................................................................................75
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparisons of Equality.................................................................................... 77
Comparisons of Superiority and Inferiority ........................................................78
Relative Superlatives .........................................................................................81
Absolute Superlatives ........................................................................................82
Personal Pronouns .........................................................................................................84
Subject Pronouns ...............................................................................................85
Forms of Address...............................................................................................88
Prepositional Pronouns and Contractions with Prepositions................................89
Direct Object Pronouns......................................................................................90
Indirect Object Pronouns....................................................................................91
Placement of Object Pronouns ...........................................................................92
Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs ...........................................................................95
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns............................................................................ 100
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns...................................................................... 103
Contractions of Prepositions with Demonstratives............................................ 106
Relative Words............................................................................................................ 107
Interrogative Words..................................................................................................... 113
Affirmative, Negative, and Indefinite Words ............................................................... 117
Prepositions................................................................................................................. 124
Verbs and Corresponding Prepositions............................................................. 129
Conjunctions ............................................................................................................... 132
Verbs........................................................................................................................... 135
Impersonal and Personal Infinitive................................................................... 137
Past Participle and Compound Tenses and Forms ............................................ 143
Passive Voice................................................................................................... 148
Indicative Mood...............................................................................................151
Present Tense
Forms ...........................................................................................152
Uses.......................................................................................... 160
Present Perfect Tense ........................................................................... 161
Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Tense
Forms ....................................................................................... 162
Uses.......................................................................................... 164
Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Tense
Forms ....................................................................................... 166
Uses.......................................................................................... 169
Preterite versus Imperfect..................................................................... 170
Simple and Compound Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense......................... 172
Future Tense......................................................................................... 175
Future Perfect Tense............................................................................. 178
Conditional Tense ................................................................................ 179
Conditional Perfect Tense..................................................................... 183
Contents
ix
Subjunctive Mood ............................................................................................... 184
Present Tense ....................................................................................... 186
Present Perfect Tense ........................................................................... 190
Past (Imperfect) Tense.......................................................................... 191
Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense............................................................. 193
Future Tense......................................................................................... 194
Future Perfect Tense............................................................................. 196
Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses...................................................... 197
Subjunctive in Noun Clauses .................................................... 197
Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses.............................................. 201
Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses ................................................. 203
Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences .......................................207
Subjunctive in Common Expressions.................................................... 209
Present Participle and Progressive Tenses and Forms....................................... 210
Imperative Mood ............................................................................................. 214
Impersonal Verbs and Expressions................................................................... 220
Verbs That Take an Indirect Object without a Direct Object ............................ 221
Ser versus Estar............................................................................................... 222
Ficar................................................................................................................ 226
Ter and Haver.................................................................................................. 227
Haver and Fazer in Expressions of Time ......................................................... 229
Acabar............................................................................................................. 232
Saber versus Conhecer..................................................................................... 233
Verb and Other Grammar Charts............................................................................................. 235
Regular Verbs: Derivation of Tenses and Forms .............................................. 237
Regular Verbs.................................................................................................. 238
Irregular Verbs................................................................................................. 240
Verb Tenses and Forms....................................................................................248
Present Indicative ................................................................................ 249
Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Indicative ............................................ 254
Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Indicative................................................... 255
Simple Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Indicative........................................... 257
Future Indicative .................................................................................. 258
Conditional .......................................................................................... 259
Present Subjunctive ............................................................................. 260
Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive ................................................................ 262
Future Subjunctive ............................................................................... 263
Personal Infinitive ................................................................................ 264
Past Participle....................................................................................... 265
Compound Tenses................................................................................ 268
Present Participle and Progressive Tenses............................................. 269
Imperative (Command Forms).............................................................. 270
Verbs and Expressions That Require the Subjunctive....................................... 272