Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

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Portuguese

xxx

semivowel:

vowel-like unstressed sound that functions as a consonant by forming

a diphthong with a contiguous vowel articulated within the same syllable

(= "glide");

the two Portuguese semivowels are transcribed i [

] and u [

]

(pai / sei / foi / dói // pau / seu / céu / sou / viu)

stress(ed):

relative force with which a sound or a syllable is uttered

(the a in ano / sofá / caso / Mário)

subject:

(pro)noun about which something is being said;

the subject often performs the action of the verb

(Quem comprou o livro? Ana o comprou.)

subjunctive:

(see "mood")

subordinate

dependent clause that depends on the main clause for its existence;

clause:

subordinate clauses function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

(Quero que você vá para o Brasil.)

(= noun clause)

(Temos um amigo que vai para o Brasil.)

(= adjective clause)

(Ficaremos tristes quando você for para o Brasil.)

(= adverb clause)

syllable-final:

sound or letter occurring at the end of a syllable

(the r in carne)

syllable-initial:

sound or letter occurring at the beginning of a syllable

(the n in carne)

tense:

classification of verb forms to indicate the time of the action or state of being

in relation to the time of the utterance; for example, in the utterance

"João diz que irá," the action of the future-tense verb (irá) will occur in the

future with respect to the present time of the utterance (diz); in the utterance

"João disse que iria," the action of the conditional-tense verb (iria) would occur

in the future with respect to the past time of the utterance (disse).

transitive verb:

verb that needs a direct object to complete its meaning

(vs. intransitive verb)

(Adoro o seu cachorro!)

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Some linguists distinguish between a "semivowel," which ends a "falling" diphthong (causa),

and a "semiconsonant," which begins a "rising" diphthong (quarto).

An infinitive or a noun clause may also be a subject:

É preciso: comprar o livro / que eu compre o livro.

A ditransitive verb needs both a direct object and an indirect object to complete its meaning:

Os meus pais nos compraram uma casa.

Definitions of Linguistic and Grammatical Terms

xxxi

verb group:

conjugated verb + verbal

(quer dormir / tinham vendido o carro / está correndo)

verbals:

infinitives / past participles / present participles;

these forms derive from verbs but may also function as

nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, respectively

(é preciso dormir / o carro foi vendido / chegou correndo)

voiced:

consonant sounds [b] / [d] / [g] / [v] / [z] / [ž] / [l] / [λ] / [ɾ] / [m] / [n] / [ɲ],

the voiced variants of /R/ (= [R] / [r]), and all vowels,

produced when the vocal cords vibrate

voiceless:

consonant sounds [p] / [t] / [k] / [f] / [s] / [š]

and the voiceless variants of /R/ (= [h] / [x]),

produced when the vocal cords do not vibrate

word-final:

sound or letter occurring at the end of a word

(the ã in irmã)

word-initial:

sound or letter occurring at the beginning of a word

(the i in irmã)

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See p. 211nn1–2 concerning the terms present participle and gerund.

ORTHOGRAPHIC REFORMS

This book follows the orthographic reforms of the Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa,

which was written in an attempt to simplify and unify Portuguese orthography. Drafted in 1990,

the Acordo Ortográfico was eventually ratified by all members of the Community of

Portuguese-Language Countries (CPLP); it took effect in Brazil in 2009 and in Portugal in 2010.

The following is a brief synopsis of the orthographic reforms.

1) Diacritical marks

a) No dieresis (¨) over the u of gu / qu to transcribe the sounds [g

] / [k

linguiça / sequência / frequência

b) No acute accent (´) or circumflex (ˆ) to differentiate the following

homographs (see p. 23: 3a for more examples):

para

(preposition / verb)

pelo

(contraction / verb / noun)

pela

(contraction / verb / noun)

c) No acute accent over stressed

i) e / o of ei / oi in words stressed on the next-to-last syllable:

ideia / assembleia / europeia / joia / heroica

ii) i / u preceded by a diphthong:

cheiinho / feiura

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In those cases in which the Acordo Ortográfico permits variant forms, this book follows

Brazilian Portuguese usage.

European Portuguese undertook this and other reforms in 1945. These reforms governed the

orthography of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa until their independence in 1974–1975.

Orthographic Reforms

xxxiii

d) No circumflex over the first

i) o of oo:

voo / enjoo / moo

ii) e of ee in the following 3rd-person plural present-tense forms of

crer / ler / ver / dar:

creem / leem / veem

(indicative)

deem

(subjunctive)

e) Circumflex in BP over e / o before m / n in words stressed on the next-to-last or

second-to-last syllable (including words ending in an unstressed vowel sequence);

acute accent in EP:

bônus / bónus // acadêmico / académico // gêmea / gémea

f) Optional circumflex in EP over the e in the 1st-person plural present subjunctive

form dêmos (< dar), to differentiate it from the corresponding preterite indicative

form demos.

g) Optional acute accent in EP over the a in the 1st-person plural preterite indicative

ending -ámos, to differentiate it from the corresponding present indicative ending

-amos:

Ontem comprámos / compramos queijo; hoje compramos peixe.

2) Elimination of unpronounced letters

a) No unpronounced c // p of cç / cc / ct // pç / pc / pt:

ação / acionar / ato / elétrico // adoção / batismo / ótimo

b) No initial h in erva and in root words preceded by a nonhyphenated prefix:

desumano / inumano / reabilitar / lobisomem

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European Portuguese undertook this reform in 1945.

Following Brazilian Portuguese usage, this book

(a)

uses a circumflex;

(b)

does not mark demos;

(c)

does not mark -amos.

Brazilian Portuguese undertook this reform in 1943. See pp. 13–15: 4 for alternative spelling of

certain words.

Initial h is retained when preceded by a hyphenated prefix (pré-história).

Portuguese

xxxiv

3) Hyphenation

a) No hyphen

i) in most expressions consisting of a noun + de + another noun:

cartão de visita / fim de semana

ii) between haver and de (hei de / havia de, etc.);

iii) after the prefix co (even if the root word begins in o),

and after most other prefixes (except as listed in 3b below):

coadministração / coocorrência / coprodutor

iv) between a prefix ending in a vowel and a root word beginning either in a

different vowel or in r / s (in which case the r / s is doubled):

autoestrada // extrarregular / antissemita

b) Hyphen

i) between a prefix ending in a vowel and a root word beginning in the

same vowel (except after the prefix co):

anti-ibérica / micro-ondas

ii) between a prefix ending in r and a root word beginning in r:

hiper-realista / inter-rei / super-rebelde

iii) after prefixes pós // pré // pró // ex // vice // soto/a,

if the root word is a noun or an adjective:

pós-graduação // pré-histórico // pró-americano //

ex-presidente // vice-rei // soto-mestre / sota-piloto

iv) after prefixes circum / pan, if the root word begins in a vowel or h / m / n:

circum-navegação

/ pan-americano

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Exception:

cor-de-laranja / cor-de-rosa, etc.

Exceptions:

interrogar / interrogação // interromper / interrupção.

Exception:

sotavento.

No hyphen before most verbs (pospor / prever / promover / sotopor).

Also circunavegação.

Orthographic Reforms

xxxv

v) after além / aquém / recém / sem in compound words:

além-mar / aquém-mar / recém-casado / sem-vergonha

vi) after bem / mal, if the root word begins in a vowel or h;

after bem, if the root word begins in a consonant:

bem-estar

mal-estar

bem-humorado

mal-humorado

bem-criado

vs.

malcriado

bem-visto

vs.

malvisto

vii) in placenames beginning with Grão / Grã or joined by an article:

Grão-Pará / Grã-Bretanha // Trás-os-Montes

viii) between a verb and an object pronoun:

deixa-os / disse-lhe / senta-se / dá-la / tiram-no

ix) in contractions of direct with indirect object pronouns:

no-lo / vo-las

x) before and after an object pronoun in future- or conditional-tense verb forms:

enviar-lhe-emos / enviá-lo-íamos

xi) in compounds designating botanical or zoological species:

feijão-verde / andorinha-do-mar

xii) in most compounds in which each element retains its meaning and stress,

and the first element is a noun, an adjective, or a verb:

arco-íris / azul-escuro / guarda-chuva / luso-brasileiro /

norte-americano / primeiro-ministro / segunda-feira /

tenente-coronel / tio-avô

4) Capitalization

See p. 20 for details on capitalization, which incorporate the reforms of the

Acordo Ortográfico.

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No hyphen in compounds in which the meaning of each element has faded or disappeared

(mandachuva // paraquedas / paraquedista // pontapé).

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PORTUGUESE

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SOUND SYSTEM