FAO, 1986.
Mechanical Wood Products Branch, Forest Industries Division, FAO Forestry Department.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations conceing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or conceing the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Издательство ООН (кидаю содержание в оригинале, есть перевод)
Table of Contents.
Preface.
ntroduction.
Background.
The present case Tor wood gasifiers.
Overview of the contents of this publication.
What to expect from a wood gasifier system.
Small wood and charcoal gasifiers for operation of inteal combustion engines.
Fuelling of engines by producer gas.
Possibilities of using producer gas with different types of engines.
Engine power output using producer gas.
Maximizing the power output in producer-gas operation.
Resulting power output.
Gas quality requirements for trouble-free operation.
Use of Stirling engines or gas turbines with producer gas.
Theory of gasification.
Prediction of the gas composition.
Gasifier efficiency.
Types of gasifiers.
Updraught or counter current gasifier.
Downdraughl or co-current gasifiers.
Cross-draught gasifier.
Flu id i zed bed gasifier
Other types of gasifiers.
Gasification fuels.
Need for selection of the right gasrfier for each fuel.
Energy content of the fuel.
Moisture content of the fuel.
olatile matter content of the fuel.
Ash content and ash chemical composition.
Reactivity of the fuel.
cle size and size distribution.
Bulk density of the fuel.
Chang properties of the fuel.
Assessment of the suitability of various types of biomass as gasifier fuel.
Design of downdraught gasifiers.
Processes occurring in the down-draught gasifier.
Design guidelines for downdraught gasifiers.
Gas cleaning and cooling.
Cleaning dust from the gas.
Gas cooling.
Applications of biomass gasification.
Production of fuel gas.
Production of mechanical or electrical power in stationary installations.
Mobile applications.
Health and environmental hazards associated with the use of producer gas.
Toxic hazards.
Fire hazards.
Explosion hazards.
Environmental hazards.
Recent Swedish experiences with operation of vehicles on wood and charcoal gas.
Overview of development work and testing carried out at the national machinery testing institute.
Scope of the work.
Gasifier for wood chips.
Fibre glass fabric filler system.
Conversion of diesel engines to producer gas operation.
Tests with different fuels.
Experiences gained from conversion and operation of modem vehicles.
The need for continued practical tests.
Conversion and operation of a Massey Ferguson 1100 farm tractor.
Conversion and operation of a Scania truck.
Experiences related to service, maintenance and equipment failures.
Producer gas vehicles recently operated in other countries.
Economic evaluation of operation of vehicles on wood gas.
The case for wood gasifiers.
Method used for the economic evaluation.
Economic baseline assumptions.
Marginal costs for the wood gasifier system.
Economy of a producer gas tractor.
Economy of a producer gas truck.
Feasibility of using the vehicle gasifier technology for stationary applications.
G Operating hazards.
A small wood gas power plant at a sawmill in Paraguay.
Description of the wood gas power plant.
Fuel supply.
The wood gasifier.
Wood gas cooling and washing installations.
Wood gas filter.
Engine and electric generator.
Operating experience.
Fuel consumption.
Manpower employed and operating procedure.
Safely.
Environmental impact.
Economic evaluation.
Capital investment.
Operation and maintenance costs.
Fuel costs.
Total operating costs.
Costs for electricity generation for family homes of sawmill personnel.
Comparison with other alteatives for the electricity supply.
A small gasifier power plant in Sri Lanka 5.1 Description of the plant.
General system layout.
The gasifier.
Cyclone.
mpingement separator.
Glass fibre cloth filter.
Cooler.
Engine and alteator.
Start-up fan and flare.
Safety devices.
Auxiliaries.
Operational procedures.
Start-up.
Closing down.
System maintenance.
Operational experience.
Operating record and observations on the performance.
Disturbances of the operation.
Desirable modifications.
Economic evaluation of electricity generation costs at Giriulla mill.
Concluding remarks.
A 1.4 MW wood gas fuelled power plant in Paraguay.
Historical background of the gasifier installations G.2 Wood-fuel supply and preparation.
Description of the down-draught gasifiers.
Electricity production with the gas engine alteator sets.
Operating experiences.
Profitability of using wood gas at Loma Plata.
Mechanical Wood Products Branch, Forest Industries Division, FAO Forestry Department.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations conceing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or conceing the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Издательство ООН (кидаю содержание в оригинале, есть перевод)
Table of Contents.
Preface.
ntroduction.
Background.
The present case Tor wood gasifiers.
Overview of the contents of this publication.
What to expect from a wood gasifier system.
Small wood and charcoal gasifiers for operation of inteal combustion engines.
Fuelling of engines by producer gas.
Possibilities of using producer gas with different types of engines.
Engine power output using producer gas.
Maximizing the power output in producer-gas operation.
Resulting power output.
Gas quality requirements for trouble-free operation.
Use of Stirling engines or gas turbines with producer gas.
Theory of gasification.
Prediction of the gas composition.
Gasifier efficiency.
Types of gasifiers.
Updraught or counter current gasifier.
Downdraughl or co-current gasifiers.
Cross-draught gasifier.
Flu id i zed bed gasifier
Other types of gasifiers.
Gasification fuels.
Need for selection of the right gasrfier for each fuel.
Energy content of the fuel.
Moisture content of the fuel.
olatile matter content of the fuel.
Ash content and ash chemical composition.
Reactivity of the fuel.
cle size and size distribution.
Bulk density of the fuel.
Chang properties of the fuel.
Assessment of the suitability of various types of biomass as gasifier fuel.
Design of downdraught gasifiers.
Processes occurring in the down-draught gasifier.
Design guidelines for downdraught gasifiers.
Gas cleaning and cooling.
Cleaning dust from the gas.
Gas cooling.
Applications of biomass gasification.
Production of fuel gas.
Production of mechanical or electrical power in stationary installations.
Mobile applications.
Health and environmental hazards associated with the use of producer gas.
Toxic hazards.
Fire hazards.
Explosion hazards.
Environmental hazards.
Recent Swedish experiences with operation of vehicles on wood and charcoal gas.
Overview of development work and testing carried out at the national machinery testing institute.
Scope of the work.
Gasifier for wood chips.
Fibre glass fabric filler system.
Conversion of diesel engines to producer gas operation.
Tests with different fuels.
Experiences gained from conversion and operation of modem vehicles.
The need for continued practical tests.
Conversion and operation of a Massey Ferguson 1100 farm tractor.
Conversion and operation of a Scania truck.
Experiences related to service, maintenance and equipment failures.
Producer gas vehicles recently operated in other countries.
Economic evaluation of operation of vehicles on wood gas.
The case for wood gasifiers.
Method used for the economic evaluation.
Economic baseline assumptions.
Marginal costs for the wood gasifier system.
Economy of a producer gas tractor.
Economy of a producer gas truck.
Feasibility of using the vehicle gasifier technology for stationary applications.
G Operating hazards.
A small wood gas power plant at a sawmill in Paraguay.
Description of the wood gas power plant.
Fuel supply.
The wood gasifier.
Wood gas cooling and washing installations.
Wood gas filter.
Engine and electric generator.
Operating experience.
Fuel consumption.
Manpower employed and operating procedure.
Safely.
Environmental impact.
Economic evaluation.
Capital investment.
Operation and maintenance costs.
Fuel costs.
Total operating costs.
Costs for electricity generation for family homes of sawmill personnel.
Comparison with other alteatives for the electricity supply.
A small gasifier power plant in Sri Lanka 5.1 Description of the plant.
General system layout.
The gasifier.
Cyclone.
mpingement separator.
Glass fibre cloth filter.
Cooler.
Engine and alteator.
Start-up fan and flare.
Safety devices.
Auxiliaries.
Operational procedures.
Start-up.
Closing down.
System maintenance.
Operational experience.
Operating record and observations on the performance.
Disturbances of the operation.
Desirable modifications.
Economic evaluation of electricity generation costs at Giriulla mill.
Concluding remarks.
A 1.4 MW wood gas fuelled power plant in Paraguay.
Historical background of the gasifier installations G.2 Wood-fuel supply and preparation.
Description of the down-draught gasifiers.
Electricity production with the gas engine alteator sets.
Operating experiences.
Profitability of using wood gas at Loma Plata.