МсGrаw-Нill Рrоfеssiоnаl, 2008. 324 p. ISBN:0071489706
Written by a team of inteational experts, Biofuels Refining and Performance describes the refining processes and issues involved in producing fuel derived from recently living organisms or their by-products. Each chapter offers detailed discussion of theory as well as the actual experimental procedure used to economically manufacture biofuels on a commercial scale.
Lea about the ways to economically manufacture biofuels.
Each chapter offers detailed discussion of theory as well as the actual experimental procedure used to economically manufacture biofuels on a commercial scale.
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter
1. Energy and Its Biological Resources - K. B. De
Energy (Yesterday,Today, and Tomorrow)
Energy
Energy-Dependent Ecosystems
Bioenergy
Biological Energetics
Chemical Cell
Models of Bioenergy Cells
A Living Cell Is an Ideal Cell
Plant Cells Are Unique
Biofuels
Plant Hydrocarbons
Biogas
Gobargas
Biomass, Gasification, and Pyrolysis
Bioluminescence
Hydrogen
References
Chapter
2. Photosynthetic Plants as Renewable Energy Sources - Ahindra Nag and P. Manchikanti
Introduction
Mechanism and Efficiency of Photosynthesis in Plants
Photosynthetic Process
Plant Types and Growing Cycles
Harvesting Plants for Bioenergy
Products
References
Chapter
3. Bioethanol: Market and Production Processes - Mohammad J.Taherzadeh and Keikhosro Karimi
Introduction
Global Market of Bioethanol and Future Prospects
Overall Process of Bioethanol Production
Production of Sugars from Raw Materials
Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials
Sugar Solution from Lignocellulosic Materials
Basic Concepts of Fermentation
Conversion of Simple Sugars to Ethanol
Biochemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Hexoses
Chemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Pentoses
Microorganisms Related to Ethanol Fermentation
Fermentation Process
Ethanol Recovery
Distillation
Alteative Processes for Ethanol Recovery and Purification
Ethanol Dehydration
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
References
Chapter
4. Raw Materials to Produce Low-Cost Biodiesel - M. P. Dorado
Introduction
Nonedible Oils
Low-Cost Edible Oils
Used Frying Oils
Animal Fats
Future Lines
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
5. Fuel and Physical Properties of Biodiesel Components - Gerhard Knothe
Introduction
Cetane Number and Exhaust Emissions
Cold-Flow Properties
Oxidative Stability
Viscosity
Lubricity
Outlook
References
Chapter
6. Processing of Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel and Engine Performance - Ahindra Nag
Introduction
Processing of Vegetable Oils to Biodiesel
Engine Performance with Esters of Tallow and Frying Oil
References
Chapter
7. Ethanol and Methanol as Fuels in Inteal Combustion Engines - B. B. Ghosh and Ahindra Nag
Introduction
Alcohols as Substitute Fuels for IC Engines
Distillation of Alcohol
Properties of Ethanol and Methanol
Use of Blends
Performance of Engine Using Ethanol
Alcohols in CI Engine
Methanol as an Alteate Fuel
Comparison of Ethanol and Methanol
Ecosystem Impacts Using Alcohol Fuels
References
Chapter
8. Cracking of Lipids for Fuels and Chemicals - Est A. Stadlbauer and Sebastian Bojanowski
Introduction
Thermal Degradation Process
Vegetable Oil Fuels/Hydrocarbon Blends
Other Metal Oxide Catalysts
Cracking by In Situ Catalysts
Conclusion
References
Chapter
9. Fuel Cells - A. K. Sinha
Introduction
Fuel Cell Basics
Types of Fuel Cells
Fuel Cell System
Fuel Cell Applications
Conclusion
References
Appendix
Index
Written by a team of inteational experts, Biofuels Refining and Performance describes the refining processes and issues involved in producing fuel derived from recently living organisms or their by-products. Each chapter offers detailed discussion of theory as well as the actual experimental procedure used to economically manufacture biofuels on a commercial scale.
Lea about the ways to economically manufacture biofuels.
Each chapter offers detailed discussion of theory as well as the actual experimental procedure used to economically manufacture biofuels on a commercial scale.
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter
1. Energy and Its Biological Resources - K. B. De
Energy (Yesterday,Today, and Tomorrow)
Energy
Energy-Dependent Ecosystems
Bioenergy
Biological Energetics
Chemical Cell
Models of Bioenergy Cells
A Living Cell Is an Ideal Cell
Plant Cells Are Unique
Biofuels
Plant Hydrocarbons
Biogas
Gobargas
Biomass, Gasification, and Pyrolysis
Bioluminescence
Hydrogen
References
Chapter
2. Photosynthetic Plants as Renewable Energy Sources - Ahindra Nag and P. Manchikanti
Introduction
Mechanism and Efficiency of Photosynthesis in Plants
Photosynthetic Process
Plant Types and Growing Cycles
Harvesting Plants for Bioenergy
Products
References
Chapter
3. Bioethanol: Market and Production Processes - Mohammad J.Taherzadeh and Keikhosro Karimi
Introduction
Global Market of Bioethanol and Future Prospects
Overall Process of Bioethanol Production
Production of Sugars from Raw Materials
Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials
Sugar Solution from Lignocellulosic Materials
Basic Concepts of Fermentation
Conversion of Simple Sugars to Ethanol
Biochemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Hexoses
Chemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Pentoses
Microorganisms Related to Ethanol Fermentation
Fermentation Process
Ethanol Recovery
Distillation
Alteative Processes for Ethanol Recovery and Purification
Ethanol Dehydration
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
References
Chapter
4. Raw Materials to Produce Low-Cost Biodiesel - M. P. Dorado
Introduction
Nonedible Oils
Low-Cost Edible Oils
Used Frying Oils
Animal Fats
Future Lines
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
5. Fuel and Physical Properties of Biodiesel Components - Gerhard Knothe
Introduction
Cetane Number and Exhaust Emissions
Cold-Flow Properties
Oxidative Stability
Viscosity
Lubricity
Outlook
References
Chapter
6. Processing of Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel and Engine Performance - Ahindra Nag
Introduction
Processing of Vegetable Oils to Biodiesel
Engine Performance with Esters of Tallow and Frying Oil
References
Chapter
7. Ethanol and Methanol as Fuels in Inteal Combustion Engines - B. B. Ghosh and Ahindra Nag
Introduction
Alcohols as Substitute Fuels for IC Engines
Distillation of Alcohol
Properties of Ethanol and Methanol
Use of Blends
Performance of Engine Using Ethanol
Alcohols in CI Engine
Methanol as an Alteate Fuel
Comparison of Ethanol and Methanol
Ecosystem Impacts Using Alcohol Fuels
References
Chapter
8. Cracking of Lipids for Fuels and Chemicals - Est A. Stadlbauer and Sebastian Bojanowski
Introduction
Thermal Degradation Process
Vegetable Oil Fuels/Hydrocarbon Blends
Other Metal Oxide Catalysts
Cracking by In Situ Catalysts
Conclusion
References
Chapter
9. Fuel Cells - A. K. Sinha
Introduction
Fuel Cell Basics
Types of Fuel Cells
Fuel Cell System
Fuel Cell Applications
Conclusion
References
Appendix
Index