Woolrych Austin. Britain in Revolution, 1625-1660

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Britain in Revolution

1625–1660

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Britain in Revolution

1625–1660

AUSTIN WOOLRYCH

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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp

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Acknowledgements

By far my greatest debt of gratitude is owed to two good friends, Professors

John Morrill and Blair Worden, who read every word of my manuscript

when it was still in longhand and sent me lengthy and immensely helpful lists

of suggestions. They have saved me from very numerous infelicities and

obscurities and not a few errors. Such of these as remain are of course all my

own work. I am grateful to Dr Christopher Durston for enabling me to read

his Godly Governors: The Rule of Cromwell's Major-Generals ahead of pub-

lication. My footnotes, deliberately limited in number, and my recommenda-

tions for further reading at the end of each of the book’s six parts, convey only

part of my indebtedness to the many fellow-scholars on whose researches I

have drawn. And I warmly thank Ruth Parr and her colleagues Kay Rogers

and Anne Gelling for their constant help and advice, and for making it such a

pleasure (as always) to publish with the Oxford University Press. I also wish

to express my gratitude to Katie Ryde, the Press’ copyeditor, for her meticu-

lous care and unfailing helpfulness.

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Contents

Acknowledgements v

List of Plates ix

List of Maps xi

Prologue 1

PART I: Background and Beginnings 1625–1640

1. King Charles’s Inheritance I: Three Kingdoms, Three Peoples 9

2. King Charles’s Inheritance II: The Matter of Religion 32

3. The New Reign 49

4. Storm over Scotland 85

5. The Bishops’ Wars 115

PART II: War in Three Kingdoms 1640–1646

6. Climacteric I: ‘a Posture of Defence’ 155

7. Three Kingdoms in Crisis 189

8. The Blast of War 234

9. The Conﬂict Widens 268

10. Towards a Resolution 296

PART III: Towards a Kingless Britain 1646–1649

11. Between Two Wars 335

12. Climacteric II: ‘not a Mere Mercenary Army’ 366

13. The Second Civil War 402

14. Quest for a Settlement 434

PART IV: The Commonwealth 1649–1653

15. The Commonwealth at War 461

16. The Commonwealth in Crisis 502

17. ‘A Story of My Own Weakness and Folly’? 537

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PART V: Cromwell’s Protectorate 1653–1658

18. A New Order in Three Nations 563

19. The First Phase of Cromwellian Rule 580

20. ‘A Single Person and a Parliament’ 601

21. Cavaliers in Arms, Swordsmen in the Saddle 616

22. King or Constable? 638

23. The Protectorate in Scotland, Ireland, and Europe 664

24. Unﬁnished Business 684

PART VI: The Collapse of the Good Old Cause 1658–1660

25. The Overthrow of the Protectorate 707

26. The Commonwealth Restored 727

27. The Monarchy Restored 757

Epilogue 780

Index 801

viii Contents

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List of Plates

between pages 404 and 405

1. Riot in St Giles’s Cathedral, Edinburgh, on the reading of the New

Prayer Book, 1637

Bridgeman Art Library

2. James Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, after Van Dyck

Scottish National Portrait Gallery

3. The Short Parliament, 1640

Fotomas Index

4. Atrocities in Ireland

Fotomas Index

5. James Butler, Earl of Ormond, by Van Egmont

6. Whitehall Palace, by Wenceslas Hollar

Guildhall Library

7. Westminster Hall, by Wenceslas Hollar

Guildhall Library

8. Charles as Prince of Wales, by Abraham van Blyenberch, 1620

By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

9. King Charles I, during his captivity, 1647

By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

10. John Pym, after Edward Bower

By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

11. Sir Thomas Fairfax, by John Hoskins

Leeds Castle Foundation

12. Earl of Essex, by Faithorne, 1643

Fotomas Index

13. Oliver Cromwell, unﬁnished miniature by Samuel Cooper

Bridgeman Art Library

14. Prince Rupert, attributed to Gerrit van Honthorst

By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

15. Henrietta Maria, after Van Dyck

By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

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