Woodard R.D. (editor) The Ancient Languages of Europe
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Index of grammar and linguistics
257
Pronominal adjectives 30,
134, 240
Reciprocal pronouns 30, 31
Reflexive pronouns 30, 31,
47, 66, 92, 97, 109, 240
Long-distance reflexives
30
Relative pronouns 32, 47,
67, 83, 89, 109, 117, 120,
153, 154, 162, 176, 181,
204, 240, 244
Proterokinetic 27, 201, 203
Prothetic vowels 149
Protolanguages 230
Psilotic 58
Reconstruction 230
Regularization (See also
Generalization) 209,
210
Relative chronology 52
Relative clauses 47, 90, 116,
120, 161, 243, 244
Retentions 230
Root constraints 237
Root structure 237
Satem 14, 232
Schwa secundum 234,
237
Sequence of tense 91, 119
Sound change 230
Spiritus asper 58
Splits (phonemic) 21, 230
Strong declension 204, 205
Strong verbs 206–207,
210–211, 223
Subject-verb inversion
137
Subordinate clauses (See also
Subordination) 118–120
Subordination (See also
Subordinate clauses) 46,
90–92, 181, 184
Superheavy syllables 78
Superlative adjectives 29, 42,
81, 109, 205
Supine 88, 91, 119
Suppletion 88, 176, 205
Syllable structure 18, 78,
147
Syncope 77, 78, 98, 106, 132,
142, 147, 148, 150, 155,
220
Tense 32, 83, 111, 112–113,
134, 154, 155–156,
176–177, 209, 240
Primary tenses 46
Secondary tenses 46
Aorist tense 36–37, 67
Future tense 36, 67
Atticfuture36
Doricfuture67
Perfect tense 37–39, 68,
86–87
Present tense (See also
Preterito-presents)
33–36, 67, 84–86, 155
Preterite tense 155
Thematic morphology (See
also Alpha-thematic
morphology) 25, 28,
33–35, 67, 68, 176, 203,
209, 210, 237, 238, 240,
241
Tmesis 212, 213
Topicalization 136, 160,
244
Typology 145
Umlaut 146, 149, 219, 220
Verb endings 68, 40–41, 111,
134–135, 155, 177–178,
209, 241–242
Primary 241, 40, 85, 86,
111, 134
Secondary 241, 40, 85, 86,
111, 134, 209
Verb movement (See also
Fronting) 227
Verbal adjectives 42, 178
Verbal conjugations (Verbal
stem-classes) 84, 112,
134
Verbal morphology 67, 32–42,
83, 134, 154, 110–114,
176–178, 205–211,
223–224, 240–242
Verbal nouns 154, 157–159
Verbal stem-classes (Verbal
conjugations) 177,
223–224
Voice 32, 84, 110, 134, 154,
155, 177, 240
Vowel weakening 78, 79
Vowels 16–18, 59, 77, 103,
105–106, 131, 146, 169,
170, 171, 193, 219–220,
233
Vr
.
ddhi 237
Weak declension 204,
205
Weak verbs 206, 207, 211,
223, 224
Word boundaries 235
Word formation 148, 173, 236
Word order 45, 89–90,
116–117, 136–137, 159,
179–180, 181, 182–184,
212, 225, 236, 243, 244,
227–228
Index of languages
Afro-Asiatic 231
Albanian 231
Algonquian 231
Anatolian 45, 183, 231, 236
Ancient Nordic 215
Armenian 14, 36, 57, 70,
231
Old Armenian 58
Austronesian 231
Avestan 36, 232, 235
G
¯
athic Avestan 243
Baltic 203
Balto-Slavic 185, 199, 231,
236
Basque 166, 185
Burgundian 190
Celtic (See also Proto-Celtic)
93, 126, 131, 134, 136,
165, 183, 185, 199,
228, 231, 244
British 165, 186
Celtiberian 165
Cisalpine Celtic 185
Continental Celtic 165–188
Galatian 165, 166, 185, 186
Gallo-Brittonic 165
Gaulish 165, 166, 168,
170–171, 172,
174–175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 182–185, 186
Cisalpine Gaulish 165,
167, 174
Transalpine Gaulish 165
Goidelic 165
Hispano-Celtic 165,
166–167, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173–174,
175, 176, 177, 178,
179–181, 182, 185,
186
Insular Celtic 165, 169,
171, 173, 176, 177,
178, 183, 184
Lepontic 134, 165, 166,
167–168, 170, 174,
176, 181–182, 185
Danish 189
Dravidian 231
Dutch 189
English 44, 198, 199, 205,
244
Middle English 190
Modern English 189
Old English 189, 190, 203,
210, 222
Etruscan (See also
Proto-Etruscan) 75,
93, 100, 101, 121, 128,
139, 141, 167, 175, 185
Archaic Etruscan 142, 145,
147, 148, 150, 151,
152, 153, 155, 156,
160, 161
Late Etruscan 142, 145,
146, 147, 148, 150,
151, 152, 153, 155,
156, 160
Faliscan 73, 75, 82, 85, 93,
97
Faroese 189
Finno-Ugric 231
Flemish 191
French 172
German 189, 192, 194, 205,
227, 244
Middle High German 190
Old High German 134, 189,
190, 199, 203, 211, 222
Germanic (See also
Proto-Germanic) 48,
93, 185, 189, 190, 194,
195, 196, 197–198,
200, 201, 203, 205,
209, 210, 211, 213,
215, 216, 218, 228,
231, 236
East Germanic 189, 190,
191, 215, 216
North Germanic 189, 199,
215–216
Northwest Germanic 190,
215, 216, 222
Pre-Germanic 196, 197,
205, 211
West Germanic 189, 199,
215, 216, 221, 222
Gothic 57, 134, 189, 214, 215,
216, 218, 221, 227
Greek (See also Proto-Greek)
14–49, 75, 78, 82, 84,
88, 93, 94, 100, 101,
104, 121, 128, 134,
135, 138, 141, 142,
143, 144, 145–146,
147, 148, 157, 162,
170, 172, 175, 185,
190, 192, 193, 194,
203, 205, 209,
212–213, 218, 219,
224, 231, 232, 234,
235, 236, 238, 239,
242, 243, 244
Archaic Greek 14
Byzantine Greek 14, 19,
59
Classical Greek 14
Hellenistic Greek 24
Homeric Greek 21, 23, 31,
36, 38, 39, 47, 61, 64,
66, 70, 235, 243
258
Index of languages
259
Koine Greek 14, 57, 59
Modern Greek 14, 57, 59
New Testament Greek 212
Greek Dialects (See also
Greek) 50–72
Aeolic 50, 51, 52, 59, 60, 62,
63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71
Anatolian Aeolic 51, 52
Balkan Aeolic 51, 52, 67
Arcado-Cypriot 50, 52, 60,
61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70
Arcadian 58, 60, 61, 62,
63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70
Cypriot 58, 60, 64, 66,
69, 70
Argolic 51, 58, 61, 62, 63,
64
Attic (See also Greek)
14–49, 50, 51, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 232,
240
Early Attic 24, 26, 64
Attic-Ionic (See also
Proto-Attic-Ionic) 23,
37, 50, 52, 62, 63, 235
Boeotian 51, 52, 58, 59, 60,
61, 66, 67, 68, 69
Coan 61, 70
Corinthian 51
Cretan 58, 61, 62, 63, 64,
66, 67, 68, 69, 70
Cyrenaean 62
Delphian 66
Doric 19, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57,
58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 121
East Greek 52
Elean 51, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64,
68
Eretrian 62
Euboean 75
Ionic 16, 35, 36, 50, 51, 52,
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
67, 68, 69
Central Ionic 21, 50, 61
East Ionic 50, 51, 58, 61
West Ionic 21, 50, 62, 68
Laconian 14, 51, 57, 58, 61,
62, 63, 68, 70
Lesbian 51, 52, 58, 60, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70
Locrian 70
East Locrian 51
West Locrian 51
Megarian 51
Messanian 51
Mycenaean 16, 20, 52, 57,
58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66,
68, 70, 71, 232, 243
Mycenaean I 51, 52, 61
Mycenaean II 51, 52, 61
Normal Mycenaean 51
Special Mycenaean 51
North Greek 52
Northwest Greek 50, 51,
52, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70
Northwest Greek Koine 51,
66
Pamphylian 51, 58, 64, 68
Pelasgiotis 51
Phocian 51, 70
Rhodian 51, 61, 68, 69
Sicilian 65, 68
South Greek 52
Theran 61, 62
Thessalian 51, 52, 60, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
69, 70
Thessaliotis 51
Tsaconian 14
West Greek 51, 52
Herulian 190
Hittite 48, 93, 209, 240, 243,
244
Old Hittite 181
Iberian 185
Icelandic 189
Indo-European (See also
Proto-Indo-
European) 14, 33, 42,
43, 45, 47, 48, 73, 80,
82, 83, 84, 85, 93, 97,
120, 126, 132, 136,
138, 149, 157, 169,
173, 174, 176–177,
185, 198, 199, 200,
201, 203, 204, 209,
210, 212, 213, 215,
216, 219, 220, 221,
224, 225, 227, 228,
230–246
Indo-Iranian 14, 36, 42, 93,
231, 234, 235
Iranian 48
Ogham Irish 184
Old Irish 175
Italic (See also Proto-Italic)
74, 93, 97, 120, 121,
126, 148, 149, 163, 231
Latin 37, 68, 73–95, 96, 97,
100, 101, 102, 104,
105, 109, 111, 114,
115, 117, 121, 124,
126, 127, 130, 131,
132, 133, 135, 138,
139, 141, 142, 143,
144, 145, 147, 154,
160, 162–163, 168,
176, 179, 185, 190,
192, 199, 203, 205,
216, 218, 219, 224,
231, 232, 239, 240, 244
Christian Latin 74
Classical Latin 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 80, 86, 88, 90,
91, 93
Early Latin 73, 74, 76, 77,
78, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87
Late Latin 74, 87, 88
Old Latin (See Early Latin)
178
Post-Classical Latin 74, 78
Praenestine Latin 74, 114
Pre-Classical Latin 74
Preliterary Latin 74
Roman Latin 74
Silver Latin 74
Vulgar Latin 74
Latino-Faliscan 73, 120
Lemnian (See also
Proto-Lemnian) 142,
147, 162
Lithuanian 203
Luvian (Luwian) 174
Lydian 144
Mediterranean languages 93,
185
Messapic 231
Norwegian 189
Old Bulgarian 57
Old Church Slavic (Slavonic)
200, 203
Old Frisian 190
Old Icelandic 203
Old Low Franconian 189
260 Index of languages
Old Norse 190, 218, 219, 227
Old Prussian 198
Old Saxon 189, 203
Pelasgian 48
Phoenician 53, 56, 71, 141,
144
Phrygian 36, 231
Proto-Attic-Ionic 35
Proto-Celtic 165, 173, 174
Proto-Etruscan 142
Proto-Germanic 194, 197,
198–199, 200, 203,
205, 209, 218, 219, 224
Proto-Greek 20, 23, 25, 34,
57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67
Proto-Indo-European 14, 19,
20–21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26–28, 31, 32, 33,
34–35, 36–37, 38–39,
40, 43, 47, 52, 60, 61,
62, 63, 76, 98, 120,
126, 131, 134, 138,
166, 174, 177, 179,
181, 195, 196,
197–198, 200, 201,
203, 204, 205,
209–210, 211, 227,
231, 232, 233, 236,
237, 242–243, 244
Proto-Italic 146
Proto-Lemnian 142
Proto-Rhaetic 142
Proto-Sabellian 105
Proto-Tyrsenic 142, 147, 162
Rhaetic (See also
Proto-Rhaetic) 142,
147, 162, 185
Romance languages 77, 78,
87, 88, 166
Runic Norse (See also Ancient
Nordic) 200
Modern Russian 228
Sabellian (See also
Proto-Sabellian) 73,
93, 96–123, 139, 144
Aequian 96
Hernican 96
Marrucinian 96, 112, 121,
139
Marsian 96, 121
Oscan 73, 80, 96, 97, 98,
100, 101, 102–104,
105, 106, 109–110,
112–115, 116–118,
119, 120, 121, 126, 138
Paelignian 96, 100, 110,
112, 113, 114, 121, 139
Pre-Samnite 96
Sabine 93, 96
South Picene 96, 97, 98, 101
Umbrian 73, 80, 93, 96, 97,
98, 100, 101, 104–106,
108, 109–110, 111,
112–118, 119, 121,
138, 146, 163, 177
Vestinian 96, 113
Volscian 96, 112, 114, 121
Sanskrit 20, 37, 42, 43, 68, 82,
135, 177, 181, 198,
203, 204, 209, 213,
231, 232, 234, 235,
236, 237, 238, 244
Vedic Sanskrit 36, 134, 235,
236, 242, 243, 244
Scandinavian languages 189,
190
East Scandinavian 216
West Scandinavian
216
Semitic 15, 48, 56, 185, 193,
231
Slavic 57, 84, 93, 203
Sumerian 48
Swedish 189
Tocharian 93, 231, 232, 244
Vandal 190
Venetic 124–140, 144, 174,
231
Ancient Venetic 126
Archaic Venetic 126
Latino-Venetic 126, 128,
131, 132, 135
Recent Venetic 126, 127,
128, 129, 131, 132
Index of named linguistic laws and principles
Bartholomae’s Law 234
Canaanite Shift 15
Final Trochee Rule 19
Germanic Consonant Shift
196, 197
Grassmann’s Law 20,
Grimm’s Law 196–197
Law of three moras 200
Lindeman’s Law 234
Osthoff’s Law 23, 63
Sievers’ Law 196, 201, 233,
234, 235
Thurneysen’s Law 195
Vendryes’ Restriction 183,
186
Verner’s Law 195, 197, 218,
236
Wackernagel’s Law 45, 90,
183, 236, 243
261