Woodard R.D. (editor) The Ancient Languages of Europe

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THE ANCIENT LANGUAGES OF EUROPE

This book, derived from the acclaimed Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Lan-

guages, describes the ancient languages of Europe, for the convenience of students and

specialists working in that area. Each chapter of the work focuses on an individual language

or, in some instances, a set of closely related varieties of a language. Providing a full de-

scriptive presentation, each of these chapters examines the writing system(s), phonology,

morphology, syntax, and lexicon of that language, and places the language within its proper

linguistic and historical context. The volume brings together an international array of schol-

ars, each a leading specialist in ancient language study. While designed primarily for scholars

and students of linguistics, this work will prove invaluable to all whose studies take them

into the realm of ancient language.

Roger D. Woodard is the Andrew Van Vranken Raymond Professor of the Classics at the

University of Buffalo. His chief research interests lie generally within the areas of Greek and

Roman myth and religion, Indo-European culture and linguistics, the origin and develop-

ment of writing among the Greeks, and the interaction between Greece and the ancient

Near East. His other books include The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology (2007),

Indo-European Sacred Space (2006), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient

Languages (2004), Ovid’s Fasti (with A. J. Boyle, 2000), Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer:

A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origins of the Greek Alphabet (1997), and On Interpreting

Morphological Change (1990). He has also published numerous articles and served as Presi-

dent of the Society for the Study of Greek and Latin Language and Linguistics from 1992 to

2001.

The Ancient

Languages of Europe

Edited by

roger d. woodard

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

First published in print format

ISBN-13 978-0-521-68495-8

ISBN-13 978-0-511-39493-5

2008

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521684958

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place

without the written

ermission of Cambrid

e University Press.

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls

for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not

uarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or a

riate.

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

eBook (NetLibrary)

paperback

Contents

List of ﬁgures page vi

List of tables vii

List of maps ix

List of contributors x

Notes on numbering and cross-referencing xi

List of abbreviations xii

Preface

roger d. woodard xv

Preface to the ﬁrst edition

roger d. woodard xix

1 Language in ancient Europe:

an introduction

roger d. woodard 1

2 Attic Greek

roger d. woodard 14

3 Greek dialects

roger d. woodard 50

4 Latin

james p. t. clackson 73

5 Sabellian languages

rex e. wallace 96

6 Venetic

rex e. wallace 124

7 Etruscan

helmut rix 141

8 Continental Celtic

joseph f. eska 165

9 Gothic

jay h. jasanoff 189

10 Ancient Nordic

jan terje faarlund 215

Appendix 1. Indo-European

henry m. hoenigswald, 230

roger d. woodard, and

james p. t. clackson

Appendix 2. Full tables of contents from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the

World’s Ancient Languages, and from the other volumes in the

paperback series 247

Index of general subjects 252

Index of grammar and linguistics 255

Index of languages 258

Index of named linguistic laws and principles 261

Figures

1.1 Cretan hieroglyphic inscription and portrait stamped on a sealing. From

Evans 1909:272 page 2

1.2 The Phaistos Disk (side A). From Evans 1909:plate XII 3

1.3 The Caslir Situla. From Conway, Whatmough and Johnson 1933 II:28 6

2.1 The vowel phonemes of Classical Attic Greek 17

5.1 South Picene inscription. From Marinetti 1985:219 98

5.2 Oscan inscription. From Yves Duhoux (1988), “A propos des Inscriptions

Osques dites Iuvilas et du texte Vetter 94,” in Yoel Arbeitman (ed.), A Linguistic

Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz, by permission of Peeters Publishers,

Louvain-la-Neuve, 1988 99

6.1 Venetic votive inscriptions. From Pellegrini and Prosdocimi 1967:163 (6.lA),

488 (6.lB) 125

6.2 Venetic epitaphs. From Pellegrini and Prosdocimi 1967:56 (6.2A), 330 (6.2B),

195 (6.2C) 126

6.3 Latino-Venetic inscription. From Pellegrini and Prosdocimi 1967:222 130

9.1 The Germanic languages 189

Tables

1.1 A partial inventory of Cypro-Minoan characters page 4

1.2 Irish Ogham (Craobh-Ruadh); font courtesy of Michael Everson 5

2.1 The Greek alphabet 15

2.2 The consonantal phonemes of Classical Attic Greek 16

2.3 Ablauting noun patterns of Proto-Indo-European 27

3.1 The Linear B script (from O. Dickinson, The Bronze Age, 1994, p. 196) 54

3.2 The Cypriot syllabary 55

3.3 Epichoric Greek alphabets 56

4.1 The Archaic Latin alphabet 75

4.2 The consonantal phonemes of Latin 76

4.3 Latin nominal paradigms 81

5.1 National Oscan alphabet, c. 250 BC 100

5.2 Umbrian alphabet, Iguvine Tablets I–Vb7, c. 250 BC 101

5.3 The consonantal phonemes of Oscan 102

5.4 The consonantal phonemes of Umbrian 104

5.5 Sabellian noun stems 107

5.6 Sabellian personal endings 111

6.1 Venetic alphabet princeps (c. 500 BC). From G. Fogolari and A. L. Prosdocimi,

I Veneti Antichi, 1988, p. 333 128

6.2 Spelling of Venetic dental stops 129

6.3 The consonantal phonemes of Venetic 130

7.1 The Etruscan alphabet of archaic inscriptions 143

8.1 The Celtic adaptation of the Iberian script; courtesy of Roland D. Woodard 166

8.2 The Lugano script; courtesy of Roland D. Woodard 168

8.3 Hispano-Celtic nominal inﬂection 173

8.4 Lepontic nominal inﬂection 174

8.5 Gaulish nominal inﬂection 175

8.6 Present endings of Continental Celtic 178

8.7 Preterite endings of Continental Celtic 178

9.1 Wulﬁla’s alphabet 191

vii

viii List of tables

9.2 Gothic nominal stems 202

9.3 Gothic strong and weak verb paradigms 208

10.1 The Northwest Germanic futhark 217

10.2 Ancient Nordic nominal stems 221

A.1 Proto-Indo-European nominal endings 239