WCP 86, A preliminary cloudless standard atmosphere for radiation computation
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- 7
2.2 Basic Aerosol Types
The basic aerosol components have been defined as
Dust-Like Particles
Water Soluble Particles
Oceanic Particles
Soot Particles
7
5% Sulfuric Acid (H
2
S0
4
) Droplets
Volcanic Ash Particles
The terms "dust-like" and "water-soluble" refer to the
portion of collected aerosol which is insoluble and soluble in
water respectively. The dust-like aerosol is not a desert
aerosol,
but is intended to be representative of mid-latitude
soil conditions. The "oceanic" particles are sea-spray par-
ticles generated at the sea surface by the action of the
wind; they consist of 30% sea salt and 70% liquid water.
Aerosol particles consisting of a 75% solution of sulfuric
acid in water are used for the stratospheric aerosol model
which follows the Shettle and Fenn (1975) model and is based
on the work of Rosen (1971) and Toon and Pollack
(1973).
The complex index of refraction is based on the work of
Remsberg (1971
,
1973) and Palmer and Williams
(1975).
The
size distribution is chosen to be consistent with the size
distribution measured by Hoffman et al. (1975) and the con-
centration of condensation nuclei measured by Rosen et al.
(1974) and Kaselau
(1974).
The "volcanic ash" particles are described by the aged
volcanic aerosol model given by Shettle and Fenn (1975) who
based the size distribution primarily on Mossop (1964) and
the refractive index on Volz's (1973) results.
From the possible mixtures of these components five
aerosol type models have been selected:
Continental Aerosol
Urban/Industrial Aerosol
Maritime Aerosol
Stratospheric Aerosol
Volcanic Aerosol.
The parameters of these models are presented in Table 2.1.
~ 8 ~
Table 2.1 :
Basic aerosol models. The choice of the volcanic
model depends on the layer in the stratosphere
and the time after an eruption (see Table 2.6).
Aerosol
Model
Aerosol
Component
Percentage by Aerosol
Particle Volume
Continental
Dust-Like
Water-Soluble
Soot
70
29
1
Urban/
Industrial
Water-Soluble
Soot
Dust-Like
61
22
17
Maritime
Oceanic
Water-Soluble
95
5
Stratospheric
75%
H
2
S0
4
100
Volcanic
Volcanic Ash
or (aged state)
75%
Н
о
80
и
2 4
100
100
Upper Atmosphere 75%
H
9
S0
100
- 9 -
2.3 Aerosol Size Distributions
The aerosol size distribution can be represented by
a log-normal distribution
(2.1)
dN (r)
д.
N.
d(log r) log
'— exp
/2u
(log r - log r.)
2 (log a* )
2
or the Modified Gamma Function
(2.2)
dN(r)
dir
= n(r) = A(r/r ) exp
о
-b(r/r )
О
■]
r = 1 pm.
о
Here N(r) is the number of particles having radii smaller
than r, and i represents the different modes involved in
the mix of aerosols of a particular model, a*, the standard
deviation in r,
f
is a parameter which has to be fitted empiri-
cally.
If C. is the aerosol fraction by volume of the compo-
nent i, and N. the number of particles, then
f
with the speci-
fic volume v.,
С = -±
i '
V
V. = N. v.
,
V=YN.v
I li
L
i i
leads to
N
N.
=
n
C.
L
v
.
I
s
!
- 10 -
where N = YN is the total number, n = С /V the number
u
i l i i
density, and
V =
i
3 N
i 0
, d N.(r)
r i dr
dr
The parameters characterizing the particle size
dis-
tributions are summarized in Table 2.2. Note that the para-
meters as presented in Table 2.2 give a particle size
dis-
tribution normalized to N particles per cubic centimeter. N is
defined in terms of the final extinction coefficient normalized
to unity at 0.55 ym. The size distribution in the stratosphere
is based on Mossop's (1964) measurements. The concentrations
resulting for the boundary layer are given in Table 2.3.
Table 2.2: Parameters characterizing particle size
distributions
Aerosol Component
Water-Soluble
Dust-Like
Soot
Oceanic
LOG NORMAL
1)
Iquation 2.
1)
r^um)
iL
0.005
2.99
0.50
2.99
0.0118
2.00
0.30
2.51
75%
H^SO,,
2 4
Volcanic Ash
MODIFIED GAMMA
(Equation 2.2)
A a
Y
b
324 1.0
1 .0
18
5461.33 1.0
0.5
16
(Л is defined such that the total number of particles is
normalized to unity)
j Model
Aerosol
Cannponent
i
v.*
ym /cm
П.*
Part, /cm
N./N
(0
о
g
j Model
Aerosol
Cannponent
i
v.*
ym /cm
П.*
Part, /cm
N./N
X =
0.55 1
1 Continental
i
water-soluble
dust-like
soot
TOTAL
0.29
0.70
0.01
1.00
184.0
444.2
6.35
634.6
1.6144
x 10
6
3.90
1.0531
x 10
5
1.7198
x 10
6
0.93876
2.27хЮ"
Ь
0.06123
1.00000
0.957
0.653
0.209
0.891
0.628
0.877
0.337
0.637
j Maritime
water-soluble
oceanic
TOTAL
0.05
0.95
1.00
54.29
1031.71
1086.00
4.7628 x 10
5
200.5
4.7648 x 10
5
0.99953
0.00042
1.00000
0.957
1.000
0.989
0.628
0.781
0.743
Urban/
; Industrial
water-soluble
dust-like
soot
TOTAL
0.61
0.17
0.22
1.00
123.3
34.36
44.47
202.1
1.0816
x 10
6
0.301 -
7.3793 x 10
1.8196
x 10
6
0.5945
1.66x10
0.4055
1.0000
0.957
0.653
0.209
0.647
0.628
0.877
0.337
0.591
1
are normalized so that the extinction coefficient, for a wave-
length of 0.55 micrometers, equals 1.00 km" .
cr
fl>
* The values of V. and N.
n
i
■■a
о
СЛ
ft
0
СЛ
0
Hi
8"
С
CL
0)
H
0»
(D
3
О
СЬ
(О
Note:
Because of round-off, the totals may differ in the least significant digit from the
sum of the numbers shown.
- 12 -
2.4 Optical Model Parameters
The complex indices of refraction required for the
construction of the optical models are provided in Table
2.4 which is based on the measurements of Volz (1972 and
1973),
Fischer (1973 and
1976),
Ward et al.
(1973)
f
Grams
et al. (1972) and Pueschel et al. (197 ). The optical para-
meters given in Table 2.5 are then computed by application
of Mie theory, with the percentages as indicated in Table
2.1 applied to the individual extinction coefficient to ob-
tain the final results. Note that the extinction coefficients
given in Table 2.5 are normalized to 1 km"
1
at 0.55 pm.
The calculation of scattering phase functions follows
from a direct application of Mie theory to the particle
size distributions and complex indices of refraction given
here.
To tabulate such results is unnecessary here, but an
"asymmetry parameter" is provided in Table 2.5 which is de-
fined in Eq. 2.3:
+
1
J cose p(e) d(cos6)
J
p(e)
d(cose)
where в is the scattering angle and p(e) is the phase
function.
For the optical depth of the clear atmosphere the
numbers given by Penndorf (1957) are still the most reliable
as new investigations about the Cabannes have shown.
- 13 -
Table 2.4: Refractive indices of basic aerosol components
Wavelength
Dust-Like Water Oceanic
Soot
(microns) Soluble
.200 1.530 -
-7.0ФЕ-02
1.530 --7.00E-02
1.429 --2.37E-05 1.500 -.350
.250
1.530 -
-3.00E-02 1.530 --3.00E-02 1.4Ф4 ■ -1.45E-06 1.620 -.450
.300
1.530 -
-8.00E-03 1.530 --8.00E-03 1.395 --5.33E-07 1.740 -.470
.337
1.530 ■
-8.00E-03 1.530 • -5.00E-03 1.392 • -1.20E-07 1.750 -.470
.400
1.530
-8.00E-03 1.530 • -5.00E-03 1.385 ■ -9.90E-09 1.750 -.460
.488 1.530 ■
-8.00E-03
1.530 • -5.00E-03 1.382 • -6.41E-09 1.750 -.450
.515
1.530
-8.00E-03 1.530 -5.00E-03 1.381 -3.70E-09 1.750 -.450
• \J%J9
1.530 -8.00E-03 1.530 • -6.00E-03 1.331 -4.26E-09 1.750 -.440
.633
1.530
-8.00E-03 1.530 -6.00E-03 1.377 -1.62E-08 1.750 -.430
.694 1.530 • -8.00E-03 1.530 -7.00E-03 1.376 -5.04E-08 1.750 -.430
.860
1.520 -8.00E-03 1.520 -1.20E-02 1.372 -1.09E-06 1.750 -.430
1.060 1.520 -8.00E-03 1.520 ■ -1.70E-02 1.367 -6.01E-05 1.750 -.440
1.300
1.536
1.460
-8.00E-03 1.510 -2.00E-02 1.365 -1.41E-04 1.760 -.450
1.300
1.536
1.400 -8.00E-03 1.510 -2.30E-02 1.359 -2.43E-04 1.770 -.460
1.800
1.330 -8.00E-03 1.460 -1.70E-02 1.351 -3.11E-04 1.790 -.480
2.000
1.260 -8.00E-03 1.420 -8.00E-03 1.347 -1.07E-03 1.800 -.490
2.250
1.220 -9.00E-03 1.420 -1.00E-02 1.334 -3.50E-04 1.310 -.500
2*500
1.180 -9.00E-03 1.420 -1.20E-02 1.309 -2.39E-03 1.820 -.510
2.700
1.180 -1.30E-02 1.400 -5.50E-02 1.249 -1.56E-02 1.330 -.520
3.000
1.160 -1.20E-02 1.420 -2.20E-02 1.439 -.197 1.840 -.540
3.200
1.220 -1.00E-02 1.430 -8.00E-03 1.431 -6.69E-02 1.360 -.540
3.392
1.260
-1.30E-02 1.430 -7.00E-03 1.439 -1.51E-02
1.870 -.550
3.500
1.280 -1.10E-02 1.450 -5.00E-03 1.423 -7.17E-03 1.330 -.560
3.750
1.270 -1.10E-02 1.452 -4.00E-03 1.393 -2.90E-03 1.900
-.570
4.000
1.260 -1.20E-02 1.455 -5.00E-03 1.333 -3.69E-03 1.920 -.530
4.500
1.260
-1.40E-02 1.460
-1.30E-02 1.377
-9.97E-03
1.940 -.590
5.000
1.250 -1.60E-02 1.450 -1.20E-02 1.366 -9.57E-03 1.970 -.600
5.500
1.220 -2.10E-02 1.440 -1.80E-02 1.333
-9.31E-03 1.990
-.610
6.000
1.150
-3.70E-02 1.410 -2.30E-02 1.306 -7.96E-02
2.020
-.620
6.200
1.140 -3.90E-02 1.430 -2.70E-02
1.431
-6.91E-02
2.030
-.625
6.500
7.200
1.130 -4.20E-02 1.460 -3.30E-02 1.374 -2.94E-02
2.040
-.630
6.500
7.200
1.400 -5.50E-02 1.400 -7.00E-02 1.343 -2.49E-02
2.060
-.650
7.900
8.200
1.150 -4.00E-02 1.200 -6.50E-02 1.324 -2.79E-02 2.120 -.670
7.900
8.200
1.130 -7.40E-02 1.010 -.100 1.324 -3.08E-02 2.130 -.680
8.500
8.700
1.300
1.400
-9.00E-02 1.300 -.215 1.336 -3.36E-02 2.150 -.690
8.500
8.700
1.300
1.400
-.100
2.400
-.290 1.366 -3.56E-02 2.160
-.690
9.000
9.200
1.700 -.140
2.560
-.370 1.373 -3.65E-02 2.170 -.700
9.000
9.200
1.720 -.150
2.200
-.420 1.356 -3.71E-02 2.180
-.700
9.500
1.730 -.162 1.950 -.160 1.339 -3.68E-02
2.
190 -.710
9.800
1.740 -.162 1.870 -9.50E-02 1.324 -3.83E-02
2.200
-.715
10.000 1.750 -.162 1.820 -9.00E-02 1.310 -4.06E-02 2.210 -.720
10.591 1.620 -.120 1.760 -7.00E-02 1.271
-5.22E-02
2.220
-.730
11.000 1.620 -.105 1.720 -5.00E-02 1.246 -7.31E-02
2.230
-.730
11.500 1.590 -.100 1.670 -4.70E-02 1.227 -.105
2.240
-.740
12.500 1.510
-9.00E-02 1.620 -5.30E-02 1.208 -. 190
2.270
-.750
13.000 1.470 -.100 1.620 -5.50E-02 1.221 -.223
2.280
-.760
14.000
14.800
1.520 -3.50E-02 1.560 -7.30E-02 1.267 -.271 2.310 -.775
14.000
14.800
1.570 -.100 1.440 -.100 1.307 -.292
2.330
-.790
К.-Ю
1.570
-.100 1;420 -.200 1.321 -.297
2.330
-.790
К.-Ю
1.600 -.100 1.750 -.160 1.407
-.331
2.360
2.380
=:»
\ш
1.630 -.100
2.080
-.240 1.487 -.341
2.360
2.380
=:»
\ш
1.640 -.115 1.980 -.180 1.525 -.341
2.400
-•M
13.500
20.000
1.640 -.120 1.850 -.170 1.536 -.339 2.410
-•M
13.500
20.000
1.680 -.220 2.120 -.220 1.560
-.324
2.450
--M
ът
1.770
1.900
-.280
2.060
-.230 1.563 -.318
2.460
--M
ът
1.770
1.900
-.230
2.000
-.240 1.579 -.316
2.480
-.370
25.000
1.970
-.240 1.880 -.230 1.576 -.313 2.510 -.890
27.900 1.890 -.320 1.840 -.290 1.612 -.320
2.540
-.910
30.000
1.800 -.420 1.820 -.300 1.614 -.320
2.570
-.930
35.000 1.900 -.500 1.920 -.400 1.597 -.333
2.630
-.970
40.000 2.100
-.600
1.360 -.500 1.532 -.561
2.690
-1.000
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Table
2.5: Attenuation coefficients for the basic aerosol components and aerosol
models.
All coefficients are normalized to an extinction coefficient =
1.00 km" , at a wavelength of .550
microns.
DUST-LIKE
COMPONENT
AVELENGTH
EXTINCTION
SCATTERING ABSORPTION SINGLE
ASYMMETR'
(MICRON)
(
KM-1 )
(
KM-1 )
(
KM-1 )
SCAT.ALB.
PARANETEI
.
200
9.60E-01
5.22E-01
4.38E-01
.544
.916
.250
9.67E-01
5.30E-01 4.36E-01
.549
.942
.300
9.73E-01
5.33E-01
3.85E-01
.605
.910
.337
9.77E-01
5.99E-01 3.78E-01
.613
.905
.400
9.84E-01 6.15E-01
3.68E-01
.626
.896
.488
9.93E-01
6.38E-01
3.55E-01
.643
.885
.515
9.97E-01
6.45E-01
3.52E-01
.647
.830
.550
1.00E+00
6.53E-01
3.47E-01
.653
.877
.633
1.01E+00
6.72E-01
3.36E-01
.667
.867
.694
1.01E+00
6.86E-01
3.28E-01
.676
.860
.860
1.03E+00
7.20E-01
3.10E-01
.699
.845
1.060
1.05E+00
7.55E-01 2.91E-01
.722
.829
1.300
1.06E+00
7.94E-01 2.70E-01
.746
.823
1.536
1.08E+00 8.27E-01
2.51E-01
.767
.836
1.800
1.09E+00
8.54E-01
2.32E-01
.787
.854
2.000
1.07E+00 8.57E-01 2.14E-01
.800
.884
2.250
1.04E+00 8.33E-01
2.11E-01
.793
.905
2.500
9.93E-01
7.99E-01 1.94E-01
.805
.926
2.700
9.75E-01
7.46E-01 2.30E-01
.765
.930
3.000
9.22E-01
7.18E-01
2.04E-01
.779
.938
3.200
1.00E+00
8.16E-01 1.84E-01
.816
.901
3.392
1.03E+00 8.15E-01
2.15E-01
.792
.882
3.500
1.04E+00 8.51E-01 1.93E-01
.815
.867
3.750
1.03E+00
8.41E-01
1.84E-01
.820
.871
4.000
1.00E+00
8.17E-01
1.36E-01
.814
.877
4.500
9.77E-01
7.86E-01
1.91E-01
.804
.877
5.000
9.36E-01
7.43E-01 1.93E-01
.794
.833
5.500
8.59E-01
6.49E-01
2.10E-01
.755
.902
6.000
6.78E-01
4.22E-01
2.56E-01
.623
.938
6.200
6.42E-01
3.87E-01
2.56E-01
.602
.941
6.500
6.02E-01
3.46E-01 2.57E-01
.574
.944
7.200
9.84E-01
6.50E-01
3.34E-01
.661
.829
7.900
5.84E-01
3.53E-01 2.30E-01
.606
.930
8.200
5.58E-01
2.53E-01
3.00E-01
.462
.933
8.500
8.26E-01 4.64E-01
3.62E-01
.562
.874
8.700
9.23E-01
5.32E-01
3.91E-01
.576
.839
9.000
1.08E+00
6.17E-01
4.67E-01
.569
.757
9.200
1.09E+00
6.11E-01
4.74E-01
.563
.754
9.500
1.03E+00
6.01E-01
4.80E-01
.556
.753
9.800
1.08E+00
6.01E-01
4.78E-01
.557
.748
10.000
1.08E+00
6.02E-01
4.77E-01
.553
.743
10.591
1.02E+00 5.98E-01 4.19E-01
.583
.759
11.000
1.01E+00
6.15E-01
3.96E-01
.603
.749
11.500
9.82E-01
6.03E-01
3.79E-01
.614
.753
12.500
9.03E-01
5.62E-01
3.41E-01
.623
.772
13.000
8.57E-01 5.13E-01
3.44E-01
.598
.783
14.000
8.71E-01
5.55E-01
3.16E-01
.637
.753
14.800
8.86E-01 5.48E-01
3.37E-01
.619
.742
15.000
8.81E-01 5.46E-01
3.35E-01
.619
.742
16.400
8.67E-01 5.43E-01
3.24E-01
.626
.725
17.200
8.63E-01
5.48E-01 3.20E-01
.631 .711
18.000
8.56E-01
5.22E-01 3.34E-01
.610 .710
18.500
8.45E-01
5.10E-01 3.35E-01
.604 .710
20.000
8.43E-01
4.32E-01
4.12E-01
.512 .711
21.300
8.67E-01 4.26E-01
4.41E-01
.491 .683
22.500
8.95E-01
4.54E-01
4.41E-01
.507 .655
25.000
3.75E-01 4.63E-01 4.07E-01
.535 .626
27.900
8.10E-01 3.92E-01
4.19E-01
.433 .633
30.000
7.70E-01 3.32E-01
4.33E-01
.431 .643
35.000
7.52E-01 3.16E-01
4.36E-01
.420 .603
40.000
7.52E-01 3.19E-01
4.34E-01
.424 .552
PARTICLE
NUMBER CONCENTRATION = 53.36 PART/CM»*3
VOLUME
CONCENTRATION = 6139. MICR0N**3/CH**3
-
16 -
Table
2.5 - (con't)
WATER
SOLUBLE COMPONENT
WAVELENGTH
EXTINCTION SCATTERING
ABSORPTION
SINGLE
ASYMMETRY
(MICRON) <
KM-1 )
(
КИ-1 )
<
KM-1 )
SCAT.ALB.
PARAMETER
.200
2.55Е+0Ф
1.73E+0©
8.15E-01
.680
.725
.250
2.19E+00
1.79E+O0
3.96E-01
.81? .637
.300
1.88E+00 1.77E+00
1.12E-01
.940
.657
.337
1.69E+00 1.63E+00
6.40E-02
.962 .64?
.400
1.43E+00 1.38E+00
5.23E-02
.963
.642
.483
1.15E+00 1.11E+00
4.19E-02
.964 .633
.515
1.08E+00 1.04E+00
3.94E-02
-964 .631
.550
1.00E+00
9.57E-01
4.32E-02
.957 .628
.633
8.38E-01 8.02E-01
3.65E-02
.956 .621
.694
7.42E-01 7.04E-01
3.77E-02
.949 .616
-.860
5.42E-01
4.95E-01 4.79E-02
.912
.610
1.Ф60
4.00E-01
3.49E-01 5.13E-02
.872 .598
1.300
2.84E-01 2.33E-01
4.62E-02
.833
.586
1.536
2.17E-01
1.74E-01
4.29E-02
.803 .572
1.800
1.39E-01 1.12E-01
2.62E-02
.811
.573
2.000
9.23E-02
8.13E-02 1.10E-02
.881 .575
2.250
7.47E-02
6.29E-02
1.18E-02
.842
.562
2.500
6.21E-02
4.96E-02
1.25E-02
.79? .550
2.700 8.43E-02
3.41E-02
5.02E-02
.404
.536
3.000
5.01E-02 3.19E-02
1.82E-02
.636
.526
3.200
3.61E-02
2.99E-02
6.22E-03
-828
.518
3.372
3.12E-02
2.61E-02
5.03E-03
.837
.512
3.500
2.99E-02 2.64E-02
3.49E-03
.883
.504
3.750
2.51E-02 2.26E-02 2.57E-03
.898
.495
4.000
2.24E-02
1.94E-02
2.98E-03
.867
.486
4.500
2.11E-02
1.44E-02
6.71E-03
.633 .470
5.000
1.61E-02 1.06E-02
5.51E-03
.658
• 5Jv
5.500
1.53E-02
7.84E-03 7.44E-03
.513
.446
6.000
1.41E-02
5.41E-03
8.74E-03
.332
.436
6.200
1.52E-02
5.36E-03
9.83E-03
.353 .428
6.500
1.65E-02
5.27E-03
1.12E-02
.320
.418
7.200
2.47E-02 2.93E-03 2.18E-02
.119 .396
7.900
2.09E-02
6.34E-04
2.03E-02
.030
.385
8.200
3.22E-02
1.20E-04
3.21E-02
.004
.346
8.500
6.00E-02
1.27E-03
5.87E-02
-021
.325
8.700
4.85E-02
1.05E-02
3.30E-02
.216
.312
9.000
5.19E-02
1.04E-02
4.15E-02
.201
.295
9.200
6.35E-02
7.21E-03
5.63E-02
.114
.290
9.500
3.11E-02
5.39E-03
2.57E-02
.173
.331
9.800
2.03E-02
4.60E-03
1.57E-02
.227
.339
10.000
1.90E-02
3.98E-03
1.50E-02
.20?
.339
10.591
1.45E-02
3.05E-03
1.15E-02
.210
.337
11.000
1.07E-02
2.56E-03
8.09E-03
.241
.336
11.500
9.49E-03
1.99E-03
7.50E-03
.210
.333
12.500
9.34E-03
1.35E-03
7.99E-03
.144
.322
13.000
9.15E-03
1.19E-03
7.96E-03
.130
.317
14.000
1.10E-02
7.80E-04
1.O2E-02
.071
.304
14.800
15.000
1.47E-02
4.20E-04
1.43E-02
.029
.286
14.800
15.000
2.88E-02
3.90E-04
2.84E-02
.©14
.25?
16.400
1.71E-02
7.51E-04
1.64E-02
.044
.272
17.200
1.91E-02 1.10E-03 1.80E-02
.057
.264
13.000
1.48E-02 8.47E-04 1.40E-02
.057
.266
18.500
1.48E-02
6.27E-04
1.42E-02
.042
.260
20.000
1.44E-02
7.26E-04
1.36E-02
.051
.254
21.300
1.45E-02
5.48E-04
1.40E-02
.033
.245
22.500
1.43E-02
4.21E-04
1.44E-02
.023
.235
25.000
1.68E-02
2.43E-04
1.66E-02
.015
.212
27.900
1.60E-02 1.62E-04 1.53E-02
.010
.198
30.000
1.56E-02
1.23E-04 1.54E-02
.003
.183
35.000
1.62E-02 8.90E-05 1.61E-02
.006
.166
40.000
1.83E-02
5.54E-05
1.83E-02
.003
.140
PARTICLE
NUMBER CONCENTRATION =
1.3333E+06
PART/CM**3
VOLUME
CONCENTRATION = 211.8 MICR0N**3/CM**3