Ware C. Information Visualization: Perception for Design
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2D flow visualization
techniques, 201,
203–205
2D positioning and selection,
319–320
2-handed interaction, 321–322
2–1/2D sketch processing, 22
3D displays. See stereoscopic
displays; task-based
space perception;
virtual-reality (VR)
displays
1976 uniform chromaticity
scale (UCS) diagram
(CIE), 109, 110
“action system” of pattern
perception, 22
acuities. See visual acuities
adaptation, lightness constancy
and, 85
advection trajectories, 204
aesthetic impression of 3D
space (presence),
293–294
affordance theory
direct perception of
affordances, 18
interface design and,
18–20
top-down approach of,
18
affordances
computer monitor
deficiencies, 68
constraints on navigation
metaphors and, 327
defined, 18
design using, 20
physical vs. graphical,
19–20, 323–324
surfaces and, 31
visual representation of,
18–19
aliasing
antialiasing techniques,
64–65
Nyquist limit and, 63–64
temporal, 67
useful effects, 65
ambient optical array
computer graphics and,
31–32
defined, 31, 32
dynamic flow patterns,
32–33
ambient shading, 36, 245–
246
amodal control memory, 353
analytic processing, separable
dimensions and, 177
angular disparity for
stereoscopic depth,
271–272
animated visual languages,
312–315
animation. See also motion
animated images vs.
words, 305–306
animated visual languages,
312–315
correspondence problem,
218–219
for diagram enrichment,
224–225
moving frames, 221
perception of animate
motion, 223–224
visual momentum in,
311–312
wagon-wheel effect, 219
antialiasing techniques
overview, 64–65
temporal, 67
vernier acuity and, 65–66
arbitrary representations
characteristics, 15–17
defined, 10
hybrids with sensory
representations, 13
methodologies for
studying, 15, 16
Saussure’s arbitrariness
principle, 6
sensory representations vs.,
10, 27
artifacts (cultural), 1–2, 17
artifacts (graphical)
aliasing, 63–65
visualization and
perception of, 3
artificial spatial cues, 279–280
atmospheric depth, 280
attention
as both low-level and high-
level property of
vision, 146
SUBJECT INDEX
451
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452 SUBJECT INDEX
as control for visual
working memory,
353
eye movements and, 359
fovea-center attentional
field, 146
inattentional blindness,
359
motion and attraction of,
360–362
as motor for cognition,
352
push and pull cues, 359
Resink’s model, 362–363
searchlight model of, 364
selectivity of, 359–360
supervisory control systems
and, 364–365
time to change, 353
visual monitoring
strategies, 365–366
visual working memory
and, 353, 359–362
attentional blink, 228
attributes of entities or
relationships. See also
entity-relationship
model
defined, 24, 212
dimensions of, 25
levels of measurement,
24–25
augmented-reality systems
applications, 43
beam-splitters for, 43,
44
defined, 42
optics and, 42–45
perceptual problems in
HMDs, 43–44
perceptual problems in
HUDs, 43
virtual-reality displays vs.,
45
beam-splitters, 43, 44
beat (hand gesture), 311
behaviorism, 401–402
binocular depth cues. See also
specific cues
defined, 260
eye convergence, 270
stereoscopic depth,
271–279
binocular viewing, visual
acuities and, 48
bistable regions of transparency,
205, 207
bivariate color sequences,
135–138
bivariate maps, 254–255
black, specular vs. nonspecular
reflection and, 88, 89
black-white channel. See
luminance channel
blindness. See also color
blindness
to change, 357
inattentional, 359
stereo, 271
blink, attentional, 228
blink coding, 183
brain. See also neurons
architecture of primary
visual areas, 159–
160
as evolved for this physical
world, 10, 11–12
Gabor function and
receptive field
properties, 161–162
illusions and hard-wired
processing in, 14
organization of object
information by,
255–257
parallel processing by
neuron arrays, 20–21,
188
range of light levels and
lightness constancy,
85
shading information and,
37
specialized regions and
neural pathways,
11–12
tabula rasa view of,
10–11
tuned receptive fields in,
159–160
visual field and processing
power, 51
brain pixels
defined, 52–53
optimal screen and, 53–57
total number (TPB) for
computer display, 54
uniquely stimulated (USBP)
by computer display,
54–55
visual efficiency (VE)
equation, 55
brightness. See also lightness;
luminance;
simultaneous
brightness contrast
Cornsweet effect, 77
defined, 80, 83
edge enhancement, 77–79
luminance vs., 80, 84
Mach band effect, 74, 77,
94
magnitude estimation,
83–84
monitor gamma, 84, 92
as monotonic visual
attribute, 181
overview, 83–84
power law, 83–84
simultaneous brightness
contrast, 72–73,
75–79
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Subject Index 453
surface-shading methods
and DOG model,
75–77
Weber’s law, 88–89
brown, 118
brushing technique, 348, 376
CAE FOHMD, 57, 58
camera analogy for the eye,
38–40
canonical view
image-based object
recognition and, 230
for silhouettes, 235, 236
cast shadows
defined, 245
as depth cues, 266–268
guidelines for displaying
surfaces, 252
layered data and, 268
motion and, 268–269
overview, 36
for scalar field
representation,
245–246
categorical colors, 113
categorical knowledge for
wayfinding, 331
category data, 25
cathode ray tube displays. See
computer monitors
causality, motion and
perception of,
222–223
Cave Automatic Virtual
Environment (CAVE),
55, 56
central executive in visual
working memory, 353
change blindness, 357
change of basis, 387–388
Chernoff faces, 239–240
Chevreul illusion, 74, 77
child studies, 401–402
choice reaction time, 318–319
chromatic aberration, 45–46,
47
chromatic contrast, 117,
124–125
chromatic spatial sensitivity, 62
chromaticity coordinates (CIE)
chromaticity diagram
properties, 105–107
complementary wavelength
of a color, 107
of equal-energy white, 106
excitation purity, 106–107
generating colors defined
by CIE tristimulus
values, 107–108
overview, 104–105
purple boundary, 105
spectrum locus, 105
standard illuminants, 106
transforming tristimulus
values to and from,
105
for two sets of monitor
phosphors, 107
chromostereopsis, 46, 47
chunking
in long-term memory, 367,
368–369
of subtasks, 322
CIE standards. See also
chromaticity
coordinates (CIE)
abstract primary lamps
and, 103
chromaticity coordinates,
104–108
chromaticity diagram
properties, 105–107
CIE 1976 uniform
chromaticity scale
(UCS) diagram, 109,
110
CIElab uniform color
space, 108, 132
CIEluv uniform color
space, 89–90,
108–110, 132
color differences and
uniform color spaces,
108–110
color measurement system
overview, 389–391
color volume, 103, 104
converting between
tristimulus values and
chromaticity
coordinates, 105
human spectral sensitivity
function standard,
81–82
illuminants, 106
luminance as Y tristimulus
value, 103
monitor gamut, 103
overview, 103–104
standard observer for, 103
tristimulus values,
103–104, 389–391
uniform gray-scale
standard, 89–90
CIElab uniform color space,
108, 132
CIEluv uniform color space
applications, 108
CIE 1976 uniform
chromaticity scale
(UCS) diagram, 109,
110
color sequences from, 132
equations, 108–109
limitations, 109, 111
uniform gray-scale
standard, 89–90
classification tasks
restricted, glyphs for,
177–178
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