Вагин Г.Я., Петрицкий С.А. Энергоснабжение

Y,lJ,K

621.311

BarHH

r.B.,

neTpH"KHii

C.A.

3HeprocHaO/KeHHe:

KOMnJleKC

yqe6HO-

MeTO,ll,H'IeCKHX

MarepmmoB 1LSI.

Banm,

C.A.

neTpHIl.KHH.;

HH>KeropO,ll,.

roc. reXH.

YH-T.

HH>KHHH

HOBrOpO,ll"

2007.92

c.

npHBe,ll,eHhI

pa60'lasl nporpaMM"a Kypca, onopHhlH

KOHCneKT

JleKUHH,

3a,!l.aHHR

H

BapHaHThl

KOHTpOJlhHhlX

pa60T,

MeTO,ll,H'IeCKHe

YKa3aHH.!I

no

BhInOJIHeHHIO

KOH-

TpOJIhHhlX

pa60T; BOnpochl

,!l.JIR

npoaepKH

3HaHHH.

flpe,ll,Ha3HaQeHO

,!l.JIR

cry,ll,eHTOB

Cnell.HaJIhHOCTH

14021) .65

"3JIeKTpocHaO>Ke-

HHe"

3aO'lHOH

H

,ll,HCTaHIl.HOHHOH

CPOPM

06)"1eHHR.

Pell.eH3eHT

,ll,OKTOP

TeXHH'IeCKHX

HaYK,

npoq.eccop JI.A. repMaH

Pe,ll,aKTOp

H.H.

MaKCHMOBa

KOMIlhIOTepHasI

aepCTKa

C.A.

neTpHIl.KHH

IIo,!J.IIHCaHO

B

neqaTb

17.01.2008.

<l>opMaT

60

x 84

1/

16

•

bYMara

O!\JCeTHaJI.

IIeqaTb

O!\JCeTHaJI.

Ycn. n. n. 5,75. Y'I.-H3.ll.

n.

5,5.

THPa>K

200

3K3.

3aKa3

42.

HH>KeropO.llCKHH

rocY,llapCTBeHHbIH

TeXHH'IeCKHH.

YHliBepcHTeT

HM.

P.E.

AneKceeBa.

THnorpa!\JHR

HITY.

603950,

rCII-41,

r.

HH>KHHH

HOBrOpO,ll"

YJI.

MHHHHa,

24.

©

HH>Kerop0,ll,CKHH

rocY,ll,apCTBeHHhIH

TeXHHqeCKHH

YHHaepcHTeT

HM.

P.E. AJIeKceeBa, 2007

C.A.,

2007

CO,lJ,EPIKAHHE

I. nOHCHHTeJlbHaH

lanHcKa

........................................................................................4

2.

Pa6o'laSi

nporpaMMa

...............................................................................................4

3.

OnopHLIH

KOHCneKT

JleKIl.Hii ..................................................................................5

3.1.0611l.as1

xapaKTepHCTHKa

H

COCTaB

CHCTeM

:meprOCHaO>KeHHSI

npOMblllIJleHHbIX

npe,ll,npHRTHH

............................. : ......................................................................... 5

3.2.

CHcTeMbI

TenJIOCHaO>KeHHR

.................................................................................6

3.2.1.

nOTpeOHTeJIH

renJlOBOH

:meprHH ..............................................................6

3.2.2.

KJIaCcHq.HKaIl.HR

CHCTeM

TenJlOCHaO>KeHHR

............................................... 8

3.2.3. rpaq.HKH

TenJIOBhlX

HarpY30K H

pe>KHMhl

TenJIOnOTpeOJleHml

................. 9

3.2.4. PacqeT renJIOBhlX HarpY30K H

nOTpeOneHHR

TenJlOBOfl

3HepmH............ 12

3.2.5. npHHIl.HnHaJIbHhle cxeMbI

CHcreM

renJlOcHao)KeHHR

.............................. 17

3.2.6.

TenJIOBhle

CeTH

......................... , ..............................................................

24

3.2.7.l1cTO'IHHKH renJIocHa6)KeHHR..................................................................28

3.2.8. PeryJIHpoBaHHe

TenJIonOTpe6neHHR

........................................................32

3.3.

CHCTeMhI

BO,ll,OCHa6>KeHHJ:I

................................................................................35

3.3.1.

Ha3HaQeHHe,

COCTaB

H cxeMhI

BO,ll,OCHa6>KeHHSI

npoMhlllllIeHHoro

npe,!l.DpH.!lTHR

............................................................................................35

3.3.2. HacocHhle

CTaHIl.HH

..................................................................................

37

3.3.3.

OXJIa>K,!l.aIOlIl.He

YCTpOHcTBa

B o6opoTHbIX CHcreMax

BO,ll,OCHa6>KeHH.!I

..

50

3.3.4.

CoopyxceHl1l1

,!l.JIJi

O"IHCTKH

3arpR3HeHHbIX

CTOKOB

B o60poTHLIX

cHCTeMax

BO,ll,ocHa6)KeHH.!I

.......................................................................

51

3.4. CHcTeMhl

B03,ll,yXOcHa6)KeHHa:

...........................................................................54

4.

3a,ll,aHHSI

H BapH8HTbI

HCIO,ll,HblX

,ll,8HHblX

~JlH

KOHTPOJILHblX

paooT ..............57

4.1.

KOHTpOJlhHasI

paooTa

N!!

1................................................................................. 57

4.2.

KOHTpOJIhHasI

pa60Ta

N!!

2 .................. : .............................................................. 58

4.3.

KOHTpOJILHasI

pa60Ta

N!!

3.................................................................................59

4.4.

KOHTpOJILHM

paooTa

N!!

4.................................................................................64

4.5.

KOHTpOJIhHM

pa60Ta

N2

5.................................................................................

66

4.6.

KOHTpOJIhHasI

pa60Ta

N!!

6.................................................................................

67

4.7.

KOHTpOJIhHaR

pa60Ta

N!!

7.................................................................................69

5. MeTO,ll,H'IeCKHe YKalaHHH K

BLIDOJlHeHHfO

KOHTPOJlbHblX

pa60T.....................

71

5.1. Y

Ka3aHHR

K

KOHTpOJIhHhlM

pa60TaM

N!!

1,

2 .....................................................

71

5.2.

YKaJaHH.Il

K

KOHTpOJIhHOH

paooTe

N!!

3.............................................................

73

5.3.

YKaJaHHR

K

KOHTpOJIhHOH

paooTe

N!!

4 .............................................................74

5.4.

YKa3aHHR

K

KOHTpOJlhHhIM

pa60TaM

N!!

5, 6 .....................................................

75

5.5.

YKa3aHHa:

K

KOHTpOnhHoH

paoore

N!!

7.............................................................79

5.6. CnpaBOqHble MarepHaJIhI ..................................................................................

81

6.

KOHTPOJIb

lHaHHii

CT}',ll,eHTOB

...............................................................................

89

rJloccapHii

..................................................................................................................89

CnHcoK

JlHTepaTYPLI.................................................................................................

91

3

I.

nOSlCHHTEJILHASI

3AnHCKA

HaCTOR~HH

KOMlIneKC

Y'iefiHO-MeTOtlH'ieCKHX

MaTepHanOB

no

KYPCy

"3Hep-

rocHafi)l(eHHe"

IIpetlHa:lHa'ieH

tlnR

CTYtleHTOB,

ofiY'ialO~HXCR

110

cneQHanhHocTH

140211.65 3aO':lHOH H t1HCTaHQHOHHOH Ij>0PM

ofiY'ieHHR.

l..{enhlO

t1aHHoro

Kypca

RBnReTCR

lj>opMHpoBaHHe

y

cTytleHToB

6a30BhlX

:lHa-

HHH

ofi

OCHOBHIdX CHCTeMax

:meprocHafi)l(eHHR

IIpoMl>IUIJIeHHIdX

npetllIpHRTHH

H

rpa)l(.LlaHcKHX Ofi1>eKTOB.

PaccMaTpHBalOTcR

CnetlYIO~He

TeMId:

cHafi)l(eHHe

Ofi1>eK-

TOB

KOMnneKcaMH

TeMOBOH

H

:meKTpH'ieCKOH

3HeprHH;

TennoIj>HKaQHR;

pacnpe-

t1eneHHe

napa

H

rOpR'IeH

X03RHcTBeHHOH

BOMI;

BOtlOCHafi)l(eHHe; B03.L\YxocHa6x<e-

HHe;

BId60p

napaMeTpoB

H pe)l(HMl>I CHCTeM 3HeprOCHa6)1(eHHR.

B

pe3ynhTaTe

H3Y"eHHR

Kypca

cTYtleHTbI

t10n)l(Hbl

opHeHTHpoBaThcR

B COCTa-

Be

H

pe)l(HMax

pafiOThl

3HeprOCHCTeM, YMeTb

pemaTb

BonpocbI

onTHMH3aQHH

napa-

MeTpOB H pe)l(HMOB

pafioTl>I

3THX CHCTeM, IIOBIdmeHHR 3KOHOMH'IHOCTH H H8.L\e:amo-

CTH

HX

paooTId.

TeOpeTH'ieCKOH

6a30H

Kypca

"3HeprocHafix<eHHe"

JlBnReTCR ClIpaBO'IHaR

nH-

TepaTYPa

110

3HepreTH'ieCKHM

cHcTeMaM,

HOpMaTHBHaR H

MeTOtlH'ieCKaR

t1

o

KyMeHTa-

QHR

110

pac'iery

H

BIdfiopy

napaMeTpOB

H pe)l(HMOB CHCTeM

3HeprocHa6)1(eHHR.

2.

PAEOtfM[llPOrPAMMA

TeMaTH'ieCI<HH

MaH

t1HCl{ImnHHId

"3HeprocHafix<eHHe"

npetlCTaBneH

B

Ta6n.

2.1.

TeMa

1.

06IQaH

xapaKTepHCTHKa

H COCTaB CHCTeM

3HeprOCHa6xceHHH

KpaTKoe

COtlepX<aHHe

p83t1enoB

Kypca,

ero

CBR3l>

C

,npyrnMH

,nHCIlHlInHHaMH

TeMa

2.

CHCTeMLI

reRJlOCHa6xceHHH

fI0Tpe6HTenH

TeMOBOH

3HepmH.

KnaccHIj>HKaQHR CHCTeM TennOCHa6)1(eHHR.

rpalj>HKH

TeMOBIdX

HarpY30K

H peX<HMbl

TeMOlIoTpe6neHHR.

Pac'ieT

TennOBIdX

Ha-

rpY30K

H

nOTpe6neHHR

TelInOBOH

3HepmH.

fIpHHIlHnHanhHLIe

cxeMId

CHCTeM

TeMO-

cHafi)l(eHHR.

TeMoBl>Ie

CeTH. I1CTO'iHHKH

TeMOCHafi)l(eHHR.

PerynHpOBaHHe

Tenno-

noTpe6neHHH.

TeM8

3.

CHcTeMbl

BO,nocHa6'KeHHH

H83Ha'leHHe,

COCTaB

H

CxeMLI

CHCTeM

BO,nocHafi)l(eHHH.

HacocHble

CTaHQHH.

YCTpoHCTBO H OCHOBHble XapaKTepHCTHKH

HaCOCOB.

XapaKTepHCTHKH

Tpy60npOBO-

t10B

CHCTeM

BOtlOCHa6)1(eHHR.

fIapannenhHaR

H

nocne,nOBaTenbHaR

pa60Ta

HeCKonb-

KHX

HaCOCOB.

PerynHpoBaHHe

HaCOCOB.

BIdoop

HaCOCHIdX

arperaToB.

OXJIa)l(.LlaIO~He

yCTpoHcTBa

B

OooPOTIlblX

CHCTeMax BOtlOCHafi)l(eHHR.

Coopyx<eHH"

tin"

O'iHCTI<H

3a-

rpJl3HeHHl>IX

CTOKOB

B OooPOTHbIX CHCTeMax BOtlOCHa6)1(eHHR

4

TCMR 4.

eHCTeMb.

B01,llyxocHa6*eIlHH

I

hl3Ha'leHHe

H

COCTaB

CHCTeM B03t1yxocHa6)1(eHHlI.

OCHoBHoe

ooopytlOBaHHe

CHCTCM

1J03.L\YxOCHa6)1(eHHlI.

OCHoBHble

nOTpefiHTenH

CHCTeM

B03t1yxocHa6)1(eHHlI.

Ta6J1111{Q

2.1.

TeMaTH'IecKHii

nJlan

,llHCUHDJlHnbl

"3neproclla6*eIIHe"

X.

IlnllMCllosa-

I

~a~aR~Mao6y~eHHR

nn

IUle

p03JICJla,

Beero

AYJlH-

JIeK- JIa6opa-

npaKIll-

CaM

OCTO-

KOH-

TeM~1

~aeOB

TopHhle

UHH

TopHhle

'1eCKHe

fieJlhHaR

TpOJIhHaR

-:--i":::.----~.

_+J'eMIL

7

2

paOOThI

-

'JaHlITHlI

-

.pa6ora

5

pa60Ta

reNa

2

39

9 5

-

4

30

N21,2,3,4

~~._

TON~I.

31

6

4 -

2

25

N25,6,7

~

TCMtl4

23

3

-

20

!1'IX)J'O

100

20

14

.

0

6 80

~

KOHTPOJIJI1HaHHil

CTY.neHTa

3KlaMeH

3.

onoPHbIii

KOHCnEKT

JIEKU,HH

3.1.

06lIlaH

xapaKTepHCTHKa

H COCTaB CHCTeM

3HeprocHa6*eHHH

npOMLlWJleHHLlX

npe.llnpHHTHH

3HepzocHa6:JICeHUe

nn -

06eCne'ieHHe

npe.nopHllTHR

pa3nH'lHIdMH

BH.L\aMH

')JlepmH.

CucmeMa

3HepzocHa6:JICeHUR

nn -KOMl1JIeKC YCTaHOBOK H YCTpOHCTB, 06ec-

nC'iHBaIOmHH 1I0Tpe6HOCTH

TeXHOnOrH'leCKoro

KOMnneKca

fill

3HeprHeH

cTporo

on-

pCJ~eneHHoro

Ka'leCTBa H C 38.L\aHHblM

ypoBHeM

H8.L\e)l(HOCTH C

nOMOmblO

Haoopa

P83JlH'IHblX

3HeproHOCHTeneii.

CHCTeMa 3HeprOCHafi)l(eHHJI npOMblUIJIeHHOrO npe,nnpHlITHR

(C3C

fill)

cnara-

eTC"

H3

Ha60pa

OTtlenhHIdX

noocucmeM

3HepZOCHa6:JICeHWl,

Ka:lK,Il;aR

H3 KOTOPhlX

npo-

113BO,nHT

KOHKpeTHbIH

BH,n

3HeproHocHTenll.

HaHoonee

pacnpocTpaHeHHLIe

CHCTeMId

3HeprocHa6)1(eHH"

Ha

fill:

•.

:meKTpocHafi)l(eHH";

- TennocHa6)1(eHHR

(Tennolj>HKaIlHoHHoe

Bo,nocHa6)1(eHHe,

ropR'iee

Bo,nocHa6)1(e-

HHe,

napocHa6)1(eHHe);

- TOlInHBOCHa6)1(eHHJl

(TBep,noe

- KaMeHHl>IH

yronb,

)l(H,nKoe - Ma3YT,

ra3006pa3Hoe

-

npHpo,nHIdH

raJ

-

TOMHBO

);

- BO.llOCHafi)l(eHHR;

- B03.L\YXOCHafi)l(eHH".

OKono

35 %

Heo6xo.llHMOH

TennOTbI,

95

%

3neKTpo3HeprHH,

100 %

npHpo.ll-

noro

r83a,

TBep.lloro

H )l(H.L\KOro

TonnHBa

npoMhlmneHHble

npe.llnpHllTHR

nOJlY'ialOT

OT

CTOPOHHHX HCTOlfHHKOB

(H3

3HeprocHcTeM).

OcTanhHaR

nOTpe6HocTb

B

He06xo-

5

~HMhlX

npe~npHliTHIO

:meproHocHTeJIliX

06eCnelJ.HBaeTCli <PYHKUHOHHPYIOli.(HMH

Ha

Ka)KJl.OM

npe~nplUITHH

Ha6opoM

CneQHaJIbHblX

3HepreTHlJ.eCKHX CTaHUHH.

C3C

nn

npe~CTaBJI!leT

co6oil

e~HHbIH,

B3aHMOCB1I3aHHhlH TeXHHlJ.eCKH H 3KO-

HOMHlJ.eCKH KOMnJIeKC, BKJIlOlJ.alOlI.(HH:

- COOpY)KeHlotli H YCTaHOBKH, 06eCnelJ.HBalOlI.(He

npHeM,

TpaHc<P0pMaUHIO H

aKryMYJIHUHIO

3HeprOpeCypCOB

H

3HeproHocHTeJIeH

OT

3HeprOCHCTeM

(TpaHC<p0pMa-

TOpHhle

nO~CTaHUHH

H

pacnpe~CTpoilcTBa,

TenJIOBhIe

nYHKTbI

H TenJIOBhIe

y3JIbl,

ra3OpaCnpe~eJIHTeJIbHhle

nyHKTbI,

TOnJIHBOXpaHHJIHlI.(a H

T.n.);

- 3HepreTHlJ.eCKHe CTaHUHH H YCTaHOBKH

npe~npHHTHH

~

UeHTpaJIH30BaH-

HOH

BhIpa60TKH

OCTaJIhHhIX

He06xo~JotMhIX

nOTpe6HTeJIHM

npe~npHHTHH

3Heprope-

CYPCOB H

3HeproHoCHTeJIeH,

HX

TpaHC<p0pMaUHH H aKKyMYJIHUHH

(T3Q,

KOTeJIbHbIe,

HaCOCHhIe,

KOMnpeCcopHhIe,

H T.

~.);

-

yrHJlH3aQHOHHhIe

YCTaHOBXH H CTaHl.(HH,

npoH3BOMII.(He

3HeprOHOCHTeJIH

3a

C'IeT

HCnOJlb30BaHHlI

BTOpH'IHhIX

3HepreTHlJ.eCKHX peCYPCOB

(B3P)

TeXHOJIOm'le-

CKOro

KOMIlJIeKCa

npe~pHHTHli

(KOTJIhI-yrHJIH33TOPhI,

YCTaHOBKH

no

OlJ.HCTKe

H

no-

BTOPHOMY HCnOJIh30BaHHIO CTO'IHbIX

BO,n.

YJIaBJIHBaHHIO H

O'lHCTKe

rOplO'IHX

OTXO-

,nOB

TeXHOJIOmqeCKHX

npoueCCOB

H T.

~.);

Tpy60npoBO,nHhIe

H

HHbIe

nO~CHCTeMhI,

06eCIle'lHB3IOIlUfe

TpaHcnopTH-

POBry

K

nOTpe6HTeJlHM

npe~npHHTHH

H

pacnpe~eJIeHHe

Me~

HHMH

3HeproHocHTe-

JleB

H

3HepropecypCOB,

npOH3Be,neHHbIX

ero

3HepreTH'IeCXHMH

CTaHl.(HllMH H

yrHJIH-

3aUHOHHblMH

YCTaHOBKaMH, a TaK)!(e

nony'leHHhIX

H3

CTOPOHHHX HCTO'IHHKOB

(3Hep-

rocHCTeM).

3.2.

CHneMbi

TenJlOCHaO:lKeHHH

3.2.1.

Hompe611111eJlu

menno(loii :mepzuu

OCHOBHhIMH

nOTpe6HTeJIllMH

TennoBoil

3HeprHH

llBJIlilOTCR

YCTpoilcTBa

OTO-

nneHHH,

BeHTHJlllQHH H

rop"'lero

BO~ocHa6lKeHHJI;

TenJIOBhIe

TeXHOJIOm'leCKHe

3H-

napaThi

H YCTpOHCTaa; CHJIOBhIe

TeXHOJIOm'leCKHe

arperaThi.

OmonneHue -

HcrycCTBeHHLIH

060rpeB

nOMemeHHH

C UeJIblO

B03MemeHHH

B

HHX

TenJIOBbIX

nOTeph

H

nOMep)KaHHH

Ha

3~aHHOM

ypoBHe

TeMneparyphl,

OTBe-

lJ.3IOmeH YCJIOBHHM

TenJIOBoro

KOM<popTa

~nll

JIIO~eH

HJIH

Tpe60BaHHllM

TeXHOJIOm-

'IecKOro

npouecca.

YCJIOBHll

meflJl06020

Ko'Mpopma

(YCJlOBHll

6JIarOnpHHTHhie

~JIli

lKH3HH H

~ellTeJlhHOCTH

lJ.eJIOBeKa)

onpe~eJIlilOTCli

TeMnepaTypoH,

OTHOCHTeJIbHOH

BJI3)!(HOCThlO H CKOPOCTblO

~BHlKeHHH

B03~yxa

•

.l!:onycTHMhle

3Ha'leHHll

3THX

napa-

MeTpoB

YCTaHaBJIHB3IOTC!I

CTPOHTeJlhHhlMH

HOpMaMH

H

npaBHJIaMH

(CHHn).

Ha-

npHMep,

,nJIH

)l(HJlbIX H

a~HHHCTp3THBHhIX

3~aHHH

TeMneparypa

B03~

B OT3HJIH-

BaeMbIX

nOMell.(eHHID{

~OJI)I(Ha

COCTaBJIllTb

18

•••

22°C,

OTHOCHTeJIhHaR BJI3)!(HOCTh _

65%,

CKOPOCTb

~BH)I(eHHll

B03~xa

-

He

60JIee

0,3

wc.

TenJIO

B OTaIlJIHBaeMhIe

nOMemeHHlI

nepe~aeTCli

'Iepe3

omOnUmeJlbHble

npu-

60Pbl,

BHyrpH

KOTOPblX

UHpryJIHPYeT

meflJlOHOCUmeJlb -

ropll'laR

Bo~a

HnH

nap.

B

COOTBeTCTBHH C

3THM

BhI~eJIllIOT

600JlHOe

H

nap060e

OTOnJIeHHe.

6

CucmeMbI

600JIHOZO OmOflJleHUJI

npHMeHlllOTcli

B )KHJIbIX,

06mecTBeHHblx

H

npot.II..IWJIeHHbIX

3~aHHlIX.

B )l(HJIbIX H

06I1.(ecTBeHHhIx

3~aHHHX

M3KCHMaJIbHO

~o

IIYCTHMall

TeMneparypa

nOBepxHocTH

HarpeBa

OTOnHTeJIbHhIX

npH6opoB

orpaHH'IH-

HllClTCII

caHHTapHo-rnrneHHlJ.eCKHMH

Tpe6oBaHHHMH.

Ha

HapY*HbIx

nOBepxHOCTJIX

IIIII'pCa8TeJIbHhIX

npH60poB

npH

TeMneparypax

60JIee

90°C

HalJ.HH3eTCli pa3JIO)l(eHHe

OPI'OIlH'lecKoH

nbinH.

n03TOMY

TeMneparypa

TenJIOHOCHTeJIli B OTOnHTeJlI:"HbiX

npH-

l50pax

orpaHHlJ.HBaeTCli

95°C

-

,nJI1i

lKHJIbIX H

06meCTBeHHblX

3~aHHH

H

85°C

-

,nJI1i

AOWJ<OJlbHbIX yqpe)KJl.eHHH,

60JIbHHU

H T. n • .D:nll

npOMbIIDJIeHHbIX

3~aHHH

TeMnepa-

T)'pa

TenJIOtIOCHTeJIli

OrpaHH'IHBaeTCli

150°C

no

3KCnJIyaTaUHoHHblM

Tpe60BaHHllM

lIIo.a.orpeAHoro

06opy~oBaHHll.

CUCmeMbl

napD60Z0

OmOflJleHUJI B

HaCTOlimee

BpeMli

HCnOJIblYIOTCH TOJIbKO B

OT,IIonloHblx

cnyqaRx

B

npoMbiIDJIeHHblX

3~aHHHX.

BellmWlRII.1Ul

npe~H31Ha'ieHa

,nJI1i

nOMep)KaHHH

BHYTpH

nOMemeHHH

onpe,ne-

nOIlBOI'O COCTaBa BOl):(yXa, KOTOPhIH

pernaMeHTHpyeTcH

CaHHTapHhIMH

HopMaMH,

a

TIJ<lKe OTBelJ.aeT

Tpe60BaHHllM

TeXHOnOm'leCKOrO

npouecca.

P3lJ1H'IaIOT

BeHTHJlll-

llIilO

ecmecm6eHH)'IO

('Iepel

OKHa,

~BePH,

CneUH3J1hHbIC BeHTMJIlluHOHHble

OTBep-

CTHR, HenJIOTHOCTH CTpoHTeJIhHbIX KOHCTPyKl.(HH) H

npuHyOumeJlbHYIO

(ocymeCTB-

nJlOMY'O CneUH3J1hHblMH BeHTHJlllUHOHHhIMH CHCTeMaMH). B

npouecce

BeHTHJlllUHH

M3

nOMemeHHH

Y.naJIReTCli

B03~

C

TeMnepa-rypoH,

paBHOH

BHYTpeHHeH

TeMnepa"Iy-

pc

1l0MemeHHR,

a BMecTO

Hero

noc1)'TIaeT

XOJIO~hIH

B03~

C

Hapy*HOH

TeMUepa-

T)'poA.

QT06bI

He

BbIlBaTb

CHHlKeHHH

TeMnepaTypbI

BHYTpH

BeHTHJlHpyeMoro

06"be-

Ma,

XOJIO,nHbIH BOl):(yX

no~orpeB3IOT

B CneUH3J1hHhlX YCTpOHCTBax - KaJlOpu</JepClX,

"larpa'lHB3$l

Ha

3TO TellJIO"Iy.

rOpRflee

600OCHa6:HCeHUe

-

cHa6lKeHHe

nOTpe6HTeJleH

ropll'leH

BO~OH

,nJI1i

XO-

3,dtCTBeHHO-6hITOBbIX

ueJIeH

(YMblB3J1hHHXH,

BaHHIde,

~weBbIe).

TeMneparypa

BO-

AblIlpH

rOplllJ.eM

BO~OCHa6lKeHHH

~OJIlKHa

6hITb

He

HH)I(e

50

•••

60°C

B COOTBeTCTBHH C

rpe60B3HJ.tllMH

KOM<PoPTHOCTH H

He

BbIwe

75°C

no

HopMaM

TeXHHKH

6e30nacHocTH.

Teltl106We

mexHOJlOZUfleCKue

annapamw u ycmpoiicm6a - 3TO

no~orpeaaTe

JIH

,nJIH

raloo6p33HbIX,

lKH,lU<HX H

TBeP~hIX

BemeCTB,

CYlIIHJIKH

,nJI1i

P33JIH'IHhIX

MaTe-

PH3J10B H

Hl~eJIHH,

peaKTOpbI

,nJIg

ocymeCTBJIeHHlI

XHMHlJ.eCKHX

peaKUHH

H

T.n.

nap

"JIH

Bo)],a B

HHX

MOryr

HCnOJIb30BaThClI

KaK

B

KalfeCTBe

TeUJIOHOCHTeneH,

TaK

H B

Ka-

qeCTBe KOMnOHeHTa

,nJIH

npoHlBO~CTBa

npo~KUHH

•

.D:nH

TeXHOnOm'leCKHX

npouec-

COB

'lame

Bcero

npJotMeIDIeTCli HaCbIII.(eHHbIH HJIH

cJIa60

neperpeTblH

nap

C )],aBneHH-

eM

0,3

•••

0,8

Mila

H

BO~a

C

TeMneparypoH

~o

150°C.

CWlo6ble

mexHOJlOZUfleCKue

azpezamw -

TeXHOJIOm'leCKOe

060PY~OBaHHe,

HMelOli.(ee B KalJ.eCTBe

upHBo~a

napoBhle

MalIIHHbI

HJIH

TYP6HHbI

(napoBble

MOJIOThI H

npeccbl,

KOBOlJ.HhIe MawHHf:1!,

KOMnpeccHoHHbIe

MalIIHHbl

,nJIH

ClKaTHli lKH)],KOCTeH H

'·83OB H

~p.)

•

.D:nH

TaKHX YCTaHoBOK TenJIOHOCHTeJIeM H

O,nHoBpeMeHHo

pa60'lHM

Te-

110M

lIBJIlieTCli BOlVlHOH

nap:

,nJIg

napOBbIX

MaWHH

-

HaCbImeHHblH

HJIH

cJIa60nepe-

rpeTblH

)],0

200

•••

2500C

npH

~aBJIeHHH

0,8...

1

Mila,

a

,nJI1i

napoBbIX

ryp6HH

-

nepe-

rpeTbIH

nap

60nee

BbiCOKHX

napaMeTpoB.

7

~--

it

,¢>

.~

.---

...

06ecneqeHHe

TemlOTOH

C nOMOlll.blO

TennOHOCIHemr

CItCTeM

OTOnneHHII,

BeH-

THmU.\I1H

11

ropllqero

BO,nOCHa6:lKemlll :lKHnbIX,

06lll.ecTBeHHbIX

H

npOMLlllIJIeHHLIX

3,naHHH H

TeXHOnOrn'leCKHX

nOTPe6HTeneH

Ha3blB8.lOT mettllocHa631CellUeM.

3.2.2. Knaccuf/JUKaI{UR

cucmeM

mettllocHa6:HCeHUR

CHCTeMLI

TenJIOCHa6:lKeHHR KlIaccH.pHl.UfPYIOTCJI.:

no

THny

HCTO'lHHKa

TenJIOTbl (qellmpanU306allHble - OT

DQ

HJIH

KpynHLIx

KOTeJILHLIX H oelfeHmpanU30BaHHble - OT MeCTHLIX HJIH HH,nHBH.nyaJILHLIX KOTeJIL-

HLIX);

-

po,nY

TenJIOHOCHTeJlJl.

(napo6ble

H 600JlHble);

cnoco6y

no,na'lH

TenJIOHOCHTeJIR (omKpblmble H 3aKpblmble CHCTeMLI

Ten-

JIocHa6:lKeHHJI.: omKpblmble - eCJIH TennOHOCHTeJIL

H3

ceTH

Henocpe,ncTBeHHO

nocry-

naeT

K nOTPe6HTeJIIO, 3aKpblmble -

Kor,na

TeDJlOHOCHTenL

HcnonL3yeTclI

TonLKO

KaK

TennOHOCHTeJIL H H3

ceTH

He

oroHpaeTCJI.);

qHCJIY

TPy60npoBo,nOB

(oOHo-,

o~-

H MHozompy6Hble).

nOTPe6HTenH

TenJIOTLI

onpe,nenRIOT

napaM~LI

H BH,n TenJIOHOCHTenR, pe:lKH-

MId

TenJIOBoro

nOTPe6JIeHHR.

BH,n

TenJIOHOCHTenR H

ero

napaMeTPId

06YCJIOBJIHB8lOT

YCTPOHCTBO

TennOBOH

CeTH.

3TH

06CTORTeJILCTBa B

coBOKYnHocTH

C KOHl.\eHTPaI.UfeH

TenJIOnoTPOOJIeHHJI. onpe,neJlJl.IOT YCTpoHCTBO HCTO'lHHKOB TenJIocHa6:lKeHHJI..

Hau60-

JIee

pacnpoCTPaHeHHIdM

B

HaCTORlllee

BpeMR

JlBJlJI.eTCR

l.\eHTPaJIH30BaHHOe

TenJIO-

cHa6:lKeHB,e.

QeHTPaJIH30BaHHOe

TenJIocHa6:lKeHHe

06eCne'lHBaeT

no,natty

TenJIOTLl

(ropR-

'leH

BO,nId

WIH

napa)

MHornM

nOTPe6HTeJlJI.M, pacnOJIO:lKeHHIdM

BHe

MeCTa

ee

BIdpa-

60TI<:H.

CHcTeMa

l.\eHTPaJIH30BaHHOro TennOCHa6:lKeHHR

BKlIlO'laeT

ucmO~HUK

men-

llombl

(KOTeJILHalI

HJlH nUJ, TPy60npOBO,nL1 (menJl06ble cemu), no,n8lO111He

TenJIory

OT

HcroqHHKa

K

Mecry

nOTPe6J1eHHR, H nompe6umeJlu mennombl

(a60HeHTCKHe

YC-

TaHOBKH).

Y3JILI

npHcoe,nHHeHHR

nOTPe6HTeneH

K

ceTH

HalLIB8lOTCR

a60HeHmcKUMu

6600aMU

HJIH MeCTHIdMH TenJIOBLIMH

nyHKTIlMH

(Mm).

lfHor,na

Me:lK.ny HCTOqHHKOM

TenJIOThI H

m>Tpe6HTeJIeM

palMeIU,aIOTCR lfeHmpanbHble menn06ble nyHKmbl

(Qrn).

3a.na'laMH

TenJIOBLIX

nyHKTOB

JlBJIJIIOTCR

06ecne'leHHe,

pacnpe,neJIeHHe,

peryJIHpO-

BaHHe

H

yqeT

pacxo.nyeMoH

TenJIOThI.

PacnpOCTPaHeHHLIMH

TenJIOHOCHTeJlJl.MH B CHCTeMax TenJIocHa6:lKeHHJI. RBJIJI-

IOTCJI

BO,nRHOH

nap

H

rOpR'lall

BO,na, COOTBeTCTBeHHO CHCTeMLI

TennOCHa6)l(eHHR

Pal-

,neJIHIOTCR

Ha

napOBLle

H BO,nRHLIe.

Bbl60p

o,nHoro

H3

3THX

.nsyx TennOHOCHTeJIeH

onpe,neJIJleTCJI KOHKpeTHIdMH

ycnOBHHMH

HX

npHMeHeHHJI..

npH

HcnOllLlOBaHHH

B KaqeCTBe TenllOHOCHTeJlJI. BO,nLI y,naeTCR ,nOCTH'lL

60JIee

BLICOKoro

KI1)J.

BLIpa60TKH

TennOBOH

::meprHH

Ha

KOTenLHLIX. B BO,nRHIdX CHCTeMaX

OTCYTCTBYIOT

nOTepH

KOH,neHCaTa y

nOTPe6HTeneH,

HMelOllUfe

MeCTO

npH

HCnOJIL3Q-

BaHHH

napa

B

Ka'leCTBe

TennOHOCHTeml.

B BO,nRHLIX

TennOBLIX

ceTRX

Bo,na

MeHee

Ka-

qeCTBeHHa,

H

ee

nOTepH

(YTeqKH)

06XO,nRTCII

3Ha'lHTenLHO

,nemeBne,

qeM

nOTepH

KOH,neHcaTa. OCHOBHLIMH He,nOCTaTKaMH BO,nLI KaK TennOHOCHTeJlJl.

no

cpaBHeHHIO

C

napOM

JlBJIjleTCR

MeHLmall

TenJIoeMKOCTL, Bcne,nCTBHe

'lero

,nJIJI.

nepe,na'lH

o,nHHaKO-

8

&1

101'0

J(OJlH'leCTBa

TennOTbl

He06xo,nHMO

60JlLmee

KOnHqeCTBO

TennOHOCHTenll,

Ha

ncpcKa<IKY

KOTOPOro nOTPe6YIOTCJI.

,nonOJlHHTeJIbHble

3aTPaTbi

:meKTp03HeprHH,

a

'1'I'IKlKC

60Jlee

HH3KaJl

TeMneparypa,

'ITO

B

HeKOTopblX

cnyqallX

,neJlaeT HeB03MO)l(HbIM

MCIIOJll>30BaHHe B KaqeCTBe TenJlOHOCHTenJl. BO,nLI.

KaK

npaBHno,

Bo,na

Hcnonb3yeTcJI.

B

KaqeCTBe

TennOHOCHTenll

,nJI1i

y,nOBJIeTBO-

pelUUI

OTOnHTenbHO-BeHTHnJl.IUfOHHOH

HarpYlKH,

HarpY3KH

ropJl.'lero

Bo,nOCHa6)l(e-

IUUI H

npoMbllllJleHHOH

TeXHOJIOrnqeCKOH

HarpYlKH

HH3KOro

nOTeHUHaJIa

(TeMnepa-

''Ypa

1-IH:lKe

100 ec).

nap

npHMeHJIIOT

,nJlJI.

y,noBJIeTBOpeHHII

npOMLlllIJIeHHOH

H

TeX-

tlOJIOrHqeCKOH

HarpY3KH

nOBLlmeHHoro

nOTeHI.\HaJIa

(TeMneparypa

Bblwe

100 ec). B

OT)l.enbifLIx

cnyqallx

H

npH

COOTBeTCTBYWlll.eM TeXHHKO-3KoHOMHqeCKOM

060cHoBa-

HMH, ./.\onycKaeTCJI.

HcnOnL30BaHHe

Ha

npOMLIWJleHHLIX

npe,nnpHJl.THRX

napa

B

Kaqe-

CTle

e/UUloro

TennOHOCHTenJl.: KaK

,.!UlJI.

TeXHOJlOrnqeCKHX

ueneH,

TaK

H

,nJlJl.

~

OTOIJJI0HHlI, BeHTWIJl.UHH H

ropllqero

Bo,nocHa6)l(eHHR.

3.2.3. rpaf/JUK.u mettl106btx HazpY30K U pe3ICUMbl

mettllonompe6JleHUR

TennOBLIe

nOTPe6HTenH

onpe,neJIJl.IOT

He

TOJILKO BH,n H

napaMeTPLJ

TennOHO-

eMTe.JIJI..

HO

H

XapaKTepHLle

HlMeHeHWl

80

BpeMeHH

TennOBLIX

HarpY30K

H

napaMeT-

POB

'l'ennOHOCHTeJIlI:. Pa3.llH'IaIOT ce30HHYlO H

KpyZJI0200U~HYlO

TennOBYW

HarpYlKY.

K

ce30HHOU

TenJIOBOH

HarpYlKe

OTHOCJlTCJI.

oronneHHe

H BeHTHJllIUHJI. -

3HM-

HNe

TennOBLIe

HarppKH.

Ce30HHalI

HarpY3Ka

3aBHCHT OT KJIHMaTHqeCKHX YCJlOBHH:

npe)K,ne

Bcero

OT

TeMnepaTYPLI

HapY:lKHoro

B03,nyKa.

a TaK)l(e

ero

BJIa)l(HOCTH,

Ha-

npaBJIeHHR H CKOPOCTH ,I.lBIDKeHHlI

BeTPa.

COJIHeqHOrO

H3JlyqeHHII.

Ce30HHalI

HarpYl-

1(8

06w'lHO

HMeeT

npaKTHqeCKH

nOCTOJlHHLIH

CyrOqHLIH

H

pe3KonepeMeHHLIH

ro.llO-

BoA

rpa.pHKH

(pHC.

3.1).

Q.

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

o

I--

-;=::

I--

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

MeCIIIl!..

PRC. 3.1. rO.!l.OBOH

rpa'RK

pacxo.!l.a

TeQJIOTLI

Ha

OTOnJICHRC

II

BCHTWlRUHIO

(QO MeCRUBM I'O.!I.a)

K

1(PY2110200U~oii

TennOBOH

HarpY3Ke

OTHOCJl.TCJI

TeXHOJlOrHqeCKalI

HarpY3Ka

H

ropll'lee

BO,l.lOCHa6:lKeHHe.

TennonoTPe6JIeHHe

TeXHOnOrHqeCKHX

npoueCCOB

CHJlLHO

OTJIH'laeTCli

)I,JIJI

Ilpe,nnpHRTHH

Pa3JlH'IHLIX

oTPacneH

npoMLIWJIeHHOCTH

H

xapaKTepH3yeTcJI.

60JlLWOH

9

-'

HepaBHOMepHOCThIO KaK B

Te'ieHHe

CyrOK,

TaK

Ii

B

TelleHHe

MeClIu:a H ro.n.a.

CyrO'fH

HepaBHOMepHOCTb

06ycJloBJleHa

OC06eHHOCTJlMH

reXHOJlOrnliecKoro

npou:ecca

H

pe-

:lKHMOM

pa60Tbl

npe.n.npHRrnli

(PHC. 3.2.).

Q

QM

(!qKr--------------1-~--~-~-+-~-~--~-~-+~-~------------

--

o 2 4 6 8

10

12

14

16

18

20 22

24

'hcw

CyrolC

'al!.

3.2. rpaejlHIC

eyTo'luoro

paexoJla TelIJJOTLI

npoMLllWleHHoro

npeJlnplHlTHB

npH

0JlHOCMeHUOM

pl!:IKHMe

pa60TLI

H

HeH:JMeHHOM

abinYClCe npon:yJCII.HH

HepaBHOMepHOCTb

MeCJI'iHLIX H

ro.n.oBLlx

rpa<j>HKOB renJlon01:pe6J1eHHJI npe.n.-

npIDITHH

061>JlCHJleTCJI

HaJIH'iHeM

BLlXO.n.HLlX H np83.l1.HH'iHhlX .n.HeH, BJIHJlHHeM

opra-

HH3aI(HOHHhlX <j>aKT0pOB

(TPe60BaHHH

nJlaMa,

BLlBO.n.OM

o6opy.n.oBaHHlI" B

peMoHT

H

T • .n..).

HarpY3Ka

rops'iero

BO.n.OCHa6lKeHHlI"

no

xapaKrepy

H3MeHeHHH

BO

BpeMeHH

3aBHCHT OT YPOBHJI 6J1aroYCTPOHCma lKHJILIX H

06m;ecTBeHHLIX

3.n.aHHH, paCnOpJl.ll.Ka

pa60'iero

.lI.HJI,

pelKHMa

pa60TbI

npe.n.npHRTHH 6L1TOBOro 06cJIYlKHBaHHlI" H

.n.pyrux

<j>aKTOPOB

H

HMeeT

6oJlblll)'lO

HepaBHoMepHocTb

KaK

no

'iaCaM

cyroK,

TaK

H

no

.lI.HJIM

He.n.eJlH.

Ha

pHC. 3.3

nOK83aH

Cyro'iHLlH

rpa<j>HK pacxo.n.a reDJIOTbI

Hil

rops'iee

BO.n.O-

cHa6:lKeHHe.

I I I I I

~

!llfWllll

-

B=i1lHJ(

~

::

-

Cy660Ta

Q"I

I I I I

o 4 8

12

16

20

24

o 4

8

12

16

~achl

CyrOK

~achl

cyroK

PHC. 3.3.

CYTO'lUblii

rpaejlHIC

pacxoJla

TenJlOTbl

ua

rOpB'Iee

aO.!locHa6llceHHe

rpa<j>HK

HMeeT

.n.Ba

XapaKrepHLlX

nHn

HarpYlKH:

YTpeHHHH H

Be'iepHHH.

B

re'ieHHe

He.n.eJlH

TaKlKe

Ha6J1IO.n.aeTCs

HepaBHoMepHocTb

reDJIonoTPe6J1eHHS

no

cyr-

KaM. B BblXo.n.Hble )l.HH

Ha6JI1O.n.aeTCS

YBemflleHHe

reDJIOn~JleHHH,

a rpa<j>HK

pac-

xo.n.a

renJlOTbi

HMeeT

60Jlee

paBHOMepHoe

3anOJlHeHHe,

'feM

B

pa60'iHe

.n.HH.

JIeToM

renJlOBaH

HarpY3Ka

Ha

rops'iee

Bo.n.oCHa6lKeHHe MOlKeT OTJlH'iaTbCH OT

3HMHeH.

npH

nOCTPoeHHH

ro.n.OBhlX rpa<j>HKoB TenJIOnOTPe6J1eHHJI

TenJIOByto

HarpY3KY

ro-

10

PlIlICI'O Bo.n.OCHa6:lKeHHH H306pa:lKa1OT B

BH.n.e

npllMOH

roPH30HTaJlhHOH JIHHHH,

COOT-

IIITCTaYIomeH

ycpe.n.HeHHoMY

pacxo.n.y

reDJIOThl.

).I,JIII YCTaHOBJIeHHlI

3KOHOMH'iHOro

pe:lKHMa

pa60Thl

060py.n.OBaHHJI, HCTO'IHH-

ICI

TeIlJIOCHa6:lKeHHlI,

Bhl60pa

HaH60JIee

Bhlro.n.HhlX

napaMeTpOB

renJlOHOCHTeJlJl,

on-

pe~ll!:JfeIUlJl

Bhlpa60TKH

TeDJIOThI Hoo6xo.n.HMO

Y'feCTb

nOBTOpHeMocTh

renJlOBhlX

Ha-

['P),10K B

Te'leHHe

ro.n.a. B 3THX u:eJIlix HCnOJIh3YlOT zpapul<u

npooOJl:JICUmeJ1bHOCmU

m'M06blX

HazpY3ol<

(PHC. 3.4).

1,0

F

IJ~

~I-I-r---r---,-----r'--------'---'-----'-"

0,8

0.6

0,4

0,2

o

2000

4000

6000

8760n

PHI:. 3.4.

rpaejlHK

npOJlOJlllalTeJIbHOCTH TenJIOBoA HarpYllICI1

Deh

a6cUHcc

- 'iHCJlO

'iaCOB

B ro.n.y,

OCh

Op.ll.HHaT - npo.n.OJI)f(HreJlhHOCTb HC-

1I0JIb30BaHHlI" TOH HJlH HHOH MOID;HOCTH B

reqeHHe

ro.n.a.

KpHBaH

AB

npe.n.CTaBJIlieT

r'OAOBOH rpa<j>HK npo.n.OJl:lKHTenhHOCm

cYMMapHOH

HarpY3KH

B

TeqeHHe

OTOnHTem

..

-

HOro

nepHo.n.a

no,

H 3aBHCHT

OT

KJlHMaTOJIOrH'leCKHX

ycnoBHH

paccMaTPHBaeMOH

Me-

CllIOCTH.

no

OKOH'iaHHH

OTOnHTenbHoro

nepHo.n.a OCHOBHLIM

BH.n.OM

TeDJIOBoro

no-

11)OOJleHHlI"

lIBJ1l11OTCli

TeXHOJlOrnlleCKaH

H8rpYlKa

H

rop"qee

Bo.n.OCHa6)!(eHHe, KOTo-

l~hlC

lie

JlBJUIIOTCH

<j>YHlCUHeH

HapY:lKHOH

reMnepaTYPhl,

H oT06pa:lKaIOTCH

npliMOH

BF.

IlJ[Oma.n.b,

orpaHH'ieHHaH

OCJlMH KPHBOH ABF, Bhlpa:lKaeT B onpe.n.eJleHHOM

MaCWTa-

rie

ro.n.OBOH

OmyCK

TenJlOThI nOTPe6HTeJUlM

QroJI'

Sa306JI1O

(nOCTOJlHHyto)

qaCTh

rpa<j>HKa npo.n.OJI:lKHTem,HOCm CYMMapHOH

Ten-

J[OBOH

H8rpYlKH

COCTaBJIHIOT

KpyrJloro.n.H'lHhle

HarpY3KH

(TeXHOJlOrnqecKaH

Ii

roPH-

'lee

BO){OCHa6lKeHHe), a

nepeMeHHYlO

qacT!> rpa<j>HKa -

ce30HHhle

HarpYlKH

(OTOIlJIe-

mle

H

BeHmJlJlUHH).

npH'ieM

npo.n.OJl:lKHTeJIhHOCTh MaKCHMaJIhHhlX

(nHKOBhIX)

Ha-

'1>Y30K OTHOCHreJIhHO

He60nbwall,

TaK

KaK npo.n.OJl:lKHreJlhHOCTh HH3KHX

reMIleparyp

llapYlKHoro

B03.n.yxa HeBeJlHKa H COCTaBJIlieT 10

..

.15% npo.n.oJl:lKHreJlhHOCTH

OTOIlIi-

TCJlhHOro nepHo.n.a. B 3aBHCHMOCTH

OT

KJlHMaTH'leCKOH

30Hh[

npo.n.OJl:lKHTeJlhHOCTb

O'l'OnHreJIhHorO

ce30Ha

COCTaBJllIeT OT 2500

.n.o

6000

1I

B ro.n.

(.n.JlH

H.

HOBropo.n.a

-

5160'1,215

cyr.).

npH

y.n.OBJIeTBOpeHHH

renJlOBOH

HarpY3KH

OT

T3U

HaH60JlhWaH

3KOHOMUJI

','ODJIHBa .n.OCTHraeTClI B TOM

cnyqae,

ecJIH

oroopaMH

Typ6HHhI

y.nOBJIeTBoplieTCli

11

TOJIbKO

qaCTb

paCqeTHOH TenJlOBOH

HarppKH,

a

.lUIS!

nOKpblTHS! ooTaJIbHOH TenJIOBO

HarpY3KH

HCnOJlb3}'1OTCJI

nU1C06ble

6000zpei'lHble

ICOTnflbl

. .ll.OJIIO paCl.{eTHOH TenJlOBO

HarppKH

1'3[(,

y,nOBJleTBOpaeM}'IO H3

oroOPOB

ryp6HH,

Ha3blBaJOT K03¢rjJU"lUeHmo.

mennofjJuKQl~UU

anl~

=

QorolQr..

Ha

pHC. 3.4 nOKa3aHO

pacnpe,neJleHHe

TenJlOBOH

Harpy3KH

T3Q

Me)!(J(y

oro

paMH

ryp6HH

H

nHKOBblMH

BO)l.orpeAHblMH

KOTnaMH.

npH

MaKCHMaJIbHOH

HarpY3K'

OT nHKOBblX KOTJlOB

T3Q

oTnycKaeTCS!

qaCTI>

pacqeTHoA

Harpy3KH,

3KBHBaJIeHTH

nJlo~

ACD

(npHMepHo

50%).

O)l.HaKO

OT

rO)l.OBoro

omycKa

TenJlOTbl

3Ta

)l.on

CPaBHHTeJIbHO

HeBeJlHKa

H

06b1'IHO

He

npeBblWaeT

15

..

.18%.

OnTHMaJIbHaSI

BeJlHqHHa

anu

3aBHCHT OT MHOJKecTBa <j>aKTOpoB:

cOBepweHc

Ba

06opy,noBaHHa

DQ

H KOTeJIbHhlX, y)l.eJIbHblX

KanHTaJIbHblX

BJlOJKeHHH B

HX

co

0pYJKeHHH, BH)l.a H CTOHMOCTH

TOnnHBa,

xapaxrepa

rpa<j>HKa

TennOBOH

HarpY3KH

pe3epBa

3J1eK1pHqeCKOH

MO~OCTH

B

3HeprocHcTeMe,

H HaxO)l.HTC.II

06blqHO

B

npe

)l.eJlax OT

0,4)l.0

0,7.

3.1.4.

Pac'Iem

mellJl06bIX HazPY30K u nompe6J1eHUR

mellJlotloii

3HeptUu

PeIIIeHHe

3a,n:aqH Ollpe)l.eJleHHH

paC'IeTHbIX

TenJlOBblX

HarpY30K

Ha

Bee

BH)l.

TennoBOro

1l0TPe6JIeHHa

He06xo)l.HMo

npH

npoeKTHpOBaHHH

H

pa3pa60TKe

peJKHMO

3KcnnyaTau,HH

CHCTeM TennOCHa6JKeHH.II.

Pac'Iem

mellJl06bIX HazPY30K u

pacxooa

mellJlom61

Ha

OmOllJleHUe

.nn.a

TOro,

<{T06bI

nOMepJKHBaTh

TeMneparypy

B03.n:yxa

BH}'TPH

OTanJIHBaeMO":

ro

nOMeru,eHHa

Ha

TPe6yeMoM

ypOBHe,

He06xo)l.HMO

06ecne'lHTh'

paBHOBeCHe Me)!(J(y'

TennOBblMH

nOTepllMH

3)l.aHHa H

IlpHTOKOM

TenJIOTbl.

3m

YCJloBHe

TennoBOro

p

HOBeCHa

MOJKHO

npe)l.CTaBHTh

BblpaJKeHHeM

Qm

=Qo

+Q

....

, (3.1),

r)l.e

Qm

-

cYMMapHble

TennOBbie

nOTepH

3)l.aHHa;

Qo

-

npHTOK

TennOTbl

B 3)l.aHHe

qe-

pe3

OTOIlHTeJlbH}'lO CHCTeMY;

QT.

-

BHYTPeHHHe

TennOBbie

Bbl)l.eJleHHlI

(OOBeTlfTeJIb-

Hble

npH6oPbl,

ra30Bble

H 3J1eKTPH'IeCKHe

nnHTbI,

TeXHOJIOrH'lecKoe

060pY)l.OBaHHe,

CHJlOBble

arperaTbI

H T.

n.).

.nn.a

'lKHJlbIX

nOMeweHHH

npHHHMaeTCjl

Qu

0,

TaK KaK

3TH

TenJlOBbI)l.eJleHHa

OTHOCHTeJlbHO

MaJIbI

no

cpaBHeHHIO

C

Qrn.

Arr.s

npOMblIIIJleHHblX

npe,nnpHlITHH

Qu

MO'lKeT

6blTb

3HaqHTeJlbHOH, oo0OOHHO B

u,exax,

r,ne

eCTb

Moru,Hble

lleqH,

Tennoo6-

MeHHble

annapaTbl,

CYIIIHlIKH

H T.

n.

npH

paC'IeTe

OTOnJlemfa

3TH

TenJlOBble

BbI)l.e-

JleHHH ,nOJl'lKHbl

yqHTblBaTbca.

TennOBble

nOTepH

3,naHHH CooTO.llT

H3

nomepb

mennombl

mennonepeda'leii

qe-

pe3

orpaJK)l.aJOIU,He KOHCTPYKU,HH

QT

H

nomepb

mennombl uHfjJunbmpa"lueii

QHH<Il

H3-3a

noorynneHHa

XOJlO)l.HOro B03.n:yxa B

nOMeru,eHHe

qepe3

HenJlOTHOCTH

HapYJKHblX

or-

pa'lK)l.eHHH:

12

QTfI

=

Qr

+

QmuIJ,

(3.2)

TellJlOBble

nOTepH

3)l.aHHSlMH, coopY'lKeHHSlMH H OT,neJIbHbIMH nOMeIU,eHHSlMH

npM

IIi'lO()XO),HMOCTH

MOryT

6blTb

nOJIyqeHbl

paC'IeTHblM

nYTeM

no

MeTO)l.HKe,

H3-

no*,mlloA

B

CHHn

2.04.05-91

"OTOnJleHHe,

BeHTHJlau,HS! H KOH)l.HU,HoHHpoBaHHe".

npM

OTCYTcTnHH

npoeKTHblX

)l.aHHbIX

HarppKy

3,naHHS!

Ha

OTOnJIeHHe Bbll.{HCJIS!IOT

no

!l>0pMyne

YKpynHeHHblx

pacl.{eToB:-

Qo

=

qoVn(t.n

In),

(3.3)

I'M

110

• y.n:em.HaSI OTOnHTeJlbHaSI

xapaKTepHCTHKa

3)l.aHHa,

KKanlM

3

.q.oC;

V

H

-

Ha-

Pr*HWA CTPOH1-eJIbHblH

06'beM

3)l.aHHH, M ;

tBH

- paC'IeTHaSI

TeMneparypa

B03.n:yxa

III)'rpM

OTannHBaeMbiX

nOMeru,eHHH,

°C;

tH

-

TeMneparypa

HapYJKHoro

B03.n:yxa,

°C.

TeMncparypa

B03.n:yxa BHYTPH nOMeru,eHHH

tan

)l.OJlJKHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb YCJIO-

P.M

TOnJlOBoro

KOMIP<>PTa

H YCTaHaBJlHBaeTC.II

CHHn

B 3aBHCHMOOTH OT

Ha3Haqe-

MM.

'lJl,IIHHR.

npH

OTCYTCTBHH

nepe'IHs!

3)l.aiIHH C

YKa3aHHeM

HX

Ha3HaqeHHH

npHHH-

MlITel!

f.

u

""

18°C.

Ti'lt.mepaTYPa

HapYJKHoro

B03.n:yxa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KJIHMaTHqeCKHX yCJ10-

••

Mi'lCTHOCTH H

celOHa

H3MeHaeTCS! B

)l.OBOJ1bHO

IIIHPOKHX

npe,neJIax

•

.ll.nJl

onpe)l.e-

IIMM.

td9KCHMaJIbHhlX

TeIlJlOBhlX

HarppoK

OTOnJleHHa

npH

npoeKTHpoBaHHH

CHCTeM

'NfIJIocHa6JKeHHa

npHMeHHTeJIbHO

K Ka'lK)l.OMY

reorpa<j>HqecKOMY

nyHKTy

YCTaHaB-

IIM'.,IOT

TaK

Ha3b1BaeMYlO pac'lemH)'lO

meMnepamypy

Hapy:JICHOZO

603~

t

p

.

o,

paB-

HytO

3IU\qeHHIO

cpe)l.HeH

TeMnepaTYPbI

HaH60Jlee

XOJIO)l.HhlX Il.IITH)l.HeBOK,

B3.11TI>IX

H3

IOCbtdH

HaH60J1ee XOJlO)l.HbIX 3HM

3a

50-JleTHHH

nepHO)l..

BeJlH'lHHa

t

p

.

o

IlpHBO)l.HTC.II B

CIIMfl

2.04.05-91

[4]

()l.JI.II

H.HoBropO)l.a

t

p

•

o

=

-30°C).

OTOnHTeJIbH}'lO

HarpPKY,

p.CCq:lf.TaHH}'IO

no

<j>opMYJle (3.3) )l.JI.II

TeMnepaTYPbI

HapYJKHoro

B03.n:yxa, PaDHOH

f"0' Ha3b1BaJOTpaC'lemHOU

menn060ii

HGZpy3KOii

Ha

omonneHue

Qo,p·

¥denbHQR omonUmenbHQR xapaKmepucmUKa

3daHUJI.

qo

(Y)l.eJIbHble

TenJlOnOTe-

pH)

-

TennonoTepH

1

M3

3)l.aHHa

npH

pa3HooTH

1°C

Me)!(J(y

paC'IeTHOH

TeMnepaTYPOH

flo3.n:yxa BHYTPH

OTanJIHBaeMoro

nOMeweHHa

tUH

H

TeMneparypoH

HapYJKHoro

B03.n:y-

xut".

3HaqeHHe

qo

npHHHMaeTCJI

no

MaTepHaJIaM

THnOBblX

cepHH

3)l.aHHH,

npHMe-

IICHHhlX

)l.Jl.II

3acTPOHKH )l.aHHOro

paHoHa,

JIH60

no

CnpaBOqHblM

)l.aHHblM

(HanpHMep:

"MCTO)l.HqeCKHe YKa3aHHH

no

onpe)l.eneHHIO

paCXO)l.OB

TOnJlHBa,

3J1eKTP03HeprHH

H

OO)l.bI

Ha

Bblpa60TKY

TellJla

OTOnHTeJ1bHbIMH KOTeJIbHblMH KOMMYHaJIbHblX

Tenno-

cJlIepreTHqeCKHX

npe,nnpHHTHH",

AKa)l.eMHJI KOMMYHaJIbHOrO

X03HHcTBa

HM.

K.,Lt.

ilaM<j>HJlOBa,

1994

ro,n),

B 3aBHCHMOOTH

OT

06'beMa

H Ha3Ha'leHHS! 3,naHHJI.

13

Pacxo.n

Tel1J10BoR

3HepmH

Ha

OTOnJleHHe

3a

OTOI1l1TeJlbHhIM

nepHO.n onpe.ne-

JIlIIOT

no

cpopMyJle:

=Q

I

"K

-I

CP·

••

24n

Q

O.r

(l.p

ItO,

(3.4)

flU p.o

r.ne

no

-

npo.nOJlJKHTeJlbHOCTb

OTOnHTeJlhHOro nepHo.na,

CyTKH;

t

cP

."

-

cpe.nH~~

TeMne-

parypa

HapYJKHoro B03.nyxa 3a

OTOI1HTeJlhHbIR

nepHO.n,

°C.

npo.nOIDKHTeJ1hHOCTh

OTOI1HTeJ1bHOrO

nepHo.na

ol1pe.neJ1~eTC~

110

'IHCJ1Y

.nHeH

C

YCToR'IHBOH

cpe)lHecyro'lHOH

TeMneparypoR

HapYJKHoro B03.nyxa

+8°C

H

HHJKe.

npO.nOJlJKHTeJlhHOCTb

OTOI1HTeJ1hHOrO

nepHo.na H

Cpe.nHH~

TeMnepaTypa HapyJKHoro

B03.nyxa 3a oronHTeJ1hHblH nepHO.n

.nJl.II

KOHKpeTHoro

pemOHa

npHHHMaeTC~

no

CHHn

23.01-99

"C1pOHTeJ1bH~

KnHMaTOJlOm~"

(.!lJl~

H.HoBropo.na

nOT

=

215

CYTOK,

t

cP

.

H

=-4,1

°C).

Pac'Iem

menrtO(lblX nazpYJOK u

pacxooa

menrtOmb'

na

(lenmWlRI{UIO

npH

ecTeCTBeHHOH

HJlH npHay.nHTenbHoH

BeHTHJIJlUHH

TennblH B03.nyx

y.naJ1~

eTC~

H3

nOMell.l,eHHH,

a

BMeCTO

Hero

nOCTYnaeT

X0J10.!lHhIH

HapYJKHblH B03.nyx.

no.n

menJIoeou

HazPY3KOii

eeHmWI.RIJUU

nOHHMaeTC.II

KOJ1HQeCTBO

TeIUlOTbl

Q.,

He06xo.nH-

Moe

.!l.lIJI

Harpesa

Hap}'llCHoro B03.nyxa .no pacqeTHOH TeMnepaTYPhI B nOMell.l,eHHH

•.

'

Pacxo.n

Tel1J1OTbI

Ha

eCTeCTBeHH)'IO

BeHTHn~uHIO

3.naHHH

06b1'1HO

He npeBbIIlIaeT

5 ..

.1

0%

OT

pacxo.na TeIUlOTbi

Ha

OTOIUleHHe H

Y'iHTblBaeTC~

OTOnHTeJlbHOH

xapaKTe-

PHCTHKOH

qo'

,lI,.ruI

3.naHHH

C

npHHY.!lHTeJ1bHOH

BeHTH.lIJIUHeH

oueHKY pacxo.na TeIUlOThI

Ha

BeHTH.lIJIUHIO

Q.

npoH3Bo,wrr

no

cpoPMYne

Q.

=

qOVU(t.H

-/

H

),

(3.5)

r.ne q. -

y.neJlbH~

BeHTH.lIJIUHOHH~

XapaKTepHCTHKa

3.naHH~,

KKan/M

3

.q.oC;

Vu

- Ha-

P}'llCHblH c1pOHTeJlbHblii 06'beM

3.naHH~,

M3;

I

BU

-pacqeTH~

TeMnepaTYpa B03.nyxa

BHYTPH

OTallJ1HBaeMbiX

nOMell.l,eHHH,

°C;

IH

- TeMnepaTYPa HapYJKHoro B03.nyxa,

°C.

YOe.nbHaJI.

6eHmWI.RIJUOHHaR.

xapaKmepucmuKa

soaHWl

q.

(y.neJlbHblR pacxo.n

TeIUlOThI

Ha

BeHTHJI~UHIO)

- pacxo.n TenJlOTbi

Ha

1

M3

BeHuUIHpyeMoro

nOMell.l,eH~

npH

PalHOCTH

1°C

MeJK)ly pacqeTHoR

TeMneparypoH

B03.nyxa

BHYTpH

BeHTHJlHpye-

MOro

nOMell.l,eHH~

t8U

H TeMnepaTYpOH

HapYJKHOrO

B03.nyxa til" 3HaqeHHe

q8

npHHH-

MaeTC~

no

.naHHbIM

HH.nHBH.!lYaJ1bHhIX

HJlH

THnOBbIX npoeKToB, a

npH

HX

OTCYTCTBHH

-

no

CnpaBOqHhIM .naHHblM (HanpHMep,

MeTo.nHKa

AKX

HM.

K..l.l;.

naMcpHJlOBa

[3]),

B

3aBHCHMOCTH

OT

061>eMa

H

HalHaqeHH~

3.naHH~.

PaC'lemHWU

pacxoo

menJIOmbl

Ha

6eHmUJlRIJUIQ

Q

•.

P

onpe,neJl~eTC~

no

CPOPMY-

Jle

(3.5)

npH

paCqeTHOH

TeMnepaTYpe HapY)l{Horo B03.nyxa

.nJl~

BeHTHn~UHH

t

p

••

, 3Ha-

'IeHHe

KOTOPOH

BbI6HpaeTC~

B

COOTBeTCTBHH

C peKoMeH,naUHHMH

CHun

2.04.05-91

[4].

KaK

npasHJlO, 3Ha'leHHe t

p

••

BMIlIe

paCqeTHOH

TeMnepaTYPbI Ha

OTOIUleHHe

t

p

.

o

H

HaxO.nHTC~

KaK

cpe,nHH.II

TeMnepaTYPa HaH60Jlee XOJlo,nHoro nepHO-

.na,

COCTaBJI~IOll.l,ero

15%

npo,nOJl)l{HTeJlbHOCTH oronHTeJlbHoro ce30Ha

(.!lJl~

H.

HOB-

14

mpo)IU lo

...

=16°C).

Kor.na

TeMnepaTYpa HapYJKHoro B03,nyxa til HH)I{e

(po,

pacxo,n Ten-

non.1

un

BeHTHJIJlUHIO

OCTaeTCH

paBHhlM paC'IeTHOMY 3a C'IeT

COKpall.l,eHH~

KpamHo-

emil

lJo:Joyxoo6MeHa

(OTHOIIIeHHe 06'beMa B03.n;yxa,

y.n;aJ1SleMOrO

H3

nOMell.l,eHH~

3a

I,AHUIUty BpeMeHH, K

061>eMY

nOMell.l,eHHH). I1CKJllO'IeHHe

COCTaBJI~IOT

npOMblIIIIIeH-

HWC

3)taHH~

co

3HaqHTeJlhHblMH

BbmeJleHH~MH

Bpe)lHOCTeH,

.!lJlll

KOTOPhlX

MaKCH-

MlJ1bHbli1 pacxo,n Ha

BeHTHJI~UHIO

paCCqHTMBaeTC~

no

t

p

.

o

.

Pacxo.n TennOBOH 3HeprHH Ha

BeHTHJI~UHIO

3a

OTOnHTeJlbHblH nepHO,n onpe,ne-

II.IOT

110

cpopMyne

18H

-/

cp

.

H

Q

-Q

z n

B.r

-

B.p

I _ I

DO,

(3.6)

BM

p.D

rAe

z~

- ycpe.nHeHHoe

'IHCJlO

'IaCOB pa60Tbl

CHCTeMbl

BeHTHJI~UHH

B TeqeHHe

OyroK, 'I.

3Ha'leHHe

z.

onpe,neJIJleTC~

no

BblpaJKeHHIO

z. n

z:=

.<:yT

p .... Jl

(3.7)

•

7

rAe

z.,CYf - qHCnO

qaCOB

pa60Tbl

CHCTeMbl

BeHTH.lIJIUHH

B TeqeHHe

CYTOK,

'I.; n

p

.

H

.... -

IoIHcno

pa60'lmc

,nHeH

B He,nene.

P(lC'Iem menrtO(lblX nazpYJOK u

pacxooa

menrtOmb'

na

ZOpR'Iee (looocna6:ncenue

Pacxo.n TeIUlOTbI

Ha

rop.!I'lee

BO,nocHa6)1{eHHe

CHJJhHO

MeHHeTC~

KaK B TeqeHHe

C)'TOK,

Tal(

H He.neJlH. Cpe)lHHH pacxo.n TeIUloBOH

3HepmH

Ha

rop~'Iee

Bo.n;ocHa6)1{e-

HHO

1l01pe6HTeJIJI onpe.ne.lIJllOT

no

cpopM)'JlaM

Qm

=

(1

+

km)amC.

P

B

(Ira

-1,",)/24

(3.8)

Qran

:=

(1

+ kTn)q

m~C.

P.

(t."

-

Ix.n)

124'

l'ftC

QrB"

QrBll

Cpe.nHHH

pacxo.n; TennOBOH 3HeprHH

Ha

rop~qee

Bo.n;ocHa6)1{eHHe

co-

O'fOCTCTBeHHO

B

3HMHHH

H

JIeTHHH

nepHo.n;b1,

KKan/'I; a -

HopMa

pacxo,na

BO.n;hI

Ha

ro-

plIqee BO.nocHa6)1{eHHe,

JIJcYT.

npHHHMaereg

no

CHuIT

2.04.01-85

"BHYTPeHHHH

BO-

)I(mpoBo.n H

KauaJ1H3allH~

3,naHHR" [6].

npH

HeKpyrJ10cyro'lHOH no,na'le

rop~qeH

BO-

)(M

Ha

Hy)!(.!lbl

rop~qero

BO,nocHa6)1{eHH~

HJlH

B Te'leHHe

HenOJIHOH

He,neJlH

HopMa

p!lcxo,na

ropgqeH

BO.nhI

YMeHhIlIaeTc~

nYTeM

BBe,neHHSl

nOnpaBO'lHblX

K03cpcpHUHeH-

'rOB,

npHBO.!lHMblX B cnpasO'lHOH JlHTepaTYPe (MeTo,nHKa

AKX

HM.

K..l.l;.

naMcpHJJOBa

13]);

In

- paC'IeTHOe

KOJlH'leCTBO

n01pe6HTeJleH

rop~qeii

BO,nhl

(qHCnO )l{HTeJleH,

Y'I!lIUHXCg B

Y'le6Hblx

3aBe.neHH~x,

MeCT

B 60JlhHHllax H T.,n.); C. -

TenJlOeMKOCTh

BO-

)Ibl,

paBH~

1 KKaJ1iKr·oC;

p.

-

nJlOTHOCTh

BO,nhI,

Kr/n.

ITpH 0pHeHTHpOBOqHhlX

pac'Ie-

Tax

npHHHMaeTC~

pasHOH I

nin;

p -

K03cpCPHUHeHT,

Y'iHTbIBalOll.l,HH H3MeHeHHe

cpe,nHero pacxo,na

BO.nbI

Ha

rop"qee

BO;!lOCHa6)1{eHHe

B HeOTOnHTeJlbHbIH nepHo.n;.

I

IpHHHMaeTc~

.!lJl~

)l{HJJHlllHO-KOMMYHaJ1bHOro ceKTOpa paBHhlM

0,8,

.!lJI~

KYPOPTHhIX

Ii

IOJKHblX

ropO.nOB

1,5,

.!lJl~

npoMblIlIJIeHHhIX npe.nnPHJITHH

1,0;

tro

-

TeMneparypa

15

rOpSl'leH

BO.n;bI,

nO.n;aBaeMOH B CHCTeMY

rOpSl'lerO

BO.n;OCHa6lKeHHSI.

npHHMMaeTC

paBHOH

55°C;

t

XB3

,

tm

-

TeMneparypa

XOJIO.n;HOH

(BO.n;onpoBO.n;HoH)

BO.n;bI

COOTBeTCT

BeHHO B 3HMHHH H JIeTHHH

nepHo.n;bl,

DC.

llPH

OTCYTCTBHH tPaKTH'leCKHX .n;aHHbI

npHHHMaeTCH

paBHOH

+5°C

3MMOH H

+l5°C

JIeTOM; K

Tn

- K03tPtPHUMeHT,

Y'lHTblBa

IUHH

nOTepH

TenJIa

B

TPy60npoBO.n;ax

BHYTpeHHeH

pa3BO.n;KH CHCTeMbl

ropH'lerO

BO

.n;ocHa6lKeHHH.

llpHHHMaeTCH

paBHbIM.

0,1

npH

H30JIHpoBaHHbix

CTOHKax ruc, H 0,

npH

HeH30JIHpOBaHHbIx

CTOHKax.

llpH

onpe.n;eJIeHHH

paC'leTHbIX

(MaKCHMaJIbHbIX)

TenJIOBblX

Harpy30K

HCTO'l

HHKOB

UeHTPaJIH30BaHHOro

TenJIocHa6x<eHHH

(KOTeJIhHble,

T3I.O

pacxo.n; TenJIOTbl H

ropSI'lee

Bo.n;ocHa6x<eHHe

Y'lHTbiBaeTcH

no

Cpe.D:HeMY

3Ha'leHHIO

B 3HMHHH: nepHo.n;.

fO.n;OBOH

pacxo.n;

TeMOBOH

3HeprnH

Ha

ropSl'lee

Bo.n;ocHa6lKeHHe onpe.n;eJISllO'

no

tPoPMYJIe

Qru.r

=

QrB3

n

rB3

z

ru3

+

Qrun

n

rwl

z

t1IJI,

(3.9

r.n;e

n'1I3'

nf1JJl

- npo.n;OJIX<HTeJIbHOCTb

pa60TLl

CHCTeMbI

ropH'lerO

Bo.n;ocHa6lKeHHH

co

OTBeTCTBeHHO B

3HMHHH

H JIeTHHH

nepHo.n;Ll,

CYT,;

ZrB3,

ZrBJl>

- KOJIH'leCTSO 'laCOB pa,

60TbI

CHCTeMLl

rop.ll'Jero

Bo.n;ocHa6x<eHHH B

cyncu

COOTBeTCTBeHHO B 3HMHHH H JIeT

HHH:

nepHo.n;Ll,

'1.

llpo.n;OJIX<HTeJIbHOCTb H KOJIH'leCTBO

'laCOB

pa60Tbl

CHCTeMLl

ropH'lero

BOA

cHa6x<eHHJI onpe.n;eJJHeTCH PeX<HMOM

no.n;a'lH

ropH'leii

BO.D:bI

OT HCTO'lHHKa H peX<H-

MOM

pa60Tbl

norpOOHTeJUI

fBe.

PaclIem

meM066lX

HtlZpy30K U

pacxodil

meMomw

Ha

mexHOJlOZUlIeCKue

HY3ICOW

Pacxo.n;

TeMOBOii

3HeprnH

Ha

npoH3so.n;CTBeHHQ-TeXHOnOrH'lecKHe

HYX<.n;

onpe.n;eJIHIOTCH

nO

y.n;eJIbHbIM

pacxo.n;aM

TellJIOTLl,

npHHHMaeMLlM

B COOTBeTCTBHH C

TeXHOnOrn'leCKHMH

HOPMaMH

.D:JUI

npeAlIPHJITH8

OT.n;eJIhHLlX

OTpacJIeii

lIpOMbIlIIJIeH-

Hocm.

06ID;He

BLlpaX<eHHH

.D:JUI

onpe~eneHHJI

'laCOBbIX

H ro.n;OBbIX pacxo.n;OB

TeMO-

TbI

TeXHOJIOrH'lecKHM

o60py.n;oBaHHeM:

Qnp

=qm

(3.10)

Qnp.r

=

QnpnnpZnp

,

f.n;e

Qnp

- cpe.n;He'laCOBOH pacxo.n;

TenJIa

TeXHOJIOfH'leCKHM

06opy.n;OBaHHeM,

KKanlq;

q - y.n;eJIbHbIH

pacxo.n;

TenJIa

Ha

e.n;HHHll,Y

npo.n;yKll,HH,

KKanle,Q.; m - npOH3Bo.n;HTeJIb-.

HOCTb 060py.n;OBaHHJI, e.n;.Iqac;

Znp

- cpe.n;Hee 'lHCJIO qaCOB

pa60Tbl

060py.n;OBaHHH B

CYTKH

(CMeHY);

nnp

- KOJIH'ieCTSO .n;Heii

(CMeH)

pa60TbI

06opy.n;oBaHHH

B ro.n;.

3.1.5.

IlpuHu,unuIIJI6H61e

CXeMbt CUCnleM

meMocHa63ICeHWl

BOORHb,e cucmeM61

meMOCHa6JH:ellWl

KIlK

6blJIO

OTMe'leHO

paHee,

Bo.n;SlHble CMCTeMbI TenJIOCHa6x<eHHSI

06bI'lHO

npH-

MOIIIIIOT

)J,JJSI

y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH OTOnHTeJIbHO-BeHTHJlSlUHOHHOH

HarpY3KH,

HarpYlKH

roplI'lcro Bo.n;ocHa6x<eHHSI H npOMbIUIJIeHHOH TeXHOJIOrn'leCKOH

HarpY3KH

HH3KOro

nOTCIII~HaJIa

(TeMneparypa

HHx<e 100°C).

BOJl)lHbIe

CHCTeMbI

TeMOCHa6lKeHHJI

.n;eJIHTCJI

Ha

3aKpblmble H omKpblmble.

B

'~aKPbITLlX

CHCTeMax

Bo.n;a, ll,HPKYJIHPYIOIUaSI B TennOBOH:

cern,

HCnOJIb3YeT-

01

'ronbKO

KaK TenJIOHOCHTeJIb, HO H3 CeTH

He

O'roHpaeTCSI. B

OTKpblTbIX

cHcTeMax

IOAI,

I.\HpKyJIHPYIOIUM

B TellJIOBOH

ceTH,

HCnOJIb3yeTcH

KaK

TenJIOHOCHTeJIb H

'lac-

!K"IHO liJIM nOJIHOCTbIO

oroHpaeTCH

H3

CeTH

.D:JUI

ropJl'lero

BO.n;OCHa6x<eHHJI H

TexHO-

nOrH<lCCKHX ll,eJIeH.

3aKpblTbie

CHCTeMbI B CBOIO O'lepe.n;b

,QeJUlTCH

Ha

3a6UCUMble M lle3a6UCUMble.

B

'''IIHCMMbIX

cHcTeMax

K

a60HeHTCKHM

YCTaHOBKaM (YCTaHOBKH

norpe6JU1IOIUHe

ftI1JIO'I'Y - OTOnHTeJIbHbIH

npH6op,

TeMo06MeHHbIH

annapaT,

Bo.n;opa360pHLlH

KpaH

II

lip.)

nocrynaeT

ceme6aJt

60da

(BO,Qa,

nocryn3lOIUM

no

TeMOBOH

cern

OT

HCTOq-

NMklt TCfIJIOCHa6x<eHHJI), a B He3aBHCHMLlX -

BTOPH'lHbIH

TenJIOHOCHTeJIb, KOTOPLlH

HllpelJSeTCH

B

TeMoo6MeHHHKax

cereSOH

BO.n;08.

B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT

'lHCna

napaJIJIeJIbHO npOJIox<eHHbIX

TPy60npOBo.n;OB,

HC-

nOJlb'.lyeMLlx

.D:JUI

TPaHCnOpTHpOBaHHH

TeMOTbI,

BOAIlHbIe CHCTeMbI TenJIOCHa6x<eHHJI

,IICJlSlTCJI

Ha

oiJ1l0mpy6Hble, (6)!Xmpy6Hble, mpexmpy6Hble H MHo2ompy6uble.

MHHH-

MILIll>HOe 'lHCJIO

TPy60npoBo.n;OB

B OTKpbITOH CHCTeMe

TeMOCHa6x<eHHH

-

O.n;HH,

B

3a-

ICP"'TOH CHCTeMe -

.n;Ba.

3aKpblmwe

600RH61e CUcmeMW meMOCHo631CeHWl

Ha

pHC.

3.5

nOKll3aHbI

npHMephI

nocTPoeHHR

3aKpbITLlX

B0.LVIHblX CHCTeM

Ten-

JlOcua6lKeHHH.

CHcTeMbI

OTOnneHHH

qaIUe

Bcero

npHcoeAHHHIOTcSI K

TeMOSOH

ceTH

no

3aBH-

CHMOH

cxeMe.

Ha

puc.

3.5,

a,

6,

6 nOKa3aHbI

BapHaHTbI

3aBHCHMOH

cxeMbI

npHcoe-

JllmemlSI

OTOnHTeJIbHbIX YCTaHOBOK K

.llByxTPy6HOH

TennOBOH

ceTH.

B

cxeMe

a

BO.n;a

....

! 1I0.n;alOIUero

Tpy60npOBo.n;a

TennOCeTH Henocpe,QCTBeHHO

nocrynaeT

B

OTonH-

-rCJlbHbIe

npH60pbI

1,

a

OXJIaX<.n;eHHaSI

Bo.n;a B03BPaIUaeTCSI B

06paTHblH

Tpy60npoBo.n;.

I

'PH

no.n;KJIIO'leHHH

no

TaKOH

cxeMe

lKHJIbIX 3.n;aHHH BO.lla B no.n;alOIUeM

Tpy60npoBO-

,u,c

J~OJIlKHa

HMeTb

TeMneparypy

He

60JIee

95°C.

OronJIeHHe

npOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX

3.n;aHHH

lie

HMeeT

orpaHHQeHHH

no

TeMneparype

SO,!),bl

u

n03TOMY

'laCTO

no.n;KJ1lOqaeTCH

no

TIIKOH

cxeMe.

Ii

{ 1 . v

I}

16

17

PH~

3.S.

npHMepbI

UOCTpOeHHB

3aKpLITbII

BOAIIHblX

tHcreM

TewlOcHa6zeuHB:

a - 3a8UCUMWI omonumeJlbHOU

ycmaH08KU

6e3 cMezueHUR; 6 - 3a8UCUMWI omOnUmeJlbHOU ycmQH08'

KU

C 3J1e8amOpHIJIM CMeWeHUeM; 8 - 3a8UCUMaJI omOnUmeJlbHOU

ycmaH06KU

C

HOCOCHIJIM

CMeweHU

eM;

c - He3a8UCUMWI omOnUmeJlbHOU ycmaH08k-U; 0 - He3a6UCUMaR ycmOHo6KU cOpR'leZO

6000

cHa6:JICeHUR

C 8epXHIIM aKkYMYJ1.Jll1l0poM; e • napa!l!leJIbHWI ycmaH06KU cOpR'le20 6000CHa6:JICeHUR

omOnUmeJlbHoU

ycmQH08kll

no

3a6UCUMOU

CXeMe C

3J1e6amOpHIJIM

CMeWeHUeM;

:JIC

-

ileyxcmyneH

'lamWl

nOCJle008ameJlbHWI

ycmaH08"U

cOpll'lecO 8000cHa6::JICeHUIl U omOnUmeJlbHOU

ycmaH08KU

3asucUMOU cxe.",e C 3Jle6amOpHIJIM CMeUleHUeM;

1 - omOnUmeJlbHblU

npu60p;

2 - 6010YUlHblU KpaH; 3 -

3J1eSamOp;

4 .

Hacoc;

5 • menJI006MeHHuK;

6 •

pacwupumeJlbHblU

60";

7 - aKkYMyJ/JlmOpHblU

pe3ep8yop

copJl'leu

800bl;

8 -

6000P0360PHbl

KpaH. 9 -pezyJ/Jlmop me.¥lnepam)'pbl

CxeMhl

6 H

it

rop33)].0 'lalIl,e npHMeRlIIOTC.!I

,nJUI

npHcoe)].HHeHHlI OTOllHTenbHbI

npH60poB

X<MbIX H 06lI1,eCTBeHHblx 3,naHHH,

TaK

KaK

B

HHX

npe,nycMoTpeHhI

CMeCH

TenbHhle

YCTpOHCTBa:

:meBaTOp (CTpYHHhlH

Hacoc)

3

MH

IJ.eHTpo6eX<HhIH

Hacoc

4;

n03BorunolIl,He K roplllJeH

BO,ne

H3

no,nalOlII,erO Tpy60npoBo)].a no,nMeWHBaTb

oxn3)K~1

,neHHyID

BO.ny

H3

o6paTHoH nHHHH. B pe3ynbTaTe B OTonHrenbHble

npH60pbI

1 no,na·,

eTClI

CeTeBa.!I

Bo,na C

nOHJnKeHHOH

reMneparypoH.

YCTpOHCTBO

3neBaTOpa nOK333HO

Ha

pHC.

3.6.

18

a)

6)

8)

,::;Hr;:;,J6

r)

~

PHC.

3.6.

3J1eBaTOp

(crpyiiHhlH Hacoc):

•

ntlmpy6ol(

6blCO"0"0

Oa6J1eHUR;

2 - COMO; 3 npUeJlfHWI

KaMepa:

4 - /((lA/epa CMewellUR;

I .

t'JUrPrPY30P:

6 -

nampy6m,

HU3K020 006J1eHUIl

H

CTpYHHOM

Hacoce

HarHeTaeMoe

pa60'lee

Teno

HH3KOro ,nasneHHlI

nocrynaeT

'IIPf'I

mnpy60K

6 B npHeMHyID

KaMepy

3. ClO,na

x<e

'lepe3

naTpy60K

BhIcOKOro ,naB-

IIMMII J no,naeTClI

pa60'lee

reno

BbICOKOro

,naMeHHlI,

KOTOpoe

npH

HCre'leHHH '1epe3

lOnna 2 3a C'IeT na,neHHlI )].aMeHH.!I

npH06peTaeT

60nhIIIyID

CKOPOCTb,

H npoxo,nHT B

IlMepy

CMeIIIeHH.!I 4, YBneK3.!I

3a

C060H (3x<eKTHpYll)

pa60'lee

Teno

HH3Koro

,naMe-

MMII.

n KaMepe CMeIIIeHH.!I npoHcxo,nHT BhIpaBHHBaHHe CKOPOcreH, ,naBneHHH H TeM-

n.paTyp

060nx

pa60'IHX

Ten.

,D;anee nOTOK

CMeCH

C 60nbIIIOH

CKOPOCTblO

nocTynaeT

IAHcjJq,Y30p 5, r,ne

ero

KHHeTH'leCK3.!I 3HeprH.!I raCHTClI, H

3a

C'IeT

noro

nOBbIWaeTC.!I

~.lIJletIHe

CMeCH.

TaKHM 06P330M, nOB1dllleHHe ,naMeHH.!I O,nHOro

pa60Qero

Tena npoHcxo,nHT 3a

cite'!'

,ll3BJIeHH.!I

,npyroro

pa6o'lero

rena.

TIPH

npocToM

CMeIIIeHHH

3THX

pa60'lnx

Ten

nOJI,Y'IMaCb

6hI

CMeCh

C

60nee

HH3KHM ,nasneHHeM.

CTpYHHhIH

HaCOC

(3neBaTOp) He HMeeT

)].BH>K)'IIJ.HXC.!I

'1aCreH.

OH

npolIl,e B

YCTpOHCTBe

H 3KCnJIyaTaIJ.HH,

'leM

06bI'lHhIif

Hacoc,

pa60TaeT 6eCWYMHO. 0,nH3KO

npH npeKpameHHH no)].a'lH ceTeBOH

BO.l\bI

B

COnJIO

3neBaTopa HapYIIIaeTClI IJ.HpK)'n.!I-

U""

DO)],bI

B

OTOnHTeJIbHOH

YCTaHOBKe, 'ITO

lIBJUleTC.!I

Cepbe3HhIM

He,nOCTaTKOM

TaKOH

ClxeMhI.

TIpHMeHeHHe

Hacoca

B

cxeMe

n03BOn.!IeT H36ex<aTb 3TOro 3q,q,eKTa,

HO

ee He-

)].OCTaTKaMH

.!IBJUleTC.!I

60nee

cnO)l<Hoe 06cnyX<HBaHHe Hacoca, nOBhIIIIeHHhIH

ypo-

.CIIb

wyMa,

pacxo)]. 3J1eKTpo3HeprnH Ha npHBO,n

Hacoca.

He3aBHCHMOe npHcoe,nHHeHHe

oronHrenhHOH

YCTaHOBKH

K TennOBOH

CeTH

no-

1<1I18HO

Ha

cxeMe

z.

KaK

npaBHJIO, TaKag

cxeMa

npHMeHJleTC.!I

,llJI.!I

nO.llKJIlO'leHH.!I

a60-

lIeliTOB K

CeTH

C

BhICOKHM

,naBneHHeM TennOHOCHTenJl. BO.lla

1:13

no,nalOlII,ero

TPy60-

npoBO,l\3

nocrynaeT

B

BO,nOBO)]..!IHOH

Tenno06MeHHHK 5, r,ne

OHa

HarpeBaeT

BO,ny,

I~HpKynHpyIDlII,yID

3a C'leT

pa60ThI

Hacoca

4 B MecTHoH

CHCTeMe

OTOnneHHJI. OxnaX<-

I\OHHag CereB3.!I

BO,na

nocne

Tenno06MeHHHKa B03BpalIl,aeTClI B 06paTH,YlO nHHHlO Te-

nnoBOif

cern.

MeCTH3.!I

CHCTeMa

OTOnneHH.!I HMeeT pacIIIHpHTenhHbIH

6aK

6 ,nmI

KOMneHCaIl.HH

H3MeHeHHH 06'beMa

BO)].bI,

npOHCxO.lVlIIJ.HX

npH

H3MeHemiH ee TeMne-

1111'ryPhI

B CHcreMe

OTOnneHH.!I.

CHcreMbl

rop.!I'Iero

BO,nocHa6x<eHIDI K 3aKphIToH TennOBOH ceTH npHcoe,nH-

IUI/OTC.!I

no

He33BHCHMOH

cxeMe

(pHC. 3.5, d)

'lepe3

Tenno06MeHHHK, B

KOTOPOM

Ha-

l'peBaeTClI

XOJlO)].H3.!I

Bo,na

H3

BO,nonpoBo,nHOH

CeTl:I.

TIOCTOJlHH3.!I

TeMnepa1)'pa

ro-

pll'leH

BO)].bl

B

CHCTeMe

rBC

npH

H3MeHeHH.!IX

pacxo,na

BO)],bI

H

napaMeTpoB

ceTeBOH

19

Вагин Г.Я., Петрицкий С.А. Энергоснабжение

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.