Tsch?tsch H., Koth A. Metal Forming Practise: Processes - Machines - Tools
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391
Table 7 Low-carbon unalloyed steels for screws and bolts, nuts and rivets. Guaranteed chemical compo-
sition
Steel grade Chemical composition in wt %
Short name Material
number
Deoxida-
tion
type
1)
C
2)
Si Mn P S
USt 36 1.0203 R
d 0.14
3)
traces 0.25 to 0.50
d 0.050 d 0.050
UQSt 36 1.0204 R
d 0.14
3)
traces 0.25 to 0.50
d 0.040 d 0.040
RSt 36 1.0205 K
d 0.14
3)
d 0.30
0.25 to 0.50
d 0.050 d 0.050
USt 38
4)
1.0217
4)
R
d 0.19
5)
traces 0.25 to 0.50
d 0.050 d 0.050
UQSt 38
4)
1.0224
4)
R
d 0.19
5)
traces 0.25 to 0.50
d 0.040 d 0.040
RSt 38 1.0223 K
d 0.19
5)
d 0.30
0.25 to 0.50
d 0.050 d 0.050
U 7 S 6
6)
1.0708
6)
U
6)
d 0.10
traces 0.30 to 0.60
d 0.050
0.04 to 0.08
U 10 S 10
7)
1.0702
7)
U
7)
d 0.15
traces 0.30 to 0.60
d 0.050
0.08 to 0.12
1)
R rimmed, K killed (including semikilled).
2)
x On ordering a lower maximum carbon content can be agreed on; in this case, however, the minimum tensile
strength value according to Table 2 no longer applies.
3)
For dimensions above 22 mm the maximum content is 0.18% C.
4)
In the next version of this norm, this steel may be deleted subject to verification (see annotations).
5)
For dimensions above 22 mm the maximum content is 0.22% C.
6)
x When ordering, the killed steel R 7 S 6 (material number 1.0709) with max. 0.40% Si and an upper manga-
nese level of 0.80% may be delivered on agreement.
7)
x When ordering, the killed steel R 10 S 10 (material number 1.0709) with max. 0.40% Si and an upper man-
ganese level of 0.80% may be delivered on agreement.
392 Technical tables
Table 8 Selection of steels suitable for cold extrusion
Short designation of material Material no. Notes
UQSt 36-2 (Muk 7)
Ma 8 (Mbk 6)
1.0204
1.0303
Later treatment possible if necessary. Steels with no further heat
treatment
Steels with particularly
low C content = 0.05%
Only relevant magnetic properties affect selection.
Steels for later heat treatment
unalloyed Ck 10
Cq 15
1.1121
1.1132
Also C10, C15 and Ck 15 if required Case hard-
ened steels
alloyed 15 Cr 3
16 MnCr 5
20 MnCr 5
15 CrNi 6
17 CrNiMo 6
20 MoCr 4
1.7015
1.7131
1.7147
1.5919
1.6587
1.7321
C contents generally below 0.25%; the core strength is heavily
influenced by the alloy elements.
unalloyed
Cq 22
Cq 35
Cq 45
1.1152
1.1172
1.1197
Quenched
and tempered
steels
alloyed
34 Cr 4
37 Cr 4
41 Cr 4
25 CrMo 4
34 CrMo 4
42 CrMo 4
34 CrNiMo 6
1.7033
1.7034
1.7035
1.7218
1.7220
1.7225
1.6582
Also C 35 and C 45 if necessary
Quenching and tempering can be used to reach the tensile
strength required for a certain application, with sufficient
toughness. The hardenability depends upon the composition;
with unalloyed materials the C and Mn contents determine the
material properties which can be achieved when quenching and
tempering (oil or water hardening must be agreed on when
ordering). With high degrees of deformation, high strengths can
also be achieved with no subsequent heat treatment. Steels with
a guaranteed Cr content, e.g. 38 Crl, 46 Crl, 38 Cr2, 46 Cr2, are
easier to quench and temper but do not necessarily have a better
deformability than steels with no guaranteed Cr content; for this
reason they are not listed in this table. A special check should
always be made to see whether they need to be used.
ferritic
X 7 Cr 13
X 10 Cr 13
X 22 CrNi 17
X 12 CrMoS 17
1.4000
1.4006
1.4057
1.4104
heat treatable
heat treatable
heat treatable
heat treatable
Corrosion-
resistant
steels
austenitic
X 5 CrNi 18 9
X 2 CrNi 18 9
X 2 NiCr 18 16
X 5 CrNiMo 18 10
X 10 CrNiTi 18 9
X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 10
X 2 CrNiMo 18 12
1.4301
1.4306
1.4321
1.4401
1.4541
1.4571
1.4435
with higher degrees of deformation
in special cases
393
Table 9 Nominal diameters and permissible variations for round steel wire rod for screws and bolts
(measurements in mm), Euronorm 108
Nominal
diameter
Diameter Nominal di-
ameter
Diameter
Permissible variation Permissible variation
when dimensions accurate when dimensions accurate
d A B d A B
5.0 16.0
5.5 16.5
6.0 17.0
6.5 17.4
7.0 17.5 r 0.30 r 0.25
7.5 18.0
7.8 19.0
8.0 r 0.20 r 0.15
1
) 19.5
8.25 20.0
8.5 20.5
8.75 21.0
9.0 21.3
9.5 21.5
9.75
10.0
10.5 22.0
11.0 22.5
11.5 23.0
11.75 24.0
12.0 24.5
12.5
12.7
r 0.25 r 0.20
25.0
26.0
r 0.35 r 0.30
13.0 26.5
13.5 27.0
13.75 28.0
14.0 29.0
14.5 30.0
15.0
1)
This value applies only to coil weights of up to 200 kg. For larger coil weights a variation of r 0.20 mm is per-
missible.
394 Technical tables
Table 10
Tooling materials
Material
Tooling type and HRC assembly hardness (mean values)
Shearing
Drawing
Stamping
Bending
Cold
sinking
Extrusion
Shrinking
Upsetting
Impression
die
Material
number
Designation
Max.
HRC
hard-
ness
Stress
Pch
Die
Pch
Die
Pch
Die
Pch
Die
Pch
–
Pch
Die
1
st
ring
2
nd
ring
Pch
Die
Upp.
Low.
1530
C 85 W 1
63
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
1540
C 100 W 1
64
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
1550
C 110 W 1
65
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
1620
C 70 W 2
63
60
60
1640
C 100 W 2
65
62
62
62
62
62
62
1650
C 115 W 2
65
62
62
62
62
1660
C 130 W 2
65
nor-
mal
62
62
2025
110 Cr 2
65
59
59
2056
90 Cr
65
62
62
62
62
62
62
2057
105 Cr 4
65
61
61
61
2060
105 Cr 5
65
61
61
2063
145 Cr 6
65
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
2067
100 Cr 6
64
63
63
63
63
63
63
2080
X 210 Cr 12
65
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
2127
105 MnCr 4
65
high
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
395
Table 10
(continued)
2243
61 CrSiV 5
60
54
54
2248
38 SiCrV 8
54
52
52
2249
45 SiCrV 6
58
54
54
2323
45 CrMoV 67
57
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
2419
105 WCr 6
64
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
2436
X 210 CrW 12
65
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
2541
35 WCrV 7
58
53
53
2542
45 WCrV 7
58
53
53
2547
45 WCrV 77
58
55
55
2550
60 WCrV 7
60
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
2567
X 30 WCrV 53
52
52
52
50
50
2603
45 CrMoW 58
53
50
50
2713
55 NiCrMoV 6
48
46
48
48
2714
56 NiCrMoV 7
48
46
46
2721
50 NiCr 13
59
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
60
55
55
2767
X 45 NiCrMo 4
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
58
48
2842
90 MnV 8
64
60
60
2080
X 210 Cr 12
65
v.
high
62
62
62
63
63
62
2201
62 SiMnCr 4
65
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
396 Technical tables
Table 10
(continued)
Material
Tooling type and HRC assembly hardness (mean values)
Shearing
Drawing
Stamping
Bending
Cold
sinking
Extrusion
Shrinking
Upsetting
impress.
die
Mate-
rial
No.
DIN17006
Max.
HRC
hard-
ness
Stress
Pch
Die
Pch
Die
Pch
Die
Pch
Die
Pch
–
Pch
Die
1
st
ring
2
nd
ring
Pch
Die
Upp.
Low.
2343
X 38 CrMoV 51
56
52
52
2363
X100 CrMoV 5-1
64
61
61
61
61
2365
X 32 CrMoV 33
55
49
49
2436
X 210 CrW 12
65
60
60
60
2601
X 165 CrMoV 12
64
60
60
60
60
62
2884
X 210 CrCoW 12
64
v.
high
61
61
397
Table 28.2
Strain rate
M
= f (r and initial height
h
0
of the blank)
Machine
Ram impact
velocity
X
in m/s
0
h
X
M
(s
–1
)
for h
0
=
(mm)
h
0
o
5
10
20
30
40
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
Drop ~
5.6
1120
560
280
187
140
112
56
37.3
28
22.4
18.6
14
11.2
Double-acting
6
1200
600
300
200
150
120
60
40
30
24
20
15
12
Hammer
Counterblow
~
12
2400
1200
600
400
300
240
120
80
60
48
40
30
24
Screw press
1.0
200
100
50
33.3
25
20
10
6.7
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.5
2.0
Hydraulic presses
0.25
50
25
12.5
8.3
6.2
5
2.5
1.7
1.25
1.0
0.83
0.6
0.5
Crank pr. where
D
=
30º
0.6
120
60
30
20
15
12
6.0
4.0
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.5
1.2
Tables for hot and semi-hot forming
398 Technical tables
Table 28.3 Basic values of k
f
1
for
M
1
= 1 s
–1
with the deformation temperatures provided and material
exponent m to calculate k
f
= f (
M
)
Material m
k
f
1
where
M
1
= 1 s
–1
(N/mm
2
)
T
(ºC)
C 15
0.154 99/ 84
C 35
0.144 89/ 72
C 45
0.163 90/ 70
C 60
0.167 85/ 68
1100/1200
X 10 Cr 13
0.091 105/ 88
X 5 CrNi 18 9
0.094 137/116
St
X 10 CrNiTi 18 9
0.176 100/ 74
1100/1250
E-Cu
0.127 56 800
CuZn 28
0.212 51 800
CuZn 37
0.201 44 750
CuZn 40 Pb 2
0.218 35 650
CuZn 20 Al
0.180 70 800
CuZn 28 Sn
0.162 68 800
Cu
CuAl 5
0.163 102 800
Al 99.5
0.159 24 450
AlMn
0.135 36 480
AlCuMg 1
0.122 72 450
AlCuMg 2
0.131 77 450
AlMgSi 1
0.108 48 450
AlMgMn
0.194 70 480
AlMg 3
0.091 80 450
AlMg 5
0.110 102 450
Al
AlZnMgCu 1.5
0.134 81 450
1
m
ff
1
.kk
M
M
§·
¨¸
©¹
For
1
1
1
s
M
then
1
m
ff
kk
M
399
Table 28.4 Flow stress depending on the forming speed for the forging temperature T = constant
Material T
(ºC)
f
()kf
M
for T = const. k
f
in N/mm
2
1
M
(s
–1
)
2
M
(s
–1
)
4
M
(s
–1
)
6
M
(s
–1
)
10
M
(s
–1
)
20
M
(s
–1
)
30
M
(s
–1
)
40
M
(s
–1
)
50
M
(s
–1
)
C 15
1200 84 93 104 110 120 133 141 145 153
C 35
1200 72 80 88 93 100 111 118 122 126
C 45
1200 70 78 88 94 102 114 122 128 132
C 60
1200 68 76 86 92 100 112 120 126 131
X 10Cr 13
1250 88 94 100 104 109 116 120 123 126
X 5CrNi 18 9
1250 116 124 132 137 144 154 160 164 168
X10CrNiTi189 1250 74 84 94 101 111 125 135 142 147
E-Cu
800 56 61 67 70 75 82 86 89 92
CuZn 28
800 51 59 68 75 83 96 105 111 117
CuZn 37
750 44 51 58 63 70 80 87 92 97
CuZn 40 Pb 2
650 35 41 47 51 58 67 73 78 82
CuZn 20 Al
800 70 79 90 97 106 120 129 136 142
CuZn 28 Sn
800 68 76 85 91 99 110 118 124 128
CuA1 5 800 102 114 128 137 148 166 178 186 193
Al 99.5
450 24 27 30 32 35 39 41 43 45
AlMn
480 36 40 44 46 49 54 57 59 61
AlCuMg 1
450 72 78 85 90 95 104 109 113 116
AlCuMg 2
450 77 84 92 97 104 114 120 125 129
AlMgSi 1
450 48 52 56 58 62 66 69 71 73
AlMgMn
480 70 80 92 99 109 125 135 143 150
AlMg 3
450 80 85 91 94 99 105 109 112 114
AlMg 5
450 102 110 119 124 131 142 148 153 157
AlZnMgCu 1.5
450 81 89 98 103 110 121 128 133 137
400 Technical tables
70
M
(s
–1
)
100
M
(s
–1
)
150
M
(s
–1
)
200
M
(s
–1
)
250
M
(s
–1
)
300
M
(s
–1
)
161 170 181 189 196 201
133 140 148 154 159 164
140 148 158 166 172 177
138 147 157 164 171 176
130 134 139 143 145 148
173 179 186 191 195 198
156 166 179 188 196 202
96 101 106 110 113 116
126 135 148 157 164 171
103 111 120 128 133 138
88 96 104 111 117 121
150 160 172 182 189 195
135 143 153 160 166 171
204 216 231 242 251 258
47 50 53 56 58 59
64 67 71 74 76 78
121 126 133 137 141 144
134 141 148 154 159 163
76 79 82 85 87 89
160 171 185 196 204 212
118 122 126 130 132 134
163 169 177 183 187 191
143 150 159 165 170 174