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32 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, p.1042.
33 Harold Nicolson MP quoted in: Kenneth Young, Stanley Baldwin (London:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976), p.143. A cynic might argue that the warmth of
the parliamentary farewells may have been increased by Baldwin’s announce-
ment, the day before he retired, of a 50 per cent increase in MPs salaries!
34 Philip Williamson, ‘Baldwin’s Reputation: Politics and History 1937–1967’,
The Historical Journal, vol. 47, no. 1, 2004, pp.127–68.
35 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, pp.807, 825, 930.
36 Ibid., pp.960–4, 1018.
37 Thomas Jones, Dictionary of National Biography entry, quoted in Hugo Young
(ed.), Political Lives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p.66; A.W. Baldwin, My
Father: The True Story (London: Allen and Unwin, 1956), p.304; Philip Williamson,
Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.57, n.60.
38 Jenkins, Baldwin, p.162.
39 Stuart Ball (ed.), Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam
Diaries 1935–1951 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.130; Young,
Stanley Baldwin, p.144.
40 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, pp.1042–7; Philip Williamson and Edward Baldwin
(eds), The Baldwin Papers: A Conservative Statesman 1908–1947 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp.449–53, 458.
41 Jenkins, Baldwin, pp.30–1; Harold Macmillan, The Past Masters (London: Mac-
millan, 1975), pp.120–1; Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, pp.1055–61; G.M. Young,
Stanley Baldwin (London: Ruper Hart-Davis, 1952), p.250; Williamson and Baldwin,
The Baldwin Papers, p.474.
42 Mark Hitchens, Prime Ministers’ Wives – And One Husband (London: Peter Owen,
2004), pp.143–51.
43 Williamson and Baldwin, The Baldwin Papers, p.480; Williamson, ‘Baldwin’s
Reputation’, pp.147–150.
44 Baldwin, My Father: The True Story, p.319.
45 Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London: Macmillan, 1946),
p.443; Graham Macklin, Chamberlain (London: Haus Publishing, 2006,
p.86).
46 Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar: Churchill, Chamberlain and the Battle for the Tory
Party (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999), p.387.
47 Lynne Olson, Troublesome Young Men: The Churchill Conspiracy of 1940 (London:
Bloomsbury, 2007), pp.311–12.
48 Nick Smart, ‘Four Days in May: The Norway Debate and the Downfall of Neville
Chamberlain’, Parliamentary History, vol. 17, no. 2 (1998), pp.215–43.
49 Stewart, Burying Caesar, pp.422, 424; John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds),
The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries 1929–1945 (London: Hutchinson,
1988), pp.614–15.
50 Roy Jenkins, Churchill (London: Macmillan, 2001), p.602; Robert Self, Neville
Chamberlain: A Biography (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p.432.
51 Stewart, Burying Caesar, p.424; Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill
1939–1941 (London: Heinemann, 1983), p.315.
52 Self, Neville Chamberlain, p.433; Olson, Troublesome Young Men, p.328; Andrew
Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994),
pp.142, 144, 169–70.
53 H. Montgomery Hyde, Neville Chamberlain (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
1976), p.175; Stewart, Burying Caesar, p.425.
54 Self, Neville Chamberlain, pp.434–5.
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55 John Lukacs, Five Days in London: May 1940 (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1999), p.121; Jenkins, Churchill, p.602; Self, Neville Chamberlain, pp.436, 438–9;
Hyde, Neville Chamberlain, p.175.
56 Gilbert, Finest Hour, pp.334, 357, 546, 550, 577.
57 Lukacs, Five Days in London.
58 Self, Neville Chamberlain, pp.442–8.
Chapter 7
1 Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers (London: Heinemann, 1961),
p.255.
2 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965 (London:
Sphere Books, 1968), p.662.
3 Bernard Donoughue and G.W. Jones, Herbert Morrison: Portrait of a Politician
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), p.535; Kenneth O. Morgan, ‘United
Kingdom: A Comparative Case Study of Labour Prime Ministers Attlee, Wilson,
Callaghan and Blair’, Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 10, no. 2/3, 2004, p.42;
Robert Pearce, Attlee (London: Longman, 1997), p.177.
4 Pearce, Attlee, pp.179, 181.
5 Donoughue and Jones, Herbert Morrison, pp.535–6; Pearce, Attlee, p.181.
6 Kenneth Harris, Attlee (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), pp.535–6, 541,
543; Brian Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell (London: Richard Cohen Books, 1996), p.225.
7 House of Lords debates, 4 July 1963, col. 1030; Clarissa Eden, A Memoir: From
Churchill to Eden (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007), p.225; The Times:
12 April 1957, 25 January 1958.
8 D.J. Heasman, ‘“My Station and its Duties”: The Attlee Version’, Parliamentary
Affairs, vol. 21, September 1967, p.80; Francis Beckett, Clem Attlee (London:
Politico’s, 2000), p.306.
9 House of Lords debates, 4 July 1963, col. 1029; 4 February 1964, cols. 37–40;
18 February 1964, cols. 781–2; 25 February 1964, col. 1069; 18 November 1964,
col. 607.
10 Harris, Attlee, p.545; Beckett, Clem Attlee, p.310.
11 Harris, Attlee, pp.543, 546–7, 557, 561; Beckett, Clem Attlee, pp.310, 313, 319;
Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness: Diaries 1963–67 (London: Hutchinson, 1987),
p.123.
12 Harris, Attlee, p.545; Heasman, ‘“My Station and its Duties”: The Attlee Version’,
p.83; Beckett, Attlee, pp.308–9; The Times, 11 April 1957.
13 Beckett, Clem Attlee, p.299; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and
Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p.135;
Harris, Attlee, p.519; Clem Attlee: The Granada Historical Records Interview (London:
Panther Record, 1967); Earl Attlee, Empire Into Commonwealth (London: Oxford
University Press, 1961); Eric Stokes review of Empire Into Commonwealth in
Journal of African History, vol. 2, no. 2, 1961, p.356.
14 Pearce, Attlee, p.183; The Times: 25 September 1959, 1 October 1959, 26 October
1959, 7 November 1959, 20 September 1960, 12 June 1961, 30 September 1961,
10 October 1961, 1 November 1966, 11 April 1967, 27 May 1967.
15 Harris, Attlee, pp.558, 561; The Times: 23 May 1961, 12 December 1962.
16 Beckett, Clem Attlee, p.316.
17 Martin Gilbert, Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill 1945–1965 (London: Heine-
mann, 1988), p.110; Roy Jenkins, ‘Churchill: The Government of 1951–1955’, in
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Robert Blake and William Roger Louis (eds), Churchill (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1993), p.491; Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
1940–1965 (London: Sphere Books edition, 1968), p.339.
18 Moran, The Struggle for Survival, pp.625, 626, 655, 673, 676.
19 Gilbert, Never Despair, pp.1140, 1152, 1160; Moran, The Struggle for Survival,
pp.681–2, 683.
20 Moran, The Struggle for Survival, pp.401–3, 422; Kevin Theakston, Winston Churchill
and the British Constitution (London: Politico’s, 2004), pp.58–61.
21 House of Commons debates, 30 November 1959, cols. 870–1; 30 November 1961,
cols. 608–9; Moran, The Struggle for Survival, pp.723–4; Gilbert, Never Despair,
pp.1270–2.
22 Roy Jenkins, Churchill (London: Macmillan, 2001), p.910; David A. Thomas,
Churchill: The Member for Woodford (Ilford: Frank Cass, 1995), pp.198, 203–4;
Gilbert, Never Despair, p.1350.
23 David Reynolds, In Command of History (London: Penguin, 2005), pp.xxii, 16–18,
509, 533; Gilbert, Never Despair, pp.256, 304, 1229; Anthony Montague Browne,
Long Sunset: Memoirs of Winston Churchill’s Last Private Secretary (London: Indigo,
1996), p.236.
24 Montague Browne, Long Sunset, p.196; Jenkins, Churchill, p.901.
25 Gilbert, Never Despair, p.1122; Moran, The Struggle for Survival, pp.734–5.
26 Moran, The Struggle for Survival, pp.735, 743, 807; Gilbert, Never Despair, p.1203;
Montague Brown, Long Sunset, pp.210–11, 213.
27 Jenkins, Churchill, p.902; Moran, The Struggle for Survival, p.787; Clive Ponting,
Churchill (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994), p.806; Gilbert, Never Despair,
pp.1294–5; Montague Browne, Long Sunset, p.264.
28 Moran, The Struggle for Survival, pp.560, 691, 717, 732, 739; Montague Browne,
Long Sunset, pp.302–3.
29 Gilbert, Never Despair, pp.1234, 1249, 1266, 1270, 1317; Moran, The Struggle for
Survival, pp.15, 655, 721.
30 John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend Since 1945
(London: HarperCollins, 2002), ch. 1.
31 David Owen, In Sickness and in Power: Illness in Heads of Government During the
Last 100 Years (London: Methuen, 2008), ch. 3.
32 D.R. Thorpe, Eden (London: Chatto & Windus, 2003), pp.548–50.
33 Clarissa Eden, A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden (London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 2007), p.264; David Carlton, Anthony Eden (London: Allen and Unwin,
1981), pp.466–7; Cherie Booth and Cate Haste, The Goldfish Bowl: Married to the
Prime Minister 1955–1997 (London: Chatto & Windus, 2004), p.30; Robert
Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986), p.608.
34 Carlton, Eden, p.469; Rhodes James, Eden, p.609; The Times: 13 March 1962,
18 February 1963, 7 September 1963.
35 Rhodes James, Eden, pp.605–6; Thorpe, Eden, p.553.
36 Thorpe, Eden, pp.556, 562; Rhodes James, Eden, pp.611–12, 618; David Dutton,
Anthony Eden: A Life and Reputation (London: Hodder Headline, 1997), p.10;
Carlton, Eden, p.468.
37 The Times: 28 December 1964, 18 August 1966, 29 March 1967, 25 October
1974; Anthony Eden, Another World 1897–1917 (London: Allen Lane, 1976).
38 Rhodes James, Eden, pp.614–15; Peter Beck, ‘Politicians versus Historians:
Lord Avon’s “Appeasement Battle” against “Lamentably, Appeasement-Minded”
Historians’, Twentieth Century British History, vol. 9, no. 3, 1998, pp.396–419;
Carlton, Eden, p.473.
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39 Rhodes James, Eden, p.612; Dutton, Eden: A Life and Reputation, pp.1–2, 18.
40 Rhodes James, Eden, p.613; Eden, A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden, p.268; Carlton,
Eden, p.477.
41 Carlton, Eden, pp.473, 476; Rhodes James, Eden, pp.608, 617; Thorpe, Eden,
pp.578, 579; The Times, 23 July 1962; Victor Rothwell, Anthony Eden: A Political
Biography 1931–57 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), p.248.
42 Thorpe, Eden, p.575; Rhodes James, Eden, p.610; Carlton, Eden, pp.476–7; House
of Lords debates, 8 November 1962, cols. 412–25.
43 Thorpe, Eden, p.584.
44 Alistair Horne, Macmillan 1957–1986: Volume II of the Official Biography (London:
Macmillan, 1989), p.568; Roy Jenkins, Gallery of 20
th
Century Portraits (Newton
Abbot: David & Charles, 1988), pp.124–5.
45 Harold Evans, Downing Street Diary (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1981), pp.112,
123; Horne, Macmillan 1957–1986, pp.266–7, 536.
46 The Guardian: 10 February 1964, 11 April 1964; Horne, Macmillan 1957–1986,
pp.572–3, 622, 689 fn.19; Julian Amery, ‘Macmillan: The Case For’, The Spectator,
10 January 1987, p.17.
47 Horne, Macmillan 1957–1986, p.618.
48 Richard Davenport-Hines, The Macmillans (London: Heinemann, 1992), p.333.
49 The Guardian, 13 March 1975; H.C.G. Matthew, ‘Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold,
First Earl of Stockton (1894–1986)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford
University Press, Sept 2004, online edn, Jan 2008 [www.oxforddnb.com]; Horne,
Macmillan 1957–1986, pp.612–13.
50 Matthew, ODNB; The Guardian: 15 October 1964, 7 April 1975, 3 June 1975,
21 October 1976, 23 October 1976; Evans, Downing Street Diary, pp.303–4;
Davenport-Hines, The Macmillans, p.335; Clarissa Eden, A Memoir: From Churchill
to Eden (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007), p.126; Nigel Fisher, Harold
Macmillan (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), pp.359–60.
51 Stephen Evans, ‘The Earl of Stockton’s Critique of Thatcherism’, Parliamentary
Affairs, vol. 51, no. 1, 1998, pp.17–35; The Guardian: 6 February 1979, 12 February
1979, 8 March 1979, 15 October 1980, 20 October 1982, 20 October 1983,
21 October 1983; The Observer, 17 November 1985.
52 Horne, Macmillan 1957–1986, p.622; Edward Heath, The Course of My Life
(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998), p.678.
53 Dermot Englefield, Janet Seaton and Isobel White, Facts About the British Prime
Ministers (London: Mansell, 1995), p.311; D.R.Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home (London:
Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996), p.8
54 Richard Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One Minister of
Housing 1964–66 (London: Hamish Hamilton and Jonathan Cape, 1975), pp.118,
292; David Dutton, Douglas-Home (London: Haus Publishing, 2006), pp.87, 90;
Douglas Hurd, ‘Home, Alexander Frederick Douglas – Fourteenth Earl of Home
and Baron Home of the Hirsel (1903–1995)’, Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, Oxford University Press, 200444 [www.oxforddnb.com]; Nigel Fisher,
The Tory Leaders (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977), p.122; Thorpe, Alec
Douglas-Home, p.378.
55 The Times, 14 January 1966; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The
Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002), p.67.
56 The Times: 5 August 1965, 20 April 1966.
57 Dutton, Douglas-Home, p.95; The Times, 22 June 1970; Hurd in ODNB.
58 Guardian, 27 April 1970; John Campbell, Edward Heath (London: Jonathan Cape,
1993), p.296; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, p.165.
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59 Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds), The Heath Government 1970–74 (London:
Longman, 1996), pp.33, 263, 268.
60 Ball and Seldon (eds), The Heath Government 1970–74, pp.310–11; Edward Heath,
The Course of My Life (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998), p.468; Thorpe,
Alec Douglas-Home, pp.430–1.
61 Dutton, Douglas-Home, pp.94, 99–101; Ball and Seldon (eds), The Heath Government
1970–74, p.297; Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home, pp.427–8.
62 The Guardian, 27 April 1970.
63 Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10 (London:
Cape, 2005), p.71; Dutton, Douglas-Home, p.106.
64 The Guardian: 13 December 1976, 15 February 1979, 16 February 1979, 5 March
1979, 1 March 1980, 9 March 1983, 30 September 1983; Dutton, Douglas-Home,
p.106; Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home, p.456.
65 Dutton, Douglas-Home, pp.107, 143.
66 D.R. Thorpe, ‘Alec Douglas-Home: The Unexpected Prime Minister’, in Alistair
Horne (ed.), Telling Lives (London: Macmillan, 2000), p.149; Heath, The Course of
My Life, p.468.
Chapter 8
1 Philip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London:
Michael Joseph, 1985), p.132; John Campbell, Edward Heath (London: Jonathan
Cape, 1993), pp.576–7, 623–4, 658–9.
2 Douglas Hurd, ‘Heath, Sir Edward Richard George (1916–2005)’, Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Jan 2009 [www.odnb.com].
3 The Guardian, 25 March 1992; Campbell, Edward Heath, p.806.
4 Hurd in ODNB; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.718–22.
5 The Guardian, 18 July 2005; The Independent, 18 July 2005.
6 Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998),
pp.83–4, 532, 536.
7 Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.675, 696, 726–7; Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young
Papers (London: Allen lane, 2008), p.109.
8 Hurd in ODNB; The Guardian, 6 November 1980; Heath, The Course of My Life,
pp.594, 597, 598, 618, 708, 715–16; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.679, 765, 804;
The Independent, 18 July 2005.
9 Hurd in ODNB; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.703, 796–8; The Guardian, 19 July
2005.
10 Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.xx, 680–1, 729, 742; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken,
Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (London: Jonathan
Cape, 2002), pp.225–7; Hailsham Diary entry for 20 January 1976, Margaret
Thatcher Foundation website [www.margaretthatcher.org/archive], document
111153.
11 John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Volume One: The Grocer’s Daughter (London:
Jonathan Cape, 2000), p.297; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.713–15.
12 Hurd in ODNB; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.35, 778–92; Heath, The Course of
My Life, pp.580, 627; The Guardian, 18 July 2005.
13 The Guardian, 19 July 2005.
14 Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.694, 749; The Guardian: 29 September 1998,
30 September 1998, 10 October 1998; The Times, 18 December 1998.
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15 Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.694–5; Denis MacShane, Heath (London: Haus
Publishing, 2006), p.145; The Guardian: 11 January 1999, 26 February 1999,
25 March 1999.
16 Tony Benn, More Time for Politics: Diaries 2001–2007 (London: Hutchinson, 2007),
pp.10, 51, 97; House of Commons Debates, 18 July 2005, col. 1079; Sunday Times,
13 September 1998; The Independent: 14 September 1998, 19 December 1998.
17 The Independent, 18 July 2005; John Campbell, Edward Heath, pp.xiv, 679, 680,
698, 716.
18 Tony Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–76 (London: Hutchinson, 1989),
pp.368–9, 543, 624; Philip Ziegler, Wilson: The Authorised Life (London: Weidenfeld
and Nicolson, 1993), p.493; The Guardian, 24 June 1976.
19 Harold Wilson, A Prime Minister on Prime Ministers (London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson and Michael Joseph, 1977), pp.187–8; Bernard Donoughue, The Heat of
the Kitchen (London: Politico’s, 2003), p.178; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries
1974–76 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980), p.690; Roy Jenkins, ‘Wilson,
(James) Harold, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx (1916–1995)’, Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography, Sept 2004, online edn, Jan 2009 [www.oxforddnb.com].
20 Paul Routledge, Wilson (London: Haus Publishing, 2006), pp.3–5; Roy Jenkins,
A Life at the Centre (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp.297–8; Tony Benn, Office
Without Power: Diaries 1968–72 (London: Hutchinson, 1988), p.318.
21 Donoughue, The Heat of the Kitchen, pp.178–82; The Guardian, 1 November 1986;
Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in
No. 10 (London: Jonathan Cape, 2008), p.371; Harold – The Wilson Years
(Colchester: ITV, March 2006), p.18; Peter Garrard, ‘Cognitive Archaeology:
Uses, Methods and Results’, Journal of Neurolinguistics, vol. 20, 2008, pp.9–13;
David Owen, In Sickness and in Power: Illness in Heads of Government During the
Last 100 Years (London: Methuen, 2008), pp.84–5.
22 The Guardian, 17 March 1976; Ziegler, Wilson, p.492; Donoughue, Downing Street
Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10, p.154.
23 Benn, Against the Tide, pp.560. 571; The Guardian, 23 April 1976; Ziegler,
Wilson, pp.494–8; Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: HarperCollins, 1992),
pp.685–9.
24 David Leigh, The Wilson Plot (London: Heinemann, 1988); Stephen Dorril and
Robin Ramsay, Smear! Wilson and the Secret State (London: Fourth Estate, 1991);
Tony Benn, Conflicts of Interest: Diaires 1977–80 (London: Hutchinson, 1990),
p.378; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No.
10, pp.93, 286; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p.697.
25 Donoughue, The Heat of the Kitchen, pp.190–1; Bernard Donoughue, Downing
Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10 (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005), p.722.
26 Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p.690; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, p.264; Benn, Against the
Tide, pp.557, 693; Ziegler, Wilson, pp.503, 509–10; Donoughue, Downing Street
Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10, pp.164–5.
27 Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p.682; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, p.399; Donoughue,
Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10, p.682; Ziegler, Wilson, p.503.
28 Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10,
p.451; Routledge, Wilson, p.134.
29 The Guardian: 24 June 1976, 15 October 1976, 21 October 1976; The Economist,
30 October 1976; Joe Haines, Glimmers of Twilight (London: Politico’s, 2003),
p.124; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10, p.614;
Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10, p.36;
Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock
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(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p.259; The Times, 7 April 1981; Ziegler,
Wilson, p.509.
30 Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10,
p.367; The Guardian, 17 March 1976; The Observer: 21 October 1979, 21 January
1990.
31 Donoughue, Downing Street Diary Volume 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10, pp.446,
493; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p.727; The Observer, 5 December 1976; The Guardian,
3 March 1983; Ziegler, Wilson, pp.511–13.
32 Harold – The Wilson Years, p.19; ‘The Truth about Harold Wilson – After 30 Years
of Scandalous Rumours’, Daily Mail, 22 June 2007; Cherie Booth and Cate Haste,
The Goldfish Bowl: Married to the Prime Minister 1955–1997 (London: Chatto and
Windus, 2004), p.145.
33 ‘Callaghan Expects “Worst PM” Tag’, BBC News Online, 8 October 1999 [http://
news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk_politics/468625.stm]; Kevin Theakston and Mark Gill,
‘Rating 20
th
-Century British Prime Ministers’, British Journal of Politics and
International Relations, vol. 8, no. 2, 2006; Booth and Haste, The Goldfish Bowl,
p.178.
34 James Callaghan, Time and Chance (London: Collins, 1987), p.300; Kenneth
O. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997),
p.382.
35 Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p.466.
36 David Owen, Time to Declare (London: Michael Joseph, 1991), p.442, quoting
The Guardian, 18 June 1980; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p.153; Morgan,
Callaghan, pp.707–18.
37 Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p.147.
38 Lord Morgan, ‘Leadership and Change: Prime Ministers in the Post-War World
– James Callaghan’, Gresham College Lecture, 5 June 2007, with introductory and
concluding remarks by Peter Hennessy; Morgan, Callaghan, p.721; The Guardian,
4 June 1985; House of Lords debates, 28 November 1989, col. 391; The Times,
19 March 2002.
39 Morgan, Callaghan, pp.725–9; The Times, 10 March 1987; The Economist, 14 March
1987.
40 Morgan, Callaghan, pp.731–5; Gerald Ford, ‘Personal Reflections on My
Experience as a Former President’, in Richard Norton Smith and Timothy
Walch (eds), Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life
(Worland, Wyoming: High Plains Publishing Co., 1990), p.173.
41 Morgan, Callaghan, pp.278–9, 510–11, 729, 735; Roy Hattersley, ‘Callaghan,
Leonard James, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff (1912–2005)’, Oxford Dictionary
of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Jan 2009
[www.oxforddnb.com]; House of Lords debates, 26 February 1996, col. 1254.
42 The Guardian, 13 April 1987; The Observer, 12 April 1987; The Economist, 11 April
1987.
43 London Evening Standard, 15 October 2008; Western Mail, 18 August 2005; Morgan,
Callaghan, pp.377–81, 737–42.
44 Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p.377; Morgan, Callaghan, pp.744–5,
748; Morgan, Gresham College lecture on Callaghan; House of Lords debates:
30 March 1999, cols. 216–19; 17 May 1999, cols. 66–7, 71 ; 26 October 1999,
cols. 229–31.
45 ‘“Tough Operator” Remembered’, BBC News website, 26 March 2005 [http://news.
bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4385189.stm]; Booth and Haste, The Goldfish Bowl,
p.181; The Times, 27 March 2002.
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Chapter 9
1 Richard Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain (London: Simon and Schuster, 2009), p.57;
Carol Thatcher, Below The Parapet: The Biography of Denis Thatcher (London:
HarperCollins, 1996), pp.253–4; Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years
(London: HarperCollins, 1993), pp.831–2.
2 Thatcher, Below The Parapet, pp.132–3, 278, 279, 275–6; Margaret Thatcher,
The Path to Power (London: Harper Collins, 1995), pp.466–7; John Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher, volume two, The Iron Lady (London: Jonathan Cape, 2003),
pp.751–4; John Sergeant, Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy (London: Macmillan,
2005), p.184.
3 John Major, The Autobiography (London: HarperCollins, 1999), pp.206–7;
Campbell, The Iron Lady, p.750; Sergeant Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy, pp.173–4.
4 Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.674, 755–6, 758–9, 775; ‘Thatcher: Après moi’,
BBC News website, 26 April 1999 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/special_report/
1999/04/99/thatcher_anniversary/325148.stm].
5 Peter Clarke, ‘Margaret Thatcher’s Place in History: Two Views’, Journal of
the History of Economic Thought, vol. 24, no. 3, 2002, p.368; The Guardian,
18 October 1993; The Independent, 23 October 1993; The Sunday Independent,
24 October 1993; Lord Gilmour, ‘The Thatcher Memoirs’, Twentieth Century
British History, vol. 5, no. 2, 1994, p.258; Thatcher, The Downing Street Years,
pp.28–9.
6 Thatcher, The Path to Power, p.475; Sergeant, Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy, pp.193–4;
Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.746, 751.
7 Anthony Seldon, Major: A Political Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
1997), p.560; Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.762, 767, 781; The Guardian,
21 September 1999.
8 Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.765, 768, 772, 773–4; Major, The Autobiography,
pp.275, 350; Sergeant, Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy, pp.275, 265.
9 Seldon, Major, p.561; Sergeant, Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy, pp.313, 317, 321;
Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.751, 785, 789; Anthony Seldon, Blair (London:
The Free Press, 2004), pp.448–50.
10 Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.787, 790, 791; Sergeant, Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy,
pp.343–4, 345–6; Mark Garnett, ‘Banality in Politics: Margaret Thatcher and the
Biographers’, Political Studies Review, vol. 5, 2007, pp.181–2.
11 Campbell, The Iron Lady, pp.795–7.
12 Thatcher, Below The Parapet, p.287.
13 Carol Thatcher, A Swim-On Part in the Goldfish Bowl (London: Headline Books,
2008); The Guardian, 3 February 2007.
14 The Sunday Times, 12 April 2009, 26 April 2009.
15 Garnett, ‘Banality in Politics: Margaret Thatcher and the Biographers’,
p.181.
16 John Major, The Autobiography (London: HarperCollins, 1999), pp.721, 722–3,
725–9, 735.
17 Major, The Autobiography, pp.xviii, 309.
18 Daily Telegraph, 27 July 2002.
19 Major, The Autobiography, pp.721–2; Anthony Seldon, Major: A Political Life
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997), pp.3–4; Keith Alderman, ‘The
Conservative Party Leadership Election of 1997’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 51,
no. 1, 1998, p.3; Alan Clark, The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State
1922–1997 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998), p.440; Tim Heppell,
Notes 259
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Choosing the Tory Leader: Conservative Party Leadership Elections from Heath to
Cameron (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007), p.122.
20 ‘Breakfast With Frost’, BBC TV, 8 October 2000; Public Administration
Committee, ‘The Honours System’, HC 212-II, 2003–04, qs. 906, 910; The Times,
21 May 2004; Daily Mail, 30 September 2002, 27 May 2003.
21 The Observer, 17 October 1999; The Times, 12 October 1999; The Guardian:
5 February 1998, 3 November 1999; Robert Taylor, Major (London: Haus
Publishing, 2006), p.122; Major, The Autobiography, p.xxi.
22 Private information; The Spectator, 2 June 2007; The Times, 19 May 2007; John
Major, More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket’s Early Years (London: HarperCollins,
2007), p.9; The Sunday Times, 4 November 2007; ABC News Online, 15 May 2007
[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1923188.htm]; Daily Telegraph,
7 March 2009.
23 The Guardian: 5 February 1999, 3 February 2007; The Independent, 24 February
2007.
24 Daily Telegraph, 22 March 2002; The People, 8 February 1998; The Independent,
18 December 1999; Independent on Sunday, 4 April 2004; The Times, 18 December
1999; The Guardian: 31 October 2001, 3 February 2007.
25 The Guardian, 3 February 2007; Sergeant, Maggie: Her Fatal Legacy, p.61; Booth
and Haste, The Goldfish Bowl, p.261; The Times, 19 May 2007; House of
Commons Public Administration Committee evidence, 10 November 2009,
q.169.
26 The Independent, 14 October 2004; ‘How to be Ex-Prime Minister’, BBC2 TV,
17 July 2007; private information; ‘BBC Sunday AM’, 23 October 2005; The
Times: 28 April 2007, 2 May 2007.
27 The Times, 26 April 2007; Major, The Autobiography, p.732; The Guardian,
16 March 2001.
28 Daily Telegraph, 23 August 2001; Daily Mail, 25 October 2003.
29 ‘BBC Sunday AM’, 23 October 2005; BBC News 24, 1 March 2006; Press
Association, 8 October 2006; The Guardian: 25 April 2007, 26 May 2007.
30 Daily Telegraph: 24 October 2003, 9 March 2007; House of Commons debates,
2 February 1999, cols. 767–72; ‘BBC Sunday AM’, 16 July 2006.
31 The Times: 6 June 2008, 16 June 2009; The Guardian, 14 July 2008; Daily
Telegraph: 14 December 2008, 7 May 2009, 24 July 2009.
32 House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee evidence,
10 November 2009, q.169; Daily Mail, 11 November 2009.
33 MORI satisfaction ratings [http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/
researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=88&view=wide].
34 Anthony Seldon, Blair (London: The Free Press, 2004), p.678; Anthony Seldon,
Blair Unbound (London: Simon & Schuster, 2007), pp.206–7, 277, 498; Alastair
Campbell, The Blair Years: Extracts from the Alastair Campbell Diaries (London:
Hutchinson, 2007), pp.628–9.
35 Seldon, Blair Unbound, p.573; The Times Magazine, 25 June 2007.
36 Seldon, Blair Unbound, pp.299, 488–9; Cherie Blair, Speaking For Myself (London:
Little, Brown, 2008), p.402; BBC News website, 14 January 2006 [http://news.bbc.
co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk_politics/4611836.stm]; Sunday Times, 9 September 2007;
The Guardian, 15 September 2006.
37 Daily Telegraph: 20 January 2007, 4 May 2007; The Observer, 4 March 2007;
The Times Magazine, 25 June 2007.
38 The Times Magazine, 25 June 2007; The Guardian: 14 December 2005, 8 January
2007, 12 February 2007; Blair, Speaking For Myself, pp.368–9; Seldon, Blair Unbound,
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p.577; Daily Telegraph, 20 January 2007; The Observer, 4 March 2007; The Times,
30 March 2006.
39 Daily Telegraph: 13 May 2007, 6 October 2007, 21 February 2009; Daily Mail,
23 April 2008.
40 Seldon, Blair Unbound, p.577; The Guardian, 26 October 2007; Daily Telegraph,
28 February 2009.
41 ‘What can Blair’s Climate Trip Achieve?’, BBC News, 14 March 2008 [http://news.
bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7296130.stm]; The Guardian, 14 March 2008.
42 The Guardian, 11 January 2008; The Times Magazine, 23 June 2007; Daily Mail,
4 May 2007; Sunday Times Magazine, 6 July 2008.
43 Mail on Sunday, 28 October 2007; The Times, 9 November 2007; The Sunday
Times: 22 February 2009, 5 April 2009; The Guardian, 9 November 2007.
44 The Times: 11 January 2008, 29 January 2008; Daily Telegraph, 11 January 2008.
45 The Times: 11 January 2008, 13 January 2008, 29 January 2008; The Guardian,
11 January 2008; Daily Telegraph, 11 January 2008.
46 Sunday Times, 22 February 2009; Financial Times, 30 October 2009.
47 Sunday Times Magazine, 6 July 2008; Observer, 23 December 2007; Time, 28 May
2008; The Times: 8 April 2008, 10 April 2009; The Independent, 4 April 2008; BBC
News website, 13 April 2009 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7994618.stm].
48 New Statesman, 23 March 2009; Time, 28 May 2008; The Times, 8 April 2008.
49 The Economist, 2 June 2007; The Times, 1 September 2006.
50 Daily Telegraph: 15 June 2007, 24 April 2009; Sunday Times, 14 October 2007;
The Times: 15 October 2007, 28 April 2008, 5 February 2009; The Guardian:
12 January 2008, 25 May 2009; Mail on Sunday, 3 August 2008; Observer, 3 August
2008.
51 Independent on Sunday, 24 May 2009; Sunday Times, 26 October 2008; Observer,
21 June 2006; The Guardian, 24 April 2008; New Statesman, 16 October 2008.
52 The Times, 29 October 2009; Sunday Times, 1 November 2009.
53 Sunday Times Magazine, 6 July 2008; Observer, 16 March 2008; The Guardian,
1 May 2008; Sunday Times, 16 December 2007.
Chapter 10
1 Richard Norton Smith and Timothy Walch (eds), Farewell to the Chief: Former
Presidents in American Public Life (Worland, Wyoming: High Plains Publishing,
1990), p.xi; Andrew Jack, ‘Into the Sunset: How Ex-Leaders Adjust to Life with
Less Power’, Financial Times, 26 December 2007; James Fallows, ‘Post-President
for Life’, The Atlantic Monthly, March 2003.
2 Irina Belenky, ‘The Making of the Ex-Presidents, 1797–1993: Six Recurrent
Models’, Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 1, 1999, pp.150–65.
3 Fallows, ‘Post-President for Life’; Thomas F. Schaller and Thomas W. Williams,
‘The Contemporary Presidency: Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern
Era’, Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1, 2003, pp.188–200; George
H.W. Bush, Lecture to the US Senate, 20 January 1999 [http://www.senate.gov/
artandhistory/history/common/generic/Leaders_Lecture_Series_Bush.htm]; Mark
Updegrove, Second Acts: Presidential Lives and Legacies After the White House
(Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press, 2006), pp.207–39.
4 Jean Blondel, World Leaders: Heads of Government in the Postwar Period (London:
Sage, 1980), pp.210–11.
5 Fallows, ‘Post-President for Life’.
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