The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 3: Medieval Japan
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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
GLOSSARY
OF
SELECTED TERMS
Akuto
SIE.
Literally, "evil bands." Lawless groups
of
minor warriors
and, at
times,
peasants
who
banded together
to
seize
tax
rice
and
commit other acts
of
banditry.
They became especially prevalent after
the
mid-thirteenth century
and are
known
to
have acted with
or
under
the
direction
of
other warriors, including military estate
stewards
(jits),
who
challenged
the
political order of the Kamakura
and
NambokuchO
periods.
Ashikaga bakufu
ffifijfl^lff. The
second warrior government established
by
Ashikaga
Takauji which ruled between
1338 and
1573 from
its
headquarters
in the
Muromachi
district
of
Kyoto after
1378; see
also Muromachi period.
Azukari-dokoro
fjjfilf.
Manager
or
custodian of a
shOen
who,
in
some cases, also acted
as a
deputy
of
the
shOen
proprietor. This office
was
often given
to the
major commender
of
the land.
Bakufu
Miff-
Literally, "tent government."
The
government
of
the warrior class head-
ed
by a
shogun.
Bashaku
,BKB
.
Teamsters
who
used horses
to
transport rice
and
other goods from rural
areas
to the
cities.
By the
Kamakura period, they
had a
virtual monopoly over land
shipment,
and in the
Muromachi period, guilds
(za)
were formed
to
consolidate that
monopoly.
Befu
(or
beppu)
Si](ff.
Administrative unit
of
provincial land (kokugaryo).
Bivia
hCshi
Jlf^&Sfi- Literally, "lute priest." Itinerant performers, usually blind,
who
chanted works
of
vocal literature
to the
accompaniment
of
a lute. First mentioned
in
contemporary sources
in the
tenth century, they
are
believed
to
have become popular
with
the
spread
of
Buddhism.
Bu
$.
Unit
of
land measurement equivalent
to 1/360
chO;
see cho.
Bugaku
W<&.
The
dance repertoire
of the
Japanese imperial court.
An
element
of the
traditional music (gagaku) integral
to
court life during
the
Heian period
but
less
popular
in the
early Kamakura period.
BugyOnin
^fr
A. Administrative stewards originally appointed
by the
Kamakura bakufu
to oversee such administrative functions
as the
judiciary, shogunal household affairs,
matters relating
to
temples
and
shrines,
and
civil engineering projects. They contin-
ued
to
supervise judicial
and
administrative affairs under
the
Muromachi bakufu.
BugyOnin-sha
^'fs
K%- Corps
of
administrators responsible
for
preparing policy briefs
for
the
shogun.
Buke
f£M-
Military aristocracy, warrior estate, also referred
to as
bushi
or
samurai.
Buppo
{Lfe.
Buddhist
law.
Bushi
S^±. See
buke.
Buyaku
-£g.
Labor service.
A tax
paid
in
miscellaneous products
and
labor. Although
initially
for
agricultural work, labor
for
such purposes
as
land reclamation
and
irriga-
tion projects, repair
of
roads, transportation
of tax
rice,
and
military service
was
demanded over time
by
shOen
proprietors
and
warrior overlords.
Chanoyu
%i<Di&.
Tea
ceremony.
A
highly structured method
for
preparing
tea in the
687
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
688 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS
company of guests.
Chigyo
%}'fr.
Originally meaning "to carry out the functions of office," this term was fre-
quently used to refer to income, especially tax rice, from land. Most commonly used
in the medieval to the Tokugawa period to refer to income from fief granted to war-
riors by their overlord.
ChigyOkoku
ia'nS. Province (koku) held as fief
(chigyO)
by a warrior. Also, in the Heian
and early Kamakura periods, an entire province held in proprietorship by a ranking
court noble or religious institution appointed by the civil government to serve as pro-
vincial proprietor (kokushu) of the public land.
Chinjo E^tfc. Statement of rebuttal in a judicial inquiry that along with a statement of
ac-
cusation
(sojo)
and the collection and analysis of evidence, became the basis for judg-
ment.
Chinjufu shogun
M^FI^^W-
General who commanded the headquarters for pacifica-
tion and defense in northern Honshu established during the Nara period.
ChinsO
(or chinzd) Hft!. Originally referring to sacred aspects of the Buddha manifested
in physical characteristics. In Japan, chiefly a genre of sculpture and painting devoted
to the realistic, three-dimensional portrayal of the seated or standing figures of
historical Zen priests.
Chinzei
bugyO
IfifS^fr. A post held in Kyushu by two commissioners appointed by the
Kamakura bakufu to oversee local affairs and maintain peace among the Minamoto
vassals. Superseded by the Chinzei tandai in the late thirteenth century.
Chinzei dangijo |RjSI&S£iW. Office established in 128; at Hakata as the central judicial
and administrative organ for the Kyushu region.
Chinzei
sdbugyOsho
JRSfij^fTtW. Agency established in 1293 to facilitate the authority
of two men of the HojO family dispatched to Hakata to judge court cases and com-
mand military forces. Some scholars regard this agency as the de facto beginnings of
the Chinzei tandai.
Chinzei tandai 8SS££!S. Office of the military governor of Kyushu established in 1293
in the wake of the Mongol invasions and accorded powers similar to those of the
Rokuhara tandai; also called Kyushu tandai.
Cho fff(T). Unit of land measurement equivalent to 2.45 acres. Because cho using the
same character can also be a unit of length, when used to refer to land area it is often
expressed as chobu.
ChObu
Bj*. See cho.
Daibon SankajO ^:}GH©^. "Three regulations for great crimes"; also pronounced
Taibon SankajO. Formalized in the Goseibai Shikimoku code of 1232, this phrase
referred to the authority of the military governors
(shugo)
under the Kamakura bakufu.
Despite the phrase,
shugo
authority under this "regulation" included jurisdiction over
the crimes of murder and rebellion and the obligation of mustering the imperial guard.
The term continued to be used into the Muromachi period.
Dajo daijin ±jgt^:E. Post of prime minister. The highest court title accorded authority
over both the warrior and court nobility.
Daikan ftlir. A deputy or manager entrusted with local administration. Appointed by
the bakufu, shoen proprietor, or regional military lord (daimyo), daikan acted as their
local representative in the provinces.
Daimyo
~k.%>-
Regional military lords who controlled a region; see shugo daimyo and
sengoku daimyo.
Daimyo
ryOgoku
-k&v&M-
Domain of
a
regional military lord (daimyo).
Dazaifu ii^ffi. The goverment headquarters in Kyushu established as a regular office
in the Taiho code of 701 and charged with diplomatic and defense responsibilities in
addition to the administration of the provinces of Kyushu during the Heian period.
During the Kamakura period, the office of Dazaifu functioned in name only.
Dengaku EH=£. Literally, "field music." Early medieval theater similar to sarugaku and
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