The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 06. Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
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Sa-la-ti (Te-tsu)
A-PAO-CHI (Tai-tsu)
(907-26)
[-
La-ko
Tieh-la Yin-ti-shih
An-tuan
Su
Pei
h.a. 917
TE-KUANG (Tai-tsung)
(927-47)
|—
Li-hu
1
Ya-li-kuo
Li-ko
P'en-tu
Cha-ko
YUAN (Shih-tsung)
(947-51)
|
Lou-kuo CHING (Mu-tsung)
(951-69)
Yen-sa-ko
1
T'ien-te
Ti-lieh Pi-she Hsi-yin
Wan
Hou-a-pu
(died young)
HSIEN (Ching-tsung)
J969-82)
|
Chih-mo
6.
7.
LUNG-HSU (Sheng-tsung) Lung-ch'ing
roo^-tnln
i '
(982-1051)
Lung-yu
Yao-shih-nu
(died young)
TSUNG-CHEN (Hsing-tsung)l Chung-yuan Pieh-ku-te
/1/12 1 <<\ r
Wu'-ke
Kou-erh
Hou-ka
(1031-55)
f
HUNG-CHI (Tao-tsung)
I
(1055-1101)1
'
J Ho-lu-wo
A-lien
1
Nieh-lu-ku
|
Chiin
I
I
Shih-tu Yiian
A.
Ch'un (Hsiian-tsung)
"Emperor"
of
Pei-Liao
1122
9.
YEN-HSI (Tien-iso)
(1101-1125)1
C. YA-LI
(Prince
of
Liang,
enthroned
1123)
Ta-lu
(died young)
Hsi-ni-lieh
B.
TING
(Prince
of
Ch'in,
enthroned
1122)
Ao*lu-wo
(Prince
of
Chin)
Note: There
is
great confusion about
the
sons
of
T'ien-tso.
The
table shows
six sons
as
listed
in the
royal genealogy,
LS. 64, pp.
994-7.
1-9
Successors
to the
Liao throne
A,B,C,
Were
all
briefly enthroned
and
given
regnal titles during
the
last years
of T'ien-tso.
Ning
FIGURE 2. Outline genealogy of Liao
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TABLE
I
Liao emperors
and
their regnal
titles"
T'ai-tsu
(r. 9O7-26)
b
Tai-tsung (r. 927-47)
Shih-tsung (r. 947—51)
Mu-tsung (r. 951—69)
Ching-tsung (r. 969—82)
Sheng-tsung (r. 982-1031)
Sheng-tsung cont'd
Hsing-tsung (r. 1031-55)
Tao-tsung (r. 1055-1101)
T'ien-tso
(r.
1101—
25)
Hsuan-tsung (reigned in Southern Capital,
1122)
Shen-ts'e
1
T'ien-tsan
T'ien-hsien
T'ien-hsien
Hui-t'ung
Ta-t'ung
T'ien-lu
Ying-li
Pao-ning
Ch'ien-heng
T'ung-ho
K'ai-t'ai
T'ai-p'ing
Ching-fu
Ch'ung-hsi
Ch'ing-ning
Hsien-yung
T'ai-k'ang'
Ta-an
Shou-lung'
Ch'ien-t'ung
T'ien-ch'ing
Pao-ta
Chien-fu
916
922—26
926
926-38
938-47
947
d
947-51
951-69
969-79
979-83
983-1012
1012—21
1021-31
1031—2
1032-55
1055-65
1065-75
1075-85
1085-95
1095-1101
IIOI—II
1111—21
1121—5
1122
"This table lists information from
Liao
shih,
chaps. 1-30. Ch'i-tan
kuo-chih
has various differences. See the
note in Arthur C. Moule, The
rulers of China
(London, 1957), pp. 91—3 and table, p. 97.
T'ai-tsu's
accession appears twice in
Liao
shih,
in 907 and 916. Probably 907 is the year when he became
paramount leader of the Ch'i-tan, and 916 is the date when he became ruler of a Chinese-style Ch'i-tan
state.
T'ai-tsu's
accession and the dynastic founding are dated 916 by Ch'i-tan
kuo-chih.
Before that date, Liao
shih simply numbers the years. There is some doubt whether Shen-ts'e and T'ien-tsan ever existed: They
may have been invented later to push back the date of the independent Ch'i-tan state to 916. Ch'i-tan
kuo-
chih
dates T'ien-hsien as 927 to 937.
^h'i-tan
kuo-chih
omits Ta-t'ung and dates
T'ien-lu
as 948 to 951.
'Ch'i-tan
kuo-chih
omits T'ai-k'ang and Ta-an.
'Shou-ch'ang in Ch'i-tan
kuo-chih.
XX11
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
#1—10:
Holders of the Ting-nan military governorship at Hsia-chou.
Ssu-chung ^—^^^^—^—
?
^—^—^— T'o-pa Ssu-kung ^—— Ssu-chien
I
I 1 I (d. 895) 2
Jen-yen Li Jen-fu Jen-yu
4
I-ching I-yin I-ch'ao I-ch'ang
I
6| 5 3
(C'o (Kuang) -yen K'o-jui
I
I
Chi-p'eng Chi-yun
9 8
Li Chi-chien (963-1004): Tai-tsu
10
Li Te-ming (983-1032): Tai-tsung
I
Wei-ming Nang-hsiao (Li Yuan-hao): Ching-tsung, r. 1032-48
I
Liang-tso: 1-tsung, r. 1048-67
I
Ping-ch'ang: Hui-tsung, r. 1068-86
I
Ch'ien-shun: Ch'ung-tsung, r. 1086-1139
>
j
1
Yen-tsung
Tsun-hsiang:
1
Jen-hsiao
1
1
Ch'un-yu:
Shen-tsung, r.
: Jen-tsung, r. 1139-93
Huan-tsung
r. 1193-1206
1211-23
Te-wang: Hsien-tsung, r. 1223-6
An-ch'iian
Ch'ing-p'ing
1
1
Hsien, r
1
Jcn-yu
l
1
: Hsiang-tsung
r. 1206-11
chun-wang
. 1226-7
Modified from Wu Tien-ch'ih, Hsi-hsia shih kao (1983), p. 292.
FIGURE 3 . Genealogy of the Hsia ruling house
xxm
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TABLE 2
Hsia
emperors
and regnal titles
Ching-tsung (r. 1032-48)
Hsien-tao (1032)
Kuang-yiin (103;) (originally
K'ai-yiin)
Ta-ch'ing (1036-8)
T'ien-shou
li-fe yen-tso (1038-48)
I-csung
(r. 1048—67)
Yen-ssu ning-kuo (1049)
T'ien-yu
ch'ui-sheng (1050—2)
Fu-shcng ch'eng-tao (1053—6)
Ch'an-tu (1057—62)
Kung-hua (1063-7)
Hui-tsung (r. 1068-86)
Ch'ien-tao (1068—9)
T'ien-ssu
li-sheng kuo-ch'ing (io69~?iO74)
Ta-an (1074—84?)
T'ien-an
li-ting
(?
1085-6)
Ch'ung-csung (r. 1086— 1139)
T'ien-i
chih-p'ing (?io86—9)
T'ien-yu
min-an (1090-7)
Yung-an (1098— 1100)
Chen-kuan (1101 —13)
Yung-ning (1114-18)
Yuan-te (1119—26)
Cheng-te (1127-34)
Ta-te (1135-9)
Jen-tsung (r. 1139-93)
Ta-ch'ing (1140—3)
Jen-ch'ing (1144-8)
T'ien-sheng
(1149—?! 169)
Ch'ien-yu (1170—93)
Huan-tsung (r. 1193-1206)
T'ien-ch'ing
(1194-1206)
Hsiang-tsung (r. 1206—11)
Ying-t'ien (1206-9)
Huang-chien (1210—11)
Shen-csung (r. 1211 -2 3)
Kuang-ting (1211-23)
Hsien-csung (r. 1223-6)
Ch'ien-ting (1223—6)
Hsien (r. 1226—7)
?Pao-i (1226-7)
XXIV
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(7) Ho-li-po
(b.
1038,
t. 1074-92)
(l)Han-p'u
I
(2) Wu-lu
O)Pa-hai
I
(4) Sui-ko
(5) Shih-lu
(6) Wu-ku-nai (b. 1021, d. 1074)
(8) Po-la-shu
(b.
1042,
r. 1092-4)
(9) Ying-ko
(b.
1053,
r. 1094-1103)
(10) Wu-ya-shu
(b.
1061.
r. 1103-13)
(II) A-ku-ta (Chin Tai-tsu)
(b.
1068, r. 1113 (1115
emperor) -1123)
(12) Wu-chi-mai
(Chin: T'ai-tsung)
(b.
1075, r. 1123-35)
Noli: The names of the early Jurchen rulers are sometimes written differently in the
Chinese sources. Our genealogy follows the Chin thih. In 1135-6, all the former rulers
of the Wan-yen clan were given imperial designations posthumously.
FIGURE 4. Genealogy of the early Jurchen rulers
(1) T'ai-tsu
(b.
1068, r. 111.3
(1115 emperor) -1123)
Tsung-kan
ung
Tsung-hsiin
(4) Hai-ling wang
(b.
1122, r. 1149-61)
(3) Hsi-tsung
(b.
1119,
r. 1135-49)
(2) T'ai-tsung
(b.
1075, r. 1123-35)
brother of T'ai-tsu
I
Tsung-fu
(5) Shih-tsung
(b.
1123,
r. 1161-89)
Yiin-kung
(8) Hsiian-tsung
(b.
1163,
r. 1213-23)
(7) Wei-shao wang
(r.
1208-13)
(6) Chang-tsung
(b.
1168,
r. 1189-1208)
(9) Ai-tsung
(b.
1198,
r. 1223-34)
Note: This genealogy of Chin emperors indicates the patrilineal descendance. For a full
genealogy that lists also the other members of the imperial Wan-yen clan, see
Toyama Gunji, Kimkiibi knkyu (Kyoto, 1964), the end of the volume.
FIGURE
5. Genealogy of the Chin emperors
XXV
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TABLE
3
Chin
emperors
and regnal titles
T'ai-tsu
T'ai-tsung
Hsi-tsung
Hai-ling Wang
Shih-tsung
Chang-tsung
Wei
Shao Wang
Hsiian-tsung
Ai-tsung
Mo-ti
Shou-kuo
T'ien-fu
T'ien-hui
T'ien-chiian
Huang-t'ung
T'ien-te
Chen-yuan
Cheng-lung
Ta-ting
Ming-ch'ang
Ch'eng-an
T'ai-ho
Ta-an
Ch'ung-ch'ing
Chih-ning
Chen-yu
Hsing-cing
Yiian-kuang
Cheng-ta
K'ai-hsing
T'ien-hsing
1115-17
1117-23
1123-38
1138—41
1141-50
1150-3
1153-6
1156—61
1161-90
1190—6
1196—1201
1201—9
1209—12
1212—13
1213
1213-17
1217-22
1222—4
1224-32
1232
1232-4
1234
XXVI
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Jochi
d.
1127
Golden Horde
Khans
Yesiigei
Lieh-tsu
Temijjin
Tai-tsu
1167-1227
r. 1206-1227
I
Chaghadai
Khans in
Central Asia
Ogddei
T'ai-tsung
1186-1248
r. 1229-1241
I
Tolui
Jui-tsung
d.
1232
regency of
Toregene, widow
of
T'ai-tsung
1241-1246
Giiyiig
Ting-tsung
1206-1248
r. 1246-1248
regency of
Oghul Khaimish
widow of Ting-tsung
1246-1251
Mb'ngke
Hsien-tsung
1209-1259
r. 1251-1259
Khubilai
Shih-rsu
1215-1294
r. 1260-1294
J
T
I
Hiilegu Arigh Boke
Il-Khans
in Persia
Chen-chin
Yu-tsung
1243-1285
I
Kammala
Hsien-tsung
1263-1302
Darmabala
Shun-tsung
1264-1292
_L
Temiir
Ch'eng-tsung
1265-1307
r. 1294-1307
Yesiin Temiir
T'ai-ting
huang-ti
1293-1328
r. 1323-1328
Khaishan
Wu-tsung
1281-1311
r. 1308-1311
Ayurbarwada
Jen-tsung
1285-1320
r. 1311-1320
Aragibag
r. 10.-11.1328
Tugh Temiir
Wen-tsung
1304-1332
r.
1328-2.1329
reascended,
r.
1.329-1.332
Khoshila
Ming-tsung
1.300-1329
r. 1329
Shidebala
Ying-tsung
1303-1.323
r. 1321-1323
Irinjibal
Ning-tsung
1326-1332
r. 10.-12.13.32
Toghon Temiir
Shun-ti
1320-1.370
r. 1333-1368(1370)
Ayushiridara
Chao-tsung
1339-1378
Toghus Temiir
1.342-1388
r. 1379-1388
FIGURE
6.
Genealogy
of
Mongolian rulers
xxvn
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TABLE
4
Regnal
titles of
Mongolian rulers
Mongolian name
Temiijin
Ogodei
Giiyiik
Mongke
Khubilai
Temiir
Khaishan
Ayurbarwada
Shidebala
Yesiin Temiir
Arigibag
Tugh Temiir
(abdicated
1329)
Khoshila
Tugh Temiir
(restored
1329)
Irinjibal
Toghon Temiir
Ayushiridara
Togus Temiir
Regnal titles
(1206-27)
(1229-41)
(1246-58)
(1251-9)
Chung-t'ung
(1260-3)
Chih-yuan
(1264-94)
Yuan-chen
(1295-6)
Ta-te
(1297-1307)
Chih-ta
(1308-11)
Huang-ch'ing
(1312-13)
Yen-yu
(1314-20)
Chih-chih
(1321-3)
T'ai-ting
(1324-7)
Chih-hod328)
T'ien-shun
(1328)
Tien-li
(1328-9)
(1329)
Chih-shun
(I33O-3)
(1332)
Yiian-t'ung
(1333-4)
Chih-yuan
(1335-40)
Chih-cheng
(1341-68)
Hsiian-kuang
(1371-8)
T'ien-yiian
(1379-88)
Mongolian temple name
Chinggis khan
Sechen khaghan
Oljeitii khaghan
Kiiliig khaghan
Buyantu khaghan
Gegen khaghan
Jayaghatu khaghan
Khutughtu khaghan
Ukhaghacu khaghan
Biliktii khan
Usakhal khan
Chinese temple name
T'ai-tsu
T'ai-tsung
T'ing-tsung
Hsien-tsung
Shih-tsu
Cheng-tsung
Wu-tsung
Jen-tsung
Ying-tsung
T'ai-ting
huang-ci
Wen-tsung
Ming-tsung
Ning-tsung
Shun-ti
Hui-tsung
Chao-tsung
XXVH1
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TABLE
5
Capital
cities
Capitals
Liao
Supreme Capital
(Shang-ching)
Southern Capital
(Nan-ching)
Eastern Capital
(Tung-ching)
Central Capital
(Chung-ching)
Western Capital
(Hsi-ching)
Hit Hsia
Hsing-ch'ing
fu
Chung-hsing
fu
Chin
Supreme Capital
(Shang-ching)
Northern Capital
(Pei-ching)
Central Capital
(Chung-tu)
Southern Capital
(Nan-ching)
Eastern Capital
(Tung-ching)
Western Capital
(Hsi-ching)
Yuan
Khara khorum
K'ai-p'ing
fu
Supreme Capital
(Shang-ching)
The Great Capital
(Ta-tu)
Dates
918—1120
929-38
938-1122
938-1118
1006-1121
1044—1122
name changed,
early twelfth century
date unclear
nth c-1115
1119-38
1138-53
1173-1215
1138—50
1153-1215
1120-53
1153-1215
1215-33
1122-53
1153-1232
1132-53?
1117-32
1153-1212
1122—1212
1256—64
1264—1370
1267-136?
Modern location
Bolon Khoton;
Inner Mongolian
A.R.
p.
124
Liao-yang; Liaoning
Peking
Liao-yang; Liaoning
Ning-ch'eng; Hopei
Ta-t'ung; Shansi
Yin-ch'uan; Ninghsia
Hui A.R.
Yin-ch'uan; Ninghsia
Hui A.R.
A-ch'eng; Heilungkiang
Lin-tung (Bolon Left Banner)
Inner Mongolian
A.R.
A-ch'eng
A-ch'eng
Lin-tung; Inner Mongolia
A.R.
Ning-ch'eng; Hopei
Ning-ch'eng; Hopei-
Peking
Lo-yang; Honan
Peking
K'ai-feng; Honan
Liao-yang; Liaoning
Liao-yang; Liaoning
Liao-yang; Liaoning
Ta-t'ung; Shansi
Mongolian People's Republic
Nr. To-lun Inner Mongolian
A.R.
Nr. To-lun Inner Mongolian
A.R.
Peking
City plan
in Steinhardt,
Chinese
imperial
city planning
p.
126
p.
127
pp.
128-9
p.
149
pp.
151-2
pp.
157-8
XXIX
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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008