?tekauer Pavol, Lieber Rochelle. Handbook of Word-Formation

x

2. The Three Basic Hypotheses of LMBM

189

2.1 THE

S

EPARATI

O

N HYP

O

THE

S

I

S

190

2.2 THE

U

NITARY

G

RAMMATI

C

AL F

U

N

C

TI

O

N HYP

O

THE

S

I

S

191

2.3 THE BA

S

E R

U

LE HYP

O

THE

S

I

S

19

2

3. T

y

pes of Lexical (L-) Derivation 19

4

3.1

CO

MPETEN

C

E:

G

RAMMATI

C

AL L-DERI

V

ATI

O

N

194

3.1.1 Feature

V

alue

S

witches

194

3

.

1

.

2 F

u

n

c

ti

o

nal L

e

xi

c

al-D

e

ri

v

ati

o

n

19

5

3.1.3 Transposition 198

3.1.4 Expressive Derivations 199

4

.

C

onclusion

200

Appendix 201

PAVOL

Š

TEKA

U

ER: ONOMA

S

IOLO

G

ICAL APPROACH TO

WO

RD-F

O

RM

A

TI

ON 20

7

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n20

7

2. Methods of Onomasiolo

g

ical Research 2

08

3. Theoretical approaches 209

3

.

1MIL

OŠ

D

O

K

U

LIL 209

3.2

J

ÁN H

O

RE

C

KÝ 21

1

3.3 PAVOL ŠTEKA

U

ER 211

3.3.1 Word-formation as an inde

p

endent com

p

onent 21

2

3.3.2 The act of namin

g

21

4

3.3.3 Onomasiological Types

217

3.3.4 Conceptual (onoma

s

iological) recategorization

219

3.3.5 An Onomasiological Approach to Productivity

221

3

.

3

.

6 H

e

a

ded

n

ess

22

5

3.3.7 Summary 22

6

3.4 B

OG

DAN

S

ZYMANEK 22

6

3.5 ANDREAS BLAN

K

22

7

3.6 PETER KOCH 229

DA

V

ID T

UGG

Y:

COGN

ITI

V

E APPR

O

A

C

H T

OWO

RD-F

O

RMATI

ON

233

1. Basic notions of

C

ognitive grammar (CG) 2

33

1.1 THE

G

RAMMAR

O

F A LAN

GU

A

G

E

U

NDER

CG

2

33

1.2 LEXICON AND SYNTAX 2

35

C

O

NTENT

S

C

O

NTENT

S

2. Schemas and prototypes

235

2.1

SC

HEMA

S

AND ELAB

O

RATI

O

N

S

235

2.2 PARTIAL

SC

HEMATI

C

ITY AND THE

G

R

OW

TH

O

F

SC

HEMATI

C

NET

WO

RK

S

2

36

2.3 PR

O

T

O

TYPI

C

ALITY AND

S

ALIEN

C

E 2

38

2.4 ACCESS TO THE STORE OF CONVENTIONAL KNOWLEDGE

,

I

NCL

U

DING NEIGHBORING STR

U

CT

U

RES 2

38

2.5 SANCTION 23

9

3.

S

chemas for word formation 24

0

3.1

SC

HEMA

S

F

O

R

WO

RD

S

24

0

3.2 SCHEMAS FOR CLEARLY IDENTIFIABLE WORD PIECES:

STEMS AND AFFIXES AND CONSTRUCTIONAL SCHEM

AS 244

M

3.3 COMPLEX SEMANTIC AND PHONOLOGICAL POLES 246

3.4

SC

HEMA

S

F

O

R

CO

MP

OU

ND

S

248

3.5 STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS

,

CREATIVITY AND

PR

O

D

UC

TI

V

E

US

A

G

E

251

3.6 SANCTION

(

OF VARIOUS KINDS

)

FROM COMPONENTS 254

3.7 COMPONENTS AND PATTERNS FOR THE WHOLE

;

OV

ER

L

A

P

I

NG

P

A

T

E

R

N

RR

S

A

N

A

DM

U

L

T

IPLE

A

N

A

L

Y

S

E

S

2

56

3.8 CONSTIT

U

ENCY 25

7

4.

O

verview of other issues

258

4

.1

V

ALEN

C

E

258

4

.2 THE M

O

RPH

O

L

OG

Y-

S

YNTAX B

OU

NDARY 25

9

4

.3 INFLE

C

TI

O

N

VS

. DERI

V

ATI

O

N2

60

5

. What’s special about En

g

lish word formation? 2

61

6

. Conclusion: Implications of acco

u

nting for morphology by schemas 262

W

OLF

G

AN

GU

. DRE

SS

LER: WORD-FORMATION IN NAT

U

RAL

M

ORPHOLO

G

Y 267

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n 26

7

2. Universal, s

y

stem-independent morpholo

g

ical naturalness 2

68

2.1 PREFEREN

C

E

S

268

2.2 PREFEREN

C

E F

O

R I

CO

NI

C

ITY

268

2.3 INDEXI

C

ALITY PREFEREN

C

E

S

2

7

0

2.4 PREFEREN

C

E F

O

R M

O

RPH

OS

EMANTI

C

TRAN

S

PAREN

C

Y 271

2.5 PREFEREN

C

E F

O

R M

O

RPH

O

TA

C

TI

C

TRAN

S

PAREN

C

Y 272

2.6 PREFERENCE FOR BIUNI

Q

UENESS 27

4

2.7 FIG

U

RE-GRO

U

ND PREFERENCES 27

4

2.8 PREFERENCE FOR BINARITY 27

6

xi

xii

2.9

O

PTIMAL

S

HAPE

O

F

U

NIT

S

2

7

6

2.10 ALTERNATI

V

E NAT

U

RALNE

SS

PARAMETER

S

2

7

6

2.11 PREDI

C

TI

O

N

S

AND

CO

NFLI

C

T

S

27

7

3. T

y

polo

g

ical adequac

y

278

4

. System-dependent naturalness

2

7

9

4

.1 SYSTEM-ADE

Q

UACY 27

9

4

.2 DYNAMI

CVS

.

S

TATI

C

M

O

RPH

O

L

OG

Y 2

80

4

.3

U

NI

V

ER

S

AL

VS

. TYP

O

L

OG

I

C

AL

VS

.

S

Y

S

TEM-DEPENDENT

NAT

U

RALNESS 281

PETER A

C

KEMA A

N

D AD

N

EELEMA

N

:

WO

RD-F

O

RMATI

ON

I

N

O

PT

I

M

ALITY THE

O

RY 28

5

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n 2

85

1.1 OPTIMALITY THEORY 2

85

1.2

CO

MPETITI

O

N IN M

O

RPH

O

L

OG

Y

286

2. Competition between different morphemes 28

7

2.1 THE BA

S

I

CC

A

S

E 28

7

2.2 HAPLOLOGY 29

0

2.3 MARKEDNESS 29

4

3. Competition between components

298

3.1 EL

S

E

W

HERE

C

A

S

E

S

298

3.2

CO

MPETITI

O

N BET

W

EEN M

O

D

U

LE

S

THAT D

O

E

S

N

O

T

IN

VO

L

V

E THE EL

S

E

W

HERE PRIN

C

IPLE

30

1

4

. Competition between different morpheme orders

303

4

.1

CO

NFLI

C

T

S

BET

W

EEN LINEAR

CO

RRE

S

P

O

NDEN

C

E AND

T

EMPLATIC RE

Q

UIREMENTS

304

4

.2

CO

NFLI

C

T

S

BET

W

EEN LINEAR

CO

RRE

S

P

O

NDEN

C

E AND

O

THER

CO

RRE

S

P

O

NDEN

C

E

CO

N

S

TRAINT

S

30

7

5. Conclusion

3

11

L

A

U

R

I

E BA

U

ER: PR

OD

UC

TI

V

ITY: THE

O

RIE

S

3

1

5

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n

3

1

5

2. Pre-generative theories of productivity

3

1

6

3. Schultink

(

1961

)

31

7

C

O

NTENT

S

C

O

NTENT

S

4

. Zimmer

(

1964

)

318

5

.

Ar

o

n

off

3

1

8

6

. Natural Morphology

321

7. Kiparsky (1982)

3

2

8. Van Marle

(

1985

)

3

2

3

9

. Corbin

(

1987

)

3

24

10. Baa

y

en

3

2

4

11. Plag (1999)

326

12. Ha

y

(2000) 32

7

13. Bauer

(

2001

)

328

14. Some threads

330

15.

C

onclusion

332

F

RA

N

Z RAI

N

ER:

CONS

TRAI

N

T

SON

PR

O

D

UC

TI

V

ITY

335

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n

335

2.

U

niversal constraints

335

2.1

CO

N

S

TRAINT

SSU

PP

OS

EDLY L

OC

ATED AT

UG

335

2.2 PROCESSING CONSTRAINTS

336

2.2.1 Blockin

g

336

2.2.2 Complexit

y

Based Orderin

g

33

9

2.2.3 Productivity, frequency and length of bases

340

3. Language-specific constraints

3

4

0

3.1 LE

V

EL

O

RDERIN

G

3

4

0

3.2 AFFIX-SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS

3

4

1

3.2.1 Phonolo

gy

3

4

3.2.2 Morpholo

gy

3

4

5

3.2.3 Syntax

347

3.2.4 Argument structure

348

3.2.5

S

emantics

349

3.2.6 Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics 34

9

xii

i

PREFA

C

E

xi

v

4.

Final r

e

mark

s

349

PETER HOHENHAUS: LEXICALIZATI

ON

A

ND

I

INSTITUTIONALIZATION

353

TITUTIONALIZATION

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n

353

2

.

L

e

xi

c

alizati

o

n

353

2.1 LEXICALIZATION IN A DIACHRONIC SENSE

353

2.2 LEXICALIZATION IN A SYNCHRONIC SENSE:

L

ISTING/LISTEDNESS 356

2.3 THE LEXI

CO

N AND THE

O

RIE

SO

F

WO

RD-F

O

RMATI

O

N 357

3

.

In

s

tit

u

ti

o

nalizati

o

n35

9

3.1 TERMINOLOGY 35

9

3.2 IDEAL AND REAL SPEAKERS AND THE SPEECH

C

OMM

U

NITY 360

3.3 DE-IN

S

TIT

U

TI

O

NALIZATI

O

N: THE END

O

F A

WO

RD’

S

LIFE 362

4.

Pr

ob

l

e

m

s

363

4

.1 N

O

N

C

E-F

O

RMATI

O

N

S

AND NE

O

L

OG

I

S

M

S

363

4

.2

(

NON-

)

LEXICALIZABILITY

365

4

.3 WHAT IS IN THE

(

MENTAL

)

LEXICON AND HOW DOES IT

G

ET THERE? 36

7

4

.4 UNPREDICTABLE & PLAYFUL FORMATIONS

,

ANALOGY

,

FADS

,

AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS 36

9

4

.5 LEXI

C

ALIZATI

O

N BEY

O

ND

WO

RD

S

37

0

R

OCHELLE LIEBER: EN

G

LI

S

H WORD-FORMATION PROCE

SS

E

S

375

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n

3

7

5

2. Compounding 37

5

2.1 DETERMINING WHAT

C

O

U

NTS AS A COMPO

U

ND 37

6

2.2 ROOT COMPO

U

NDING 378

2.3 SYNTHETIC COMPO

U

NDING 379

2.4

S

TR

UC

T

U

RE AND INTERPRETATI

O

N

3

7

9

3

.

D

e

ri

v

ati

o

n

383

3.1 PREFIXATION 39

0

3.1.1 Ne

g

ative prefixes (un-, in-, non-, de-, dis-) 39

1

3.1.2 Locational

p

refixes 393

3.1.3 Temporal and aspectual prefixes

400

3.1.4 Quantitative prefixes

402

C

O

NTENT

S

3.1.5 Verbal prefixes

402

3.2

SU

FFIXATI

O

N

403

3

.

2

.

1 P

e

r

so

nal n

ou

n

s

403

3

.

2

.

2 A

bs

tra

c

t n

ou

n

s

406

3.2.3 Verb-forming suffixes 41

0

3.2.4 Ad

j

ective-formin

g

suffixes

4

1

3

3.2.5 Collectives

4

1

7

3.3 CONCL

U

SION

4

1

8

4

.

C

onversion 41

8

5. Conclusion

4

2

B

OG

DA

NS

ZYMA

N

EK: THE LATE

S

T TRE

N

D

S

I

N

E

NG

LI

S

H

WO

RD-F

O

RMATI

ON

429

1

.

Intr

oduc

ti

o

n

4

2

9

2. Derivational neologisms

430

3. Analo

g

ical formations, local analo

g

ies

43

1

4

. Changes in the relative significance of types of word-formation processes 431

5. Secretion of new affixes

435

6.

‘L

e

xi

c

ali

s

ati

o

n’

o

f affix

es

436

7. Changes in the productivity, relati

v

e

productivity and scope of individual

affix

es

436

8. Semantics: changes in formative functions

438

9

. Trends in the form of complex words

4

41

9

.1 CHOICE OF RIVAL AFFIXES – MORPHOLOGICAL DO

U

BLETS 441

9

.2 PHONOLOGICAL FORM

–

STRESS

4

3

SU

B

J

E

C

T I

N

DEX

449

NAME INDEX 45

9

L

A

NGU

A

G

E I

N

DEX

465

x

v

x

v

ii

PREFACE

Following years of complete or partial neglect of issues concerning word

formation (b

y

which we mean primaril

y

d

erivation, compoundin

g

, and conversion),

t

he

y

ear 1960 marked a revival – some mi

g

ht even sa

y

a resurrection – of this

i

mportant field of lin

g

uistic stud

y

. While written in comple

t

el

y

different theoretical

frameworks (structuralist vs. transformationalist), from completely different

perspectives, and with differ

e

n

t ob

j

ectives, both Marchand’s Categories and Types

of Present-Day English Word-Formation in Europe and Lees’ Grammar of English

N

ominalizations instigated systematic research i

n

the field. As a result, a large

n

umber of seminal works emerged over the

n

ext decades, making the scope of word-

formation research broader and deeper,

t

hus contributing to better understanding of

t

his excitin

g

area of human lan

g

ua

g

e.

Parts of this development have been captured in texts or ‘review’ books (e.g.

P

.

H

.

Matth

ews

’

M

orphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word-Structur

e

(

1974), Andrew Spencer’s

M

orphological Theory: An Introduction to Word

S

tructure in

G

enerative

G

ramma

r

(1991), Francis Katamba’s

r

M

orpholog

y

(

1993

)

,

Spencer and Zwicky’s

H

andbook of Morphology

(

1998

))

, but these books tend to

d

i

scuss bo

th infl

ec

ti

o

nal an

dde

ri

v

ati

o

nal

m

orphology, and to do so mostly from the

g

enerative point of view. What seemed lackin

g

to us was a volume intended fo

r

a

dv

an

ced s

t

ude

nt

s

an

do

th

er

r

esearchers in lin

g

uistics which would trace the man

y

strands of stud

y

– both

g

enerative and non-

g

enerative – that have developed fro

m

Marchand’s and Lees’ seminal works

,

on both sides of the Atlantic.

The ambitions of this Handbook of

W

ord-formation are four-fold:

1. To map the state of the art

i

n th

e

fi

e

l

do

f

wo

r

d

-f

o

rmati

o

n

.

2. To avoid a biased approach to word-formation by presenting different,

m

utually complementary, frameworks within which research into word-

formation has taken

p

lace.

P

REFA

C

E

x

v

iii

3. To

p

resent the s

p

ecific to

p

ics from the

p

ers

p

ective of ex

p

erts who have

s

i

g

nificantl

y

contributed to the respective topics discussed.

4. To look specifically at individual English word formation processes and

r

eview some of the developments that have taken place since Marchand’s

c

omprehensive treatment forty five years ago.

Thus

,

the

Handbook

provides the reader with the st

k

ate of the art in the study of

word formation (with a special view to English word formation) at the beginning of

t

h

e

thir

d

mill

e

nni

u

m

.

Th

e

Handbook

is intended to give the

k

re

a

de

r a

c

l

e

ar i

de

a

o

f th

e

l

ar

g

e number of issues examined within word-formation, the different methods an

d

approaches used, and an ever-growing number of tasks to be disposed of in future

r

esearch. At the same time, it gives evidence of the great theoretical achievements

and the vitality of this field that has become a full-fledged linguistic discipline.

W

e wish to express our gratitude to all the contributors to the Handbook.

Th

eed

it

o

r

s

1

CONTRIBUTORS

P

e

t

e

r Ackema

i

s lecturer in linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.

H

e has worked extensively on issues r

e

garding the morphology-syntax interface, on

which he has

p

ublished two books, Issues in Morphosynta

x

(

Amsterdam: John

B

en

j

amins, 1999), and Beyond Morpholog

y

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004,

c

o-authored with Ad Neeleman). He has also published on a wide range of syntax-

i

nternal and morphology-internal topics.

L

a

u

r

ie

Bauer

ho

l

d

s a personal

c

h

a

i

r

i

n

L

i

n

gu

i

s

ti

c

s

a

t

V

i

c

t

or

i

a

Un

i

v

e

r

s

i

ty

o

f Wellington, New Zealand. He has publish

e

d

widely on international varieties of

English, especially New Zealand English, and on aspects of morphology, including

E

nglish Word-formation (Cambridge University Press, 1983),

M

orphological

P

roductivit

y

(Cambridge University Press, 2001),

I

ntroducing Linguistic

M

orpholog

y

(Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn, 2003), A Glossary o

f

M

orpholo

gy

(Edinbur

g

h Universit

y

Press, 2004).

Robe

r

t

Beard

r

eceived his PhD in Slavic linguistics from the University of

Michi

g

an and tau

g

ht for 35

y

ears at Bucknell Universit

y

. In 2000 he retired as the

Ruth Everett Sierze

g

a Professor of Lin

g

uistics at Bucknell to found the web-based

c

ompany of language products and servi

c

es, yourDictionary.com, where he is

c

urrently CEO. He is the author of The Indo-European Lexicon

(

Amsterdam: North-

Holland, 1981

)

and Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morpholog

y

(

New York: SUNY Press,

1995

).

A

n

d

r

e

w

Carstairs-McCarthy

i

s Professor in the De

p

artment of

L

in

g

uistics at the Universit

y

of Canterbur

y

, New Zealand. He is the author of

Allomorphy in Inflexion

(

London: Croom Helm, 1987

)

, Current Morpholog

y

(London and New York: Routledge, 1992) and An Introduction to English

M

orpholo

gy

(Edinbur

g

h: Edinbur

g

h Universit

y

Press, 2002). He is also interested in

l

anguage evolution, and has published The Origins of Complex Language: An

I

nquiry into the Evolutionary Beginnings of Sentences, Syllables and Truth

(

Oxford:

OUP, 1999

)

.

C

ONTRIB

U

TORS

2

Wolf

g

an

g

Dressler

is Professor of linguistics, Head of the Department of

r

L

in

g

uisics at the Universit

y

of Vienna and of the Commission for Lin

g

uistics of the

A

ustrian Academy of Scien

ces.

H

e

i

s

th

e

a

u

th

o

r

o

f

M

orphonolog

y

(

Ann Arbor:

Karoma Press, 1985

)

and

M

orphopragmatics

(

with Lavinia Merlini Barbaresi

)

(

Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994).

E

milian

o

Guevara

i

s lecturer of General Lin

g

uistics at the Universit

y

of

B

ologna and is member of the Mor-Bo reserach group at the Department of Foreign

l

anguages in Bologna. His publications include “V-Compounding in Dutch and

I

talian”

(

Cuadernos de Li

n

guística, Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset, 1-21

(

with S. Scalise

)

and “Selection in co

m

pounding and derivation” (to appear) (with S.

mm

Scalise and A. Bisetto

)

.

Pe

t

er

Hohenhaus is lecturer in modern linguistics at the University of

N

ottingham (UK). He received his PhD in English Linguistics from the University

o

f Hamburg and has published on sta

n

dardization and purism, humorology,

c

om

p

uter-mediated communication as well a

s

English and German word-formation,

i

n particula

r

nonce

word-formation, including the volume Ad-hoc-Wortbildung

–

Terminologie, Typologie und Theorie kreativer Wortbildung im Englischen

(

Frankfurt, Bern etc.: Lang, 1996).

Ellen

M

.

Kaisse is Professor of Linguistics, University of Washington,

S

eattle. Her main fields of research include morphology-phonology and syntax-

phonology interfaces, intonati

o

n

,

historical phonology, and Spa

n

i

sh phonology. She

is

an a

u

th

o

r

o

f Connected s

p

eech: the intera

ction of synt

ax and phonology

t

(

Orlando:

Academic Press, 1985

)

,

Studies in Lexical Phonology

(ed. with S. Har

g

us, Orlando:

y

Academic Press, 1993), “Palatal vowels,

g

lides, and consonants in Ar

g

entinian

Spanish” (with J. Harris) (Phonolog

y

16, 1999, 117-190), “The long fall: an

i

ntonational melody of Argentinian Spanish” (In: Features and interfaces in

Romance

,

ed. by Herschensohn, Mallen and Zagona, 2001, 147-160), and

“

Sympathy meets Argentinian Spanish” (In:

T

he nature of the word: essays in honor

of Paul Kiparsk

y

,

ed. by K. Hanson and S. Inkelas, MIT Press, in press).

Die

t

e

r Kastovsky is Professor of English Linguistics at the University

o

f Vienna and Director of the Center for Translation Studies. His main fields of

i

nterest include En

g

lish morpholo

gy

and word-formation (s

y

nchronic and

diachronic), semantics, histor

y

of lin

g

uistics, and lan

g

ua

g

e t

y

polo

gy

. He is the

a

u

th

o

r

o

f

O

ld English Deverbal Substantives Deri

v

ed by Means of a Zero Morpheme

(Esslingen/N.: Langer, 1968),

Wortbildung und Semantik

(Tübingen/Düsseldorf:

k

Francke/Bagel, 1982), and more than 80 articles on English morphology and word-

formation (synchronic and diachronic), semantics, history of linguistics, and

l

anguage typology.

Roc

h

e

ll

e

Lieber is Professor of En

g

lish at the Universit

y

of New

Hampshire. Her publications include:

M

orphology and Lexical Semantics

?tekauer Pavol, Lieber Rochelle. Handbook of Word-Formation

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