Tarek Ahmed. Reservoir engineering handbook
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C
Campbell’s equilibrium ratio
method, 1051
Capillary pressure, 197
curve, 202
definition, 197
hysteresis, 203
Carter-Tracy water influx model,
703
Characterizing petroleum frac-
tions, 25
Clay content, 860
Combination drive, 735
Component, 1026
Compressibility coefficient
bulk, 249
definition, 59
formation, 250
gas, 59
matrix, 249
oil, 98
pore, 249
Compressibility factor
calculation, 38, 1089
definition, 37
Compressibility of natural gases,
59
Condensate
liquid dropout, 176
retrograde, 165
Conductance ratio, 963
Cone, 571
stable, 571
unstable, 571
Coning, 570
gas, 574
in horizontal wells, 615
in vertical wells, 573
water, 575
Constant-
composition tests, 131
terminal pressure , 374
terminal rate, 374
volume depletion tests, 170
Convergence pressure, 1043
Hadden’s method, 1045
Rzasa’s method, 1048
Standing’s method, 1047
Correcting
constant-composition data, 158
differential liberation date, 160
separator data, 163
viscosity data, 160
Counterflow, 893
Cox chart, 1027
Craig-Geffen-Morse oil recovery
prediction method, 969,
1013
Cricondenbar, 3
Cricondentherm, 3
Critical
compressibility factor, 26
flow rate, 573
point, 3
pressure, 3
temperature, 3
Crude oil
density, 1072
gravity, 75
properties, 74
Cubic equation of state, 1088
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D
Dalton’s Law, 1029, 1037
Darcy’s Law, 222, 331
Dead-oil viscosity, 109
Deliverability equation, 543
Density calculations, 1072
Depletion-drive mechanism, 719
Desaturating process, 204
Dew-point, 11
curve, 3
Dew-point pressure, 3, 1109
definition of, 1053, 1125
methods of determining, 1125,
1131
Differential equation, 1060
Differential liberation, 143
Differential separation, 1060
Diffusivity equation, 371
Dimensionless
diffusivity equation, 385
gravity number, 987
pressure, 284
radius, 284
time, 284
Dip angle, 890
Displacement efficiency (E
D
),
880, 937
Displacement pressure, 202
Downdip flow, 891, 892
Drainage process, 285
Drawdown test, 443
Driving mechanisms, 718, 857, 861
combination, 735
depletion, 719
gas-cap, 721, 862
gravity-drainage, 730
solution gas, 719, 863
water-drive, 726, 862
Dry-gas reservoirs, 15
Dykstra-Parsons
oil recovery prediction method,
1006
permeability variation method,
256, 998, 1002
sequencing technique, 996
E
E
i
-function, 375
Edge-water drive, 654
Edmister correlation, 1108
Effective
permeability, 280
porosity, 185
wellbore radius, 426
End-point mobility ratio, 987
Energy plots, 837
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 857
Equation(s) of state, 1084
applications, 1124
cubic, 1088
Peng-Robinson, 1112, 1133,
1135
Redlich-Kwong, 1092
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK),
1098, 1135
Van der Waals, 1084
vapor pressure, 1135
Equilibrium ratio, 1029
applications, 1052
Campbell’s method, 1051
Index 1179
Reservoir Eng Hndbk Index 2001-10-25 16:51 Page 1179
determination of, 1124
Katz’s method, 1052
phase equilibrium, 1109
for plus fractions, 1050
for real solutions, 1037
three-phase, 1129
Winn’s method, 1051
Equilibrium separation, 1060
Exponential integral, 375
Extrapolation of reservoir fluid
data, 158
F
Felsenthal, Cobb, and Heuer oil
recovery prediction method,
1010
Fetkovich’s
IPR equation, 498
method, 498
Fill-up, 975
Fill-up volume, 968
Finite-radial reservoir, 388
Flash calculations, 1033, 1132
Flash separation, 1060
Flood patterns, 935
basal injection, 879
crestal injection, 879
irregular injection, 875
peripheral injection, 876
regular injection, 878
Flow equations, 330
Flow regimes, 324
Fluids
classification of, 1
injectivity, 961
properties, 29, 859
Formation compressibility, 249
Formation volume factor
gas, 65
oil, 92
Fractional flow equation, 884
Free gas saturation, 864, 867
Free water level, 206
Frontal advance equation, 899
Frontal displacement theory, 883
Fugacity, 1105
coefficient, 1106
Fundamentals of
reservoir fluid behavior, 1
reservoir fluid flow, 321
rock properties, 183
G
Gas
coning, 569
dry gas, 10, 15
fugacity, 1105
injection, 857, 864
material balance equation, 831
in place, 828
properties, 29
reservoirs, 10, 827
saturation, 189, 864, 867, 870,
968
solubility, 77
viscosity, 68
and water coning, 569
well performance, 533
wet gas, 10
Gas-cap drive reservoirs, 721, 862
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Gas-condensate reservoirs, 10
Gas-oil ratio, 362, 783
Geometric average permeability,
243
Gravity
crude oil, 75
solution gas, 76
Gravity-drainage reservoirs, 730
H
Hadden’s convergence pressure
method, 1045
Harmonic average permeability, 239
Havlena and Odeh, 753
Heptanes-plus fraction, 1121, 1137
Heterogeneity, 256, 999
vertical, 256, 990, 999
High shrinkage oil, 6
Hong’s mixing rules, 1152
Horizontal
heterogeneity, 268
well breakthrough, 624
well performance, 515
gas, 562
oil, 515
Horner’s plot, 459
Hurst and van Everdingen, 654
Hurst’s steady-state method, 645
I
Image wells, 439
Imbibition process, 286
Incompressible fluids, 322
Infinite acting, 364, 386
Inflow performance relationships
gas, 559
oil, 477
Injection rate, 890, 901, 961
Interfacial tension, 194
Interference, 971, 977
IPR, 477
Fetkovich’s, 498
Standing’s, 494
Vogel’s, 492
Inverse distance method, 270
Inverse distance squared method,
271
Isothermal compressibility
coefficient
gas, 59
oil, 98
rock, 248
J
J-function, 218
K
Katz’s
equilibrium ratio method, 1052
splitting scheme, 1140
Kay’s mixing rules, 1153
Klinkenberg effect, 228
L
Laboratory PVT tests, 130
routine, 130
special, 130
Index 1181
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Laminar flow, 332
Laminar-Inertial-Turbulent, 545
Layers, minimum number of, 992
Lee and Kessler correlation, 1108
Lee’s mixing rules, 1153
Leverett J-function, 218
Linear flow, 328
Liquid dropout, 12
LIT approach, 545
Lithology, 860
Lohrenz’s splitting scheme, 1142
Lorenz coefficient, 262
Low-shrinkage oil, 5
Lumping schemes, 1148
Whitson’s, 1149
M
m(p)-solution method, 395
Material balance equation (MBE),
736, 870
gas, 831
oil, 736
straight-line, 755
Matrix compressibility coefficient,
249
Maximum liquid dropout, 13
Method of images, 439
Mixing rules, 1091, 1152, 1153
Mobility ratio, 933, 987
Muskat’s method, 810
N
Natural gases, compressibility of, 59
Net pay thickness, 254
Net thickness, 860
Near-critical crude oil, 8
Near-critical gas condensate, 10
Newton-Raphson iteration, 1126,
1132
Non-Darcy flow, 427
Nonstabilized zone, 904
Normalizing relative permeability,
304
O
Odeh and Havlena, 753
Oil bank, 865, 969
Oil blanket, 866
Oil formation volume factor, 92
for undersaturated oils, 103
Oil material balance equation, 717
Oil properties, 74
Oil recovery
calculations, 921
efficiency, 880
methods of, 857
predicting, 1006
Oil reservoirs, 4
Oil saturation, 189, 864
Oil saturation adjustment
for combination drive, 794
for gas-cap expansion, 792
for water influx, 791
Oil viscosity, 108
Oil-water contact, 206
Oil well performance, 473
Optimum gas saturation, 870
Optimum separator pressure, 1061
Ordinary black oil, 4
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P
p/z gas equation, 833
Pay continuity, 861
Pedersen’s splitting scheme, 1144
Peng-Robinson equation of state,
1112, 1133, 1135
Permeability, 860, 863
absolute, 222
averaging, 235
effective, 247
relative, 280, 864, 934
variation, 256, 999
Permeability ordering, 996
Phase, 1026
Phase diagram, 2
Phase equilibrium, 1109
Plant products, 165
Plus fractions, 1121, 1137
lumping, 1148
splitting, 1138
Polygon method, 270
Pore
compressibility coefficient, 249
volume, 186
Porosity, 184, 860
absolute, 184
effective, 184
fracture, 860
Porosity averaging methods, 187
Positional permeability variation, 993
Pot aquifer, 642
Predicting oil reservoir perfor-
mance, 782
Craig-Geffen-Morse method,
969, 1013
Dykstra-Parsons method, 1006
Felsenthal, Cobb, and Heuer
method, 1010
Muskat’s method, 810
Tarner’s method, 815
Tracy’s method, 803
Pressure
bubble-point, 3, 86, 871, 1055,
1128, 1131
buildup, 456
drawdown, 443
capillary, 197, 202, 203
dew-point, 3, 1053, 1109, 1125,
1131
parting, 859
pseudo-critical, 38
pseudo reduced, 37
separator, 1058
-squared approximation, 398
vapor, 1026, 1135
Pressure-approximation method, 400
Pressure-squared method, 398
Pressure-temperature diagram, 2
Primary oil recovery, 857, 862
Primary recovery mechanisms, 718
Productivity index, 473
Properties of
crude oil systems, 74
natural gases, 29
rocks, 183
water, 118
Pseudocritical
pressure, 42
temperature, 42
Pseudoization, 1148
Pseudosteady-state flow, 403
Index 1183
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R
Radial
diffusivity equation, 372
flow of gases, 418
flow system, 969
Raoult’s Law, 1029, 1037
Real solutions, 1037
Redlich-Kwong equation of state,
1092
Relative oil volume, 135
Relative permeability, 280
averaging, 304
concepts, 280
correlations, 286
three-phase, 310
two-phase, 281
Relative total volume, 144
Reservoir
apparent molecular weight, 32
composition of, 131
density, 33
depth, 859
fluid properties, 29
geometry, 321, 859
heterogeneity, 255
ideal gases, 30
specific gravity, 34
specific volume, 33
standard volume, 33
uniformity, 861
water properties, 118
Reservoir drive mechanisms, 718,
861
combination, 735
expansion, 718
gas-cap, 721, 862
solution gas-drive, 719, 863
water-drive, 726, 862
Reservoirs, classification of, 1
Residual oil saturation, 190
Retrograde gas reservoirs, 10
Riazi and Daubert correlation, 1121
Rock
and liquid expansion, 718
compressibility, 248
properties, 183, 860
Routine laboratory PVT tests, 130
Rzasa’s convergence pressure
method, 1048
S
Saturated oil
reservoirs, 4
viscosity, 111
Saturation, 189
averaging, 191
critical oil, 190
free gas, 864, 867
gas, 189, 870, 968
movable oil, 190
oil, 189, 861
pressure, 131
residual oil, 190
trapped gas, 865
water, 189, 901
Schilthuis’s steady-state method,
645
Secondary oil recovery, 857
Semisteady-state, 404
Separator tests, 146
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Shape factor, 412
Shock front, 904
Shrinking gas cap, 795
Skin factor, 420
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
equation of state, 1098, 1135
modifications of, 1108
Solution gas-drive reservoirs, 797,
863
Special laboratory PVT tests, 130
Specific productivity index, 476
Splitting schemes, 1138
Ahmed’s, 1145
Lohrenz’s, 1142
Pedersen’s, 1144
Stabilized zone, 904
Stage separation, 1058
Standing-Katz density calculation
method, 1072
Standing’s
convergence pressure method,
1047
correlation, 1038, 1096
IPR equation, 494
Steady-state flow, 324
Stiles’ permeability variation
method, 998
Stone’s I model, 314
Stone’s II model, 316
Superposition, 431
Surface tension, 194
T
Tarner’s method, 815
Tertiary oil recovery, 857
Thief zone, 861
Three-phase equilibrium, 1129
Three-phase relative permeability,
310
correlations, 312
Time
dimensionless, 284
end of infinite-acting, 454
Tonguing, 986
Total formation volume factor, 153
Tracy’s
form of the MBE, 774
method, 803
Transient well testing, 442
Transition zone, 206
Trapped gas saturation, 865
Turbulent flow factor, 426
Two-phase
formation volume factor, 153
relative correlations, 286
relative permeability, 281
z-factor, 172
U
Undefined petroleum fractions, 24
Undersaturated oil
reservoirs, 4, 755
viscosity, 112
Unsteady-state flow, 363
Updip flow, 891
V
Van der Waals equation of state,
1079, 1084, 1088, 1135
Index 1185
Reservoir Eng Hndbk Index 2001-10-25 16:51 Page 1185
Van Everdingen-Hurst’s unsteady-
state model, 653
Vapor pressure, 1026, 1135
Vertical
gas well performance, 533
heterogeneity, 256, 990, 999
oil well performance, 473
permeability, 863
sweep efficiency (EV), 880, 989,
997
Viscosity
dead oil, 109
gas, 67
oil, 108, 859, 890
reservoir pressure and, 864
saturated oil, 111
undersaturated oil, 112
water, 119
Vogel’s
IPR equation, 494
method, 481
Volatile crude oil, 6
Volume translation method, 1110
Volumetric
gas reservoirs, 832
oil reservoirs, 755, 760, 863
sweep efficiency, 881
W
Water
injection, 857, 864, 937, 962
properties, 118
saturation, 189, 901
saturation distribution, 206
viscosity, 119, 890
Water bank, 909, 969
Water coning, 569
Water-drive reservoirs, 862
gas, 832
oil, 641
Water fingering, 986
Waterflooding
factors, 858
optimum time, 863
patterns, 875
recovery factor (RF), 880
trapped gas, 865
Water influx, 636
Carter-Tracy model, 703
Fetkovich’s model, 707
Water isothermal compressibility,
120
Water-oil ratio, 362, 859, 925, 947,
980
Wellbore storage, 449
Wet-gas reservoirs, 14
Wettability, 193
Whitson and Torp correlation, 1049
Whitson’s lumping scheme, 1149
Wilson’s correlation, 1038, 1049
Winn’s equilibrium ratio method,
1051
Y
Y-function, 137
Z
Zonation problem, 989, 993
Z-factor, 37
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