Stroscio Michael A., Dutta Mitra. Biological Nanostructures and applications of Nanostructures in biology: electrical, mechanical and optical properties

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Biological Nanostructures

and Applications of

Nanostructures in Biology

Electrical‚ Mechanical‚ and

Optical Properties

BIOELECTRIC ENGINEERING

Series Editor:

Bin He

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

MODELING AND IMAGING OF BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

Principles and Applications

Edite

by Bin He

BIOLOGICAL NANOSTRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS OF

NANOSTRUCTURES IN BIOLOGY

Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Properties

Edite

by Michael A. Stroscio and Mitra Dutta

NEURAL ENGINEERING

Edite

by Bin He

Biological Nanostructures

and Applications of

Nanostructures in Biology

Electrical, Mechanical, and

Optical Properties

Edited by

Michael A. Stroscio

and

Mitra Dutta

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS

NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: 0-306-48628-8

Print ISBN: 0-306-48627-X

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mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher

Created in the United States of America

New York

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PREFACE

Nanostructures are playing a fundamental role in the advancement of biology as

a result of the continuing dramatic progress in understanding the electronic, optical,

and mechanical properties of an ever increasing variety of nanostructures. This book

on “Biological Nanostructures and Applications of Nanostructures in Biology:

Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Properties” highlights recent past advances at the

interface between the science and technology of nanostructures and the science of

biology. Moreover, this book supplements these past groundbreaking discoveries

with discussions of promising new avenues of research that reveal the enormous

potential of emerging approaches in nanobiotechnology.

A dominant trend of the last two decades has been down scaling of electronic,

optoelectronic, and mechanical devices and structures from micron scale to those

with features into the nano-dimensional regime. In most cases, this downscaling has

not been possible without taking into account the dramatic differences between

micron-scale phenomena that may be described frequently in terms of classical

theories and nanoscale phenomena that generally require the consideration of

quantum nature of matter. Moreover, many new technologies – such as those of

heteroepitaxy, synthesis of carbon nanotubes, and synthesis of nanostructures

through colloidal chemistry – have emerged and been developed. In recent years,

these developments have been recognized as offering powerful tools in the quest to

advance the basic understanding of biological systems as well as in biomedical

applications of nanotechnology. As an example of a widespread application of

nanotechnology, the diversity of heterojunctions as well as dramatic advances in

semiconductor growth and processing technologies are opening the way to new

heterojunction-device technologies and leading to many new avenues for realizing

novel families of quantum-based electronic and optoelectronic devices and systems.

Even more important from the perspective of biological applications, the already-

large number of applications of advanced semiconductor heterostructures is

increasing rapidly and is becoming more diversified as illustrated by the wide range

of uses of layered quantum dots in biological applications. As highlighted in this

book, these applications include using quantum dots for biological tags as well as for

active optical and electrical interface with biological systems such as neurons.

PREFACE

Indeed, advanced semiconductor heterostructures can be expected contribute to

revolutionary advances in medical applications as discussed in this book.

This book highlights current advances and trends in the use of semiconductor

nanocrystals in biological applications as well as key developments in the synthesis

and physical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals used in biological

environments. The potential applications of these semiconductor nanocrystals in

nanobiotechnology have been demonstarted recently by a broad variety of

applications in the study of subcellular processes of fundamental importance in

biology. Examples include the use of colloidal nanocrystals to study neural

processes on the nanoscale through the imaging of the diffusion of glycine receptors

as well as multi-color labeling of subcellular components. As discussed in this book,

semiconductor nanocrystals have narrow, tunable and symmetric emission spectra,

and they have much greater temporal stability and resistance to photobleaching than

fluorescent dyes.

This book also highlights recent findings on how the electrical, optical, and

mechanical properties of nanostructures are altered as a result of being in close

proximity with biological structures and media. For example, this book discusses

how electrolytic environments, that are pervasive in biological systems, must be

considered in understanding the electrical and optical properties of charged and polar

semiconductor quantum dots in electrolytic environments. As a second example, this

book discusses how dielectric environments, that are pervasive in biological systems,

must be considered in understanding the electrical, mechanical, and optical

properties of charged and polar semiconductor quantum dots in dielectric media.

Moreover, this book highlights the nanomechanical properties of biomolecules in

biological environments. Accordingly, this book provides an introduction to a range

of topics dealing with the control and tailoring of the properties of both manmade

and naturally occurring nanostructures in biological environments. This field is in its

infancy but, as indicated by the contraubtions in this book, it is critical to exploiting

fully the dramatic advances of nanotechnology in biological and biomedical

applications.

This book also describes a number of other promising – and potentially

revolutionary – tools and applications of nanobiotechnology. These include: the

potential applications of nanoscale carbon nanotubes in bioengineering; the use of

atomic force microscopy to probe the nanophysical properties of living cells; and

bioinspired approaches to building nanostructures. As described in this book,

manmade carbon nanotubes have a number of remarkable electrical, chemical, and

mechanical properties making them intriguing candidates for integration with

biological structures on the nanoscale. Moreover, this book provides an

introduction to potentially revolutionary applications of a key set of biochemical

interactions for the assembly and building of nanostructures.

The guest editors wish to acknowledge professional colleagues, friends and

family members whose contributions and sacrifices made it possible to complete this

work. First of all, the authors are grateful Aaron Johnson of Kluwer Publishing

Company for taking an active interest in making this volume useful to the expected

readership. The guest editors extend sincere thanks go to Dean Larry Kennedy,

College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) for his active

encouragement and for his longstanding efforts to promote excellence in research at

UIC. Special thanks go to Dr. Rajinder Khosla, Dr. James W. Mink and Usha

PREFACE

vii

Varshney of the National Science Foundation, Dr. Dwight Woolard of the US Army

Research Office, Dr. John Carrano of the Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency, and Dr. Todd Steiner and Dr. Daniel Johnstone of the Air Force Office of

Scientific Research for their encouragement and interests. MD acknowledges the

discussions, interactions and the work of many colleagues and friends which have

had an impact on the work in this book. Drs. Doran Smith, K. K. Choi and Paul

Shen of the Army Research Laboratory, and Professor Athos Petrou of State

University of New York, Buffalo. MD would also like to thank Dhiren Dutta

without whose encouragement she would never have embarked on a career in

science and to Michael and Gautam Stroscio who everyday add meaning to

everything. MAS acknowledges the essential roles that several professional

colleagues and friends played in the events leading to his contributions to this book;

these people include: Professor Bin He of the University of Minnesota, Professor

Richard L. Magin, Head of the BioEngineering Department at the University of

Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Professors Jeremy Mao and Anjum Ansari of UIC,

Professor Duan P. Chen of Rush University, Professors Robert Trew, Gerald J.

Iafrate, M. A. Littlejohn K. W. Kim, R. and M. Kolbas as well as Dr. Sergiy

Komirenko of the North Carolina State University, Professor Vladimir Mitin of the

State University of New York at Buffalo, University, Professors G. Belenky and S.

Luryi and Dr. M. Kisin of the State University of New York at Stony Brook,

Professors George I. Haddad, Pallab K. Bhattacharya, and Jasprit Singh and Dr. J.-P.

Sun of the University of Michigan, Professors Karl Hess and J.-P. Leburton

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Professor L. F. Register of the

University of Texas at Austin, Professors H. Craig Casey and Steven Teitsworth of

Duke University, and Professor Viatcheslav A. Kochelap of the National Academy

of Sciences of the Ukraine. MAS also thanks family members who have been

supportive during the period when this book was being edited; these include:

Anthony and Norma Stroscio, Mitra Dutta, and Elizabeth, Gautam, and Marshall

Stroscio.

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CONTENTS

INTEGRATING AND TAGGING BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES WITH

NANOSCALE SEMICONDUCTING QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE

... 1

Michael A. Stroscio, Mitra Dutta, Kavita Narwani, Peng Shi, Dinakar Ramadurai, Babak

Kohanpour, and Salvador Rufo

INTRODUCTION

FABRICATING QUANTUM DOT SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

AS BIOTAGS

RELEVANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR

QUANTUM DOTS

CONCEPTS AND TOOLS UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATION OF

QUANTUM DOTS WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM

DOTS

Anupam Singhal, Hans C. Fischer, Johnson Wong, and Warren C. W. Chan

INTRODUCTION

OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR

QUANTUM DOTS

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

3.1.

Synthesis Techniques