Speight J.G. Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook
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Glossary
229
Sweeteningprocess
A
process for the removal of hydrogen sul-
fide and other sulfur compounds from natural
gas.
Sweet gas
Natural gas that contains very little,
if
any,
hydrogen sulfide.
Synthesis gas (syngas)
Mixtures
of
carbon monoxide and
hydrogen.
Tail-gas treating
Removal
of
the remaining sulfur compounds
from gases remaining after sulfur recovery.
Tcf (trillion cubic feet)
Gas measurement approximately equal
to one quadrillion
(1,000,
000,000,000,000)
Btus. See also
Bcf,
Mcf,
Quad.
TEA
Triethanolamine.
Thermogenic coal-bed methane
Methane formed
in
coal seams
by the action of increasing temperature; see
Coal-bed methane.
Thermogenic gas
Gas formed by pressure effects and tempera-
ture effects
on
organic debris.
Three-dimensional
(3-D)
seismic
survey
Allows producers to
see into the earth’s crust to find promising for-
mations for retrieval
of
gas.
Town gas
A
generic term referring to manufactured gas
produced
for
sale to consumers and munici-
palities.
Trillion Cubic Feet
A
volume measurement
of
natural gas. About
equivalent to one
Quad.
See also
Btus,
Bcf,
Mcfi
Traps
A
generic term for an area
of
the earth’s crust
that has developed in such a way as to trap gas
beneath the surface.
230
Glossary
Unbundled services
Unbundling, or separating, pipeline trans-
mission, sales and storage services, along with
guaranteeing space on the pipelines for all gas
shippers.
Unconventional gas
Gas that occurs
in
tight sandstones, silt-
stones, sandy carbonates, limestone, dolo-
mite, and chalk; see also
Shde
gas.
Underground
gas
storage
The use of subsurface facilities for
storing gas that has been transferred from its
original location for the primary purpose of
load balancing; usually, natural geological res-
ervoirs, such as depleted oil or gas fields or
water-bearing sands
on
the top by and imper-
meable cap rock.
Upper explosive limit
The higher percent by volume of the gas
vapor in air at which the gas will explode or
inflame. See
Lower explosive limit.
Upper flammability limit
The maximum concentration by
volume
of
a combustible substance that is
capable of continued propagation
of
a flame
under the specified conditions.
Vapor density
The density of any gas compared to the den-
sity of air with the density of air equal to
unity.
Viscosity
The measure of a fluid’s thickness, or how well
it flows.
Well casing
A
series of metal tubes installed in the freshly
drilled hole; it strengthens the sides of the
wellhole, ensures that
no
oil or natural gas
seeps out of the wellhole as it is brought to the
surface, and keeps other fluids or gases from
seeping into the formation through the well.
Glossary
231
Well completion
The process for completion
of
a well to allow
for the flow
of
petroleum or natural gas out of
the formation and up to the surface; includes
strengthening the wellhole with casing, evalu-
ating the pressure and temperature of the for-
mation, and then installing the proper
equipment to ensure an efficient flow
of
nat-
ural gas out
of
the well.
Well head (wellhead)
The pieces of equipment mounted at the
opening of the well to regulate and monitor
the extraction of hydrocarbons from the
underground formation; prevents leaking of
oil or natural gas out
of
the well, and prevents
blowouts due to high pressure formations.
Well logging
A
method used for recording rock and fluid
properties to find gas and oil containing zones
in subterranean formations.
Wet gas
Natural gas that contains considerable
amounts of higher molecular weight hydro-
carbons other than methane.
Wet oxidation process
Based
on
reduction-oxidation (Redox)
chemistry to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide to
elemental sulfur in an alkaline solution con-
taining an oxygen carrier; vanadium and iron
are the
two
oxygen carriers.
INDEX
Index Terms
A
Abiogenic processes 38
Absorber 167
Absorption 136
Absorption method 141
Absorption oil 142
enriched oil 142
lean oil 142
Acid gas stream 156
See also Tail gas
Acid gases 62
Acid rain 6 205
Activated methyl diethanolamine 165
Adsorption 136
Aerobic bacteria 19
Alkazid process 151 180
American Gas Association 24
american gas institute 24
national commercial gas association 24
American Meter Co. 22
Amine process 147
Anaerobic decay 4
biogas 4
enteric fermentation 4
Index Terms
Anticlinal slopes 40
Aquifers 91
Artificial lift 89
Asphyxiation 10
Associated natural gas 14 52 61 63 113
Auer von Welsbach, Carl 23
practical gas mantle 23
B
Baltimore, Maryland 8
Baptista van Helmont, Jan 120
origins of medicine 120
Base gas 92
Base load requirements 90
base load storage 90
Becker, Johann 120
Big Inch 25
Biogas 4
Biogenic methane 38
biogenic coal-bed methane 16
methanogens 38
Bloomfield 22
Boiling point (boiling temperature)
evaporation 73
latent heat 73
vapor pressure 73
Bottom simulating reflector 19
British Thermal Unit 24
Index Terms Links
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Brown, Edwin 23
lone star gas 23
Bunsen, Robert 20
bunsen burner 20
C
Carbonate washing 179
chemical conversion process 150
Carburetted water gas process 120 124
Casinghead 57
See also Wellhead
Casinghead gas 6 36
Catalytic oxidation 154
fixed bed 154
fluid bed 154
Centerville, PA 22
Centrifugal casting process 24
Chemical conversion process 150
Chemisorption 136
Christmas tree 57 88
See also Wellhead
Claus process 134 156
Clayton, John 120
spirit of the coal 120
Cleats 17
Clegg, Samuel 22 122
Coal gas 115
blue gas 115
fuel gas 115
Index Terms Links
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navigation.
Coal gas (Cont.)
producer gas 115
town gas 115
water gas 115
Coal gasification 115
Coal rank 115
Coal-bed methane 17
Coalification process 16
Coalition for Gas-Based
Environmental
Solutions 207
Cogeneration 204
Collector wells 94
Combined cycle generation 205
Combustion process 203
Compressed natural gas (CNG) 97
Compressors 79
centrifugal 79
reciprocating 79
Condensate 113
Condensate wells 52 113
Contactor 138
Conventional perforated completion 55
bullet perforators 55
jet perforating 55
Conventional separator 51
Crude oil wells 113
Cryogenic distillation 144
Cryogenic expander process 141
Cryogenic recovery 129
Index Terms Links
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Cushion gas 95
Cycling process 13
D
de Lavaud, S. 24
centrifugal casting process 24
Dead crude oil 14
Debris 36
Decline curve 89
Decline rate 58
Dehydrating 137
Density 67
heaviness 67
specific gravity (relative density) 67
vapor density 67
Depleted gas reservoirs 91
Depletion theory 7
Desorption 136
Desulfurization 178
Development well 50 87
Diluents 62
Dissolved gas 113
Dissolved natural gas 14
DOE’S Annual Energy Outlook 25
Drainhole completion 55
Drake well 20
Drake, Edwin L. 126
titusville, PA 22
Drip gasoline 127
Index Terms Links
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Drizo process 139
Dry box process 151 172
Dry natural gas 6
Dry well 50 88
Dry-bed adsorption 129
E
Edison, Thomas 23
Electric logging 47
induction electric logging 47
Energy Information Administration 206
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 206
Ethanolamine process 167
absorber 167
girbotol process 167
Evaporation 73
Expanded tubulars 88
Exploration models 43
four-dimensional (4-D) seismic
imaging 43 45
three-dimensional (3-D) seismic
imaging 43 44
two-dimensional (2-D) seismic
imaging 43
Exploratory well 39
F
Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC) 30
Index Terms Links
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navigation.
Federal Power Commission 29
Ferrox process 153
Fire point 76
Flammability 102
Flash 139
Flash point 75
Flexsorb process 167
flexsorb SE plus 168
hybrid flexsorb SE 168
Flexsorb SE Plus 168
lean acid-gas enrichment 168
tail-gas processing 168
Footprints 31
Fossil fuels 193
natural gas 3
Foul gas 116
Four-dimensional(4-D) seismic
imaging 45
4-D time lapse imaging 45
Fractionation 155
debutanizer 156
deethanizer 155
de-isobutanizer 156
depropanizer 156
Fredonia 8
Free gas 113
Fuel cells 205
Fugitive emissions 81
G