Speight J.G. Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook
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Conversion
Factors
1
acre
=
43,560 ft2
1
acre foot
=
7758.0 bbl
1
atmosphere
=
760
mm
Hg
=
14.696 psi
=
29.91 in.
Hg
1
atmosphere
=
1.0133 bars
=
33.899 ft
H,O
1
barrel
(oil)
=
42 gal
=
5.6146
ft3
1 barrel (water)
=
350 lb at 60"
F
1 barrel per day
=
1.84 cm3/sec
1
Btu
=
778.26 ft-lb
1
centipoise
x
2.42
=
lb mass/(ft)
(hr),
viscosity
1 centipoise
x
0.000672
=
lb mass/(ft) (sec), viscosity
1
cubic foot
=
28,317 cm3
=
7.4805 gal
Density
of
water at 60"
F
=
0.999 gram/cm3
=
62.367 lb/ft3
=
8.337 lb/gal
1
gallon
=
231 in.3
=
3,785.4 cm3= 0.13368 ft3
1 horsepower-hour
=
0.7457 kWh
=
2544.5
Btu
209
210
Conversion
Factors
1
horsepower
=
550
ft-lb/sec
=
745.7 watts
1
inch
=
2.54 cm
1
meter
=
100
cm
=
1,000
mm
=
lo6
microns
=
10" angstroms
(A)
1
ounce
=
28.35 grams
1
pound
=
453.59 grams
=
7,000
grains
1 square mile
=
640 acres
SI
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
(E
=
exponent; i.e.
E
+
03
=
lo3)
acre-foot
x
1.233482
barrels
x
1.589873
centipoise
x
1.000OOO
darcy
x
9.869233
feet
x
3.048000
pounds/acre-foot
x
3.677332
pounds/square inch
x
6.894757
E
+
00
=
kilo
pascals
dyne/cm
x
1.OOOOOO
parts per million
x
1
.oooOOO
E
+
03
=
meters cubed
E
-
01
=
meters cubed
E
-
03
=
pascal seconds
E
-
01
=
micro meters squared
E
-
01
=
meters
E
-
04
=
kilograms/meters cubed
E
+
00
=
mN/m
E
+
00
=
milligrams/kilograms
Glossary
Abiogenic gas
Gas formed by inorganic means.
Absorption
The process by which the gas is distributed
throughout an absorbent (liquid); depends
only
on
physical solubility and may include
chemical reactions in the liquid phase
(chernisorption).
Acid deposition (acid rain)
Occurs when sulfur dioxide
(SO,)
and, to a lesser extent,
NO,
emissions are
transformed in the atmosphere and return to
the earth as dry deposition or
in
rain,
fog,
or
snow.
Acid gas
Adsorption
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide; see also
Sour
gas.
The process by which the gas is concentrated
on
the surface
of
a solid
or
liquid to remove
impurities; carbon is a common adsorbing
medium that can be regenerated upon
desorption.
Alkazid process
A
process for removal
of
hydrogen sulfide and
carbon dioxide from natural gas using concen-
trated aqueous solutions
of
amino acids.
21
1
212
Glossary
Anticline
An
area
of
the earth’s crust where folding has
made a dome like shape
in
the once flat rock
layers. Anticlines often provide an environ-
ment where natural gas can become trapped
beneath the earth’s surface, and extracted. See
also
Traps, Faults, Permeability,
and
Porosity.
Aquifer
An
underground porous, permeable rock for-
mation that acts as a natural water reservoir.
Associated natural gas
Gas that occurs as free gas in a petroleum
reservoir; see
Dissolved natural
gas;
Non-associated
natural
gas.
Base load requirements (base load storage)
Gas that is used
to meet seasonal demand increases and the
facilities are capable
of
holding enough nat-
ural gas to satisfy long term seasonal demand
requirements.
Bcf (billion cubic feet)
Gas measurement approximately equal
to one trillion
(1,000,000,000,000)
Btus. See
also
Mcf,
Tcf,
Quad.
Biogenic coal-bed methane
Methane formed
in
coal seams by
naturally occurring bacteria that are associated
with meteoric water recharge at outcrop or
sub-crop; see
Coal-bed methane.
Boiling point (boiling temperature)
The temperature at
which the vapor pressure
of
the substance is
equal to atmospheric pressure.
Bottom-simulating reflector
(BSR)
A
seismic reflection at the
sediment to clathrate stability zone interface
caused by the different density between
normal sediments and sediments laced with
clathrates.
Brine
An
aqueous solution of salts that occurs with
gas and crude
oil;
seawater and saltwater
are
also
known
as brine.
Glossary
213
Btu (British Thermal Unit)
A
unit
of
measurement for energy;
the amount
of
heat that is necessary to raise
the temperature
of
one pound
of
water by
1°F.
See also
Btu,
BcL
Tcf;
Quad.
Bundled service
Gas
sales service and transportation service
packaged together in a single transaction in
which the pipeline,
on
behalf
of
the utility,
buys gas from producers and then delivers it
to the utility.
Carbonate rock
A
rock consisting primarily
of
a carbonate min-
eral such as calcite or dolomite, the chief min-
erals
in
limestone and dolostone, respectively.
Carbonate washing
A
chemical conversion processes
in
which
acid contaminants in natural gas are converted
to compounds that are not objectionable or
that can be removed from the stream with
greater ease than the original constituents.
Carbon dioxide fracturing
The use of gaseous carbon dioxide to
fracture a formation.
Casing
Used
to
line the walls
of
a gas well to prevent
collapse
of
the well, and also to protect the
surrounding earth and rock layers from being
contaminated by petroleum, or the drilling
fluids.
Casinghead gas
Natural gas that is derived from petroleum but
is separated at the separation facility at the
wellhead.
Catalytic oxidation
A
chemical conversion process that is used
predominantly for destruction
of
volatile
organic compounds and carbon monoxide.
Cathodic protection
The method
of
preventing corrosion
in
metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow
or
prevent corrosion; used in
natural gas pipelines to resist
corrosion
over
an extended period
of
time.
214
Glossary
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
Gaseous compounds used for
cooling; release into the atmosphere has pro-
duces ozone depletion.
Chemisorption
See
Absorption.
Christmas tree
The series
of
pipes and valves that sits on top
of a producing gas well; used in place
of
a
pump to extract the gas from the well.
City gate
A
location at which custody
of
gas passes from
a gas pipeline company to a local distributor.
Clam process
A
sulfur recovery process recovering elemental
sulfur from sour gas; a major producer of
sulfur.
Clean
Air
Act Amendments
of
1990
Legislation to improve the
quality of the atmosphere and curb acid rain
promotes the use of cleaner fuels in vehicles
and stationary sources.
Coal-bed methane
Methane from coal seams; released
or
pro-
duced from the seams when the water pres-
sure within the seam is reduced by pumping
from either vertical or inclined to horizontal
surface holes; see also
Biogenic
coal-bed
methane
and
Thermogenic coal-bed methane.
Coal
gas
A
generic term for gaseous mixture (mainly
hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide)
made from coal by the destructive distillation
(ix.,
heating in the absence of air)
of
bitumi-
nous coal; also synonymous with
blue gas,
pro-
ducer gas, water gas, town gas, fuel gas,
manufactured gas,
and
syngas (synthetic natural
gas,
SNG).
Composition
The make-up
of
a gaseous stream.
Compression
Reduction
in
volume
of
natural gas is com-
pressed during transportation and storage.
Glossary
215
Condensate
Consumption
Crude oil
Cryogenic process
A
hydrocarbon liquid stream separated from
natural gas; higher molecular weight hydro-
carbons that exist
in
the reservoir as constitu-
ents
of
natural gas but which are recovered as
liquids in separators, field facilities or gas-
processing plants.
Natural gas consumed within the country,
including imports but excluding amounts re-
injected, flared and lost in shrinkage.
Petroleum.
A
process involving low temperatures.
CSST
(corrugated stainless-steel tubing)
Flexible piping used
to install gas service in residential and com-
Cubic
foot
(ft3)
Cutting
DEA
Dead crude oil
Decline rate
DGA
Dehydration
DIPA
mercial areas.
A
unit
of
measurement for volume; an area
one foot long, by one foot wide, by one foot
deep.
A
piece
of
rock or dirt that is brought to the
surface of a drilling site as debris from the
bottom
of
well; often used to obtain data for
logging.
Diethanolamine.
Crude oil in the reservoir with minimal
or
no
dissolved associated gas; often difficult to pro-
duce as there is little energy to drive it.
The rate at which the production rate
of
a well
decreases.
Diglycolamine.
Water removal from natural gas streams.
Diisopropanolamine.
216
Glossary
Delivery
or
receipt point
The point where natural gas is trans-
ferred from one party to another. The city gate
is the delivery point for a pipeline or transpor-
tation company because this is where the gas
is transferred to the LDC.
Density
The mass of a substance contained in a unit
volume (mass divided by volume).
Depleted reservoirs
Reservoirs that have already been tapped of
all their recoverable natural gas.
Desorption
See
Adsorption.
Dip
The angle at which it lies in relation to a flat
line at the surface; often helps the geologist to
locate possible traps (reservoirs).
Dissolved natural
gas
Gas that occurs in solution in the petro-
leum in a reservoir; see
Associated natural
gas.
EPACT
(Energy Policy Act
of
1992)
Comprehensive energy
legislation designed to expand natural gas use
by allowing wholesale electric transmission
access and providing incentives to developers
of clean fuel vehicles.
Estimated additional amount in place
The volume additional
to the proved amount in place that is of fore-
seeable economic interest. Speculative amounts
are not included.
Estimated additional reserves recoverable
The volume within
the estimated additional amount in place
which geological and engineering information
indicates with reasonable certainty might be
recovered in the future.
Fault
When part of the earth’s crust fractures due to
forces exerted on
it
by movement
of
plates on
the earth’s crust;
of
interest because they
often
form traps that are natural gas reservoirs.
Glossary
217
Fire point
The temperature to which gas must be heated
under prescribed conditions of the method to
burn continuously when the mixture of vapor
and air is ignited by a specified flame.
Fischer-Tropsch process
The catalytic process by which
syn-
thesis gas (syngas; mixtures of carbon mon-
oxide and hydrogen) is converted to
hydrocarbon products.
Flash point
The temperature to which gas must be heated
under specified conditions to give of suffi-
cient vapor to form a mixture with air that
can be ignited momentarily by a specified
flame; dependant
on
the composition of the
gas and the presence of other hydrocarbon
constituents.
Flexsorb process
A
process that uses sterically hindered amines
(olamines) in aqueous solutions or other phys-
ical solvents; the molecular structure hinders
the carbon dioxide approach to the amine and
preferentially removes hydrogen sulfide from
the gas stream.
Formation
Either a certain layer of the earth’s crust, or a
certain area of a layer; often refers to the area
of rock where a reservoir
is
located.
Fractionation
The process of separating the various natural
gas liquids present in the remaining gas
stream by using the varying boiling points of
the individual hydrocarbons in the gas
stream.
Fracturing
A
method used by producers to extract more
natural gas from a well by opening up rock
formations using hydraulic or explosive force.
Fuel cell technology
The chemical interaction of natural gas and
certain other metals,
such
as
platinum,
gold,
and other electrolytes to produce electricity.
218
Glossary
Gas cap
The gas trapped between the liquid petroleum
and the impervious cap rock
of
the petroleum
reservoir.
Gas condensate
See
Condensate.
Gas hydrate
A
molecule consisting of an ice lattice or cage
in which low molecular weight hydrocarbon
molecules, such as methane, are embedded.
Gas processing
The preparation
of
gas for consumer use
by
removal of the non-methane constituents;
synonymous with gas refining.
Gas refining
See
Gas processing.
Geological survey
The exploration for natural gas that involves a
geological examination
of
the surface struc-
ture
of
the earth to determine the areas where
there is a high probability that a reservoir
exists.
Geophones
Equipment used to detect the reflection
of
seismic waves during a seismic survey
(q.v.).
Giammarco-Vetrocoke process
A
process for hydrogen sulfide
and/or carbon dioxide removal from natural
gas.
Girder process
Amine (olamine) washing of natural gas to
remove acid gases.
Global
warming
An
environmental issue that deals with the
potential for global climate change due to
increased levels
of
atmospheric greenhouse
gases.
Greenhouse effect
See
Global warming.
Greenhouse gases
See
Global warming.