Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English

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CONJUGATION.

237

dear,

dare

sing,

dearst,

plur.

durron

;

opta-

tive

dyrre,

usually

durre;

preterit

dorste

(R.

dy(r)ste);

infinitive

durran

(?).

423.

Fourth

ablaut

class.

8) sceal,

_Z" shall

sing.

scealt,

plur.

scnlon,

sceolon

;

optative

scyle,

sci(e)le,

scule,

sceole

;

preterit

sc(e)olde

;

infinitive

sculan,

sceolan.

NOTE

North,

plur.

scilon,

sciolon,

optative

scile

;

preterit

Rush.

scalde, sculde,

optative

scylde.

The

forms

scile,

sclele,

occur in

Cura

Past.

mQn,

man

(likewise

gemoji),

LWS.

gemime,

Iin-

tend

: 2d

sing.

mqnst,

LWS.

gemunst,

LWS.

sing.

gemanfr

(?),

plur.

munon,

LWS.

gemunafr;

optative

myne,

usually

nmne;

imperative

gem

yn(e), gemun(e)

;

preterit

munde;

infinitive

munan;

present participle

munende

;

past

participle (ge)munen.

NOTE 2.

North,

has as

preterit

gemyste

(for

*gemynste,

185.

1).

424.

Fifth

ablaut class.

10)

maeg,

can

sing.

meaht,

miht,

plur.

magon;

optative

msege,

LWS.

mage,

muge,

plur.

mahan, mugon;

preterit

meahte,

mihte

;

infinitive

magan

mugan

(?)

not found.

NOTE.

The forms

of the

Ps.

are

meg, maeht, ma*gon,

mege,

inaehte.

11)

be-,

ge-neah,

suffices

(used

only

the

per-

son)

plur.

-nugon,

optative

-nuge,

preterit

benohte

;

infinitive

-nugan

(?)

not found.

425.

Sixth

ablaut class.

12)

m<5t,

may

sing,

most,

plur.

iiioton,

optative

mdte,

preterit

mdste;

infinitive

mdtan

(?)

not found.

238

INFLECTION.

VERBS

IN -mi.

426.

The

1st

sing,

present

indicative

the

Indo-

European

verb

ended either

-6

or in

-mi

(cf.

the

Gr.

verbs

in -o> and

-/it,

(frepa)

and

ri^yu-t,

etc.).

To the verbs

in -6

belong

all the

regular

Germanic

verbs;

the verbs

-mi

only scanty

remains have

been

preserved; they

are

distinguished

the

fact

that

the

1st

sing,

indicative ends

-m.

Here

belong

the

following

OE.

verbs

The Substantive

Verb.

427.

The

substantive verb

composed

of forms from

the

three

roots,

(indicative

and

present optative),

bheu

(indicative

and

present optative

with

future

signi-

fication,

infinitive and

imperative),

and" wes

(infinitive,

present

participle,

and

preterit).

The

inflection is as

follows

Root es:

PRESENT.

Indicative.

ws.

CONJUGATION.

239

NOTE 2.

has also

indicative

plur.

sendun,

and Lind. an

infinitive sie

;

in the

Ps.

sind is

the

regular

form

the

plur.,

while

earun

is the rarest

;

the

form

send

occasionally

found

WS.

The

sing.

earff

occurs not

only

Ps.,

but also in

Boeth. 128.

Root

bheu:

PRESENT.

Indicative.

Optative.

WS.-Ps. NOBTH.

WS. NORTH.

Sing.

beom,

b6o

bioni,

beom

bis,

bist bist

be\> bia

3. biff biff

Plur. b6off

biaff

)

Infinitive

beon

(North,

bian)

Present

Participle

bcomlc

Imperative

Sing,

beo,

plur.

beoff

NOTE

Later

forms of

bist, biff,

are

byst, byff.

Only rarely

does the North,

have bioffon

for biffon.

has an indicative

plur.

beojmn

(biffon)

along

with

beo>, bioj>.

The Ps. has no

example

the

optative.

Root wes:

PRESENT.

Infinitive:

wesan

(North,

wosa,

wossa).

Participle:

wesende.

Imperative:

Sing.

\ves,

plur.

wesaff

(North,

\vaes,

\vosas).

PRETERIT.

Indicative: 1st

sing,

waes,

sing,

wsfere;

Optative

\vsere, etc.,

the whole

regularly

inflected as a

strong

verb

(391).

NOTE

The

past participle

generally

wanting,

but cf.

391.

note

From fusion

with

ne results the

preterit

sing,

naes,

2d iia'-rc,

plur.

na-ron,

optative

n&re.

wees, naes,

when

enclitic,

become

was,

nas.

The

Verb "will"

428.

The

present

tense

the verb

will

was

originally

confined

Germanic

to an

optative

used

indicatively

;

these have

been

added

in OE.

new

240

INFLECTION.

optative

and an

imperative

(the

latter

occurring only

negative).

The

preterit

is of

the

weak

conjugation.

The inflection

as follows

PRESENT. Indicative.

WS.

Ps.

NORTH.

Sing.

wttle,

wile

willo,

-e

2. wilt

wilt

wile,

wllle wile

wll

1'lur.

wlUaff

\viIluiV

wallas,

-aff

Optative.

( wllle (

waella,

-SB,

-e

(

wile

(

wellse,

-e

Plur.

wlUen

(

wsellae,

-e

wellae,

-e

PRETERIT. Indicative.

Sing,

wolde

(walde)

walde

Optative.

Sing,

wolde,

walde walde

walde

Inflected like

ne.rede,

408.

NOTE

In North, the

1st

sing,

indicative

combined

with

the

fol-

lowing pronoun

form wllllc

: R.

distinguishes

1st

and 3d

sing,

wllle

and

-wile;

plur.

willaff

and

optative

wllle,

as in

WS.

The

infinitive

wlllan

rare

;

Ps. has

present participle

wellende,

and

imperative

ne wellaff.

NOTE

Fusion with the

negative

adverb

is the

rule, occasioning

certain

irregularities

the vowels of the

various

forms : WS. 1st

and

sing,

indicative

nel(l)e,

nyl(l)e,

nelt, nylt, plur.

nellaff,

nyllaff,

optative

nelle,

nyl(l)e,

imperative

nele

(?),

plur.

nellaff, nyllaS

pret-

erit

nolde

(R.

1st and 3d

sing,

nyle,

plur.

nyllaff, imperative

nellaff,

preterit

nalde)

;

Ps.

sing, imperative

nyl, plur.

nyllaff,

preterit

nalde

;

North.

1st

sing,

indicative

nuillle,

plur.

nallas,

sing, imperative

nelle,

plur.

nallaff,

luullaff,

nellaff

(-eff,

-as,

-aes),

preterit

nalde.

CONJUGATION. 241

<?)

The Verb

"do."

429. The verb

ddn,

do,

conjugated

follows

PRESENT.

Indicative.

WS. Ps.

NORTH.

Sg.

(16 d6m

dom,

do,

d6a

dest

da-sit

)

doas

::. (U'-iV

dried

ddeff; d6aeff,

-as,

-es

Plur. d6ff

doff

doaff, -as,

-eff,

-es

Infinitive.

don

don,

do,

doa

Ger.

domic

d6anne,

-enne

Sg.

do. d6a do.

d 6a

d6e

PI. 1. d6n d6n

doff doff

d6aff, -as,

-seff,

-eff

Optative.

WS.

Ps.

NORTH.

d6n doen

doe

Participles.

d6nde

doende

Past

Participles.

ged6n

WS.

Sg.

dyde

dydes(t)

(

dydon

(djfedoii)

Plur.

PRETERIT.

Indicative.

Ps.

NORTH.

dyde

dydes(t)

(

dydon

( dedon

dydun

Optative.

WS.

(

dyde

!.<, Ir

(

dyden

(

I'M

1,. II

Ps. NORTH.

dyde dyde

dyden dyde

NOTE 1.

It is doubtful whether the

oe of Ps. and

North,

should be

written 6e

de,

since the

Mss.

not

distinguish

between them. The

participles

gedfen, forden,

are found

WS.

only

the

poetical

texts,

to which

they

have

probably

been

transferred

directly

from North,

originals.

The

preterit

plur.

d&don,

optative

da-do, are

probably

not

found

WS.

prose.

NOTE

has

1st

sing, present

indicative

d6(m),

2d do'-st

draff,

plur.

d6ff

d6aff,

doeff

;

sing, optative

d6(a),

plur.

doan

;

sing,

impera-

tive

d6,

plur.

d6ff, d6aff,

doeff

;

infinitive

doan,

gerund

d6anne

;

present

participle

d6nde,

doviidu

;

preterit

dyde,

plur.

dydon

;

past

participle

ged6an,

gedoen.

242

INFLECTION.

The

Verb

"go."

430.

The

verb

gdn,

(beside

g<?ngan,

396.

note

PRESENT.

Indicative.

Optative.

WS.-P8.

NORTH.

WS.

Ps. NOBTH.

Sing.

gsfe

gs(t)

ggfes(t)

>ga g

gsfe

g&ff

g8feff,gar,-s

Plur.

gaff gaff,gseff,-s gan

Imperative.

Present

Participle.

Sing.

gd, gsfe,

gaae gAnde gdude

Plur.

gdff gdff, gsfeff,-s

Infinitive.

Past

Participle.

gin

g&n,

gegdn

gead

PKETEKIT.

Indicative.

Optative.

Sg. 1,

6ode

ade,

feode

feode 6ode

6ade

( eode

Inflected like

n^rede,

etc.,

408.

NOTE

place

of our sfe the Mss. often

have

ae,

which

may

also

interpreted

;

sfe

has

only

been

admitted

above,

where

the Mss.

themselves contain

the

ligature

se in addition to ae.

NOTE 2.

The

inflection

in R.

is the same as

WS.,

with the

excep-

tion of

the

plur.

optative

gsfen,

along

with

gan,

and the

plur. imperative

jra-ff,

along

with

gaff.

one

instance the

Ps. has

gan

the

1st

sing,

present

indicative.

APPENDIX.

The

pre-Alfredian

texts,

which

are

exceedingly

important

linguistic

point

view,

have

been issued

complete

edition

Sweet,

Oldest

English

Texts,

London,

1885. The

OE.

charters

were collected

Kemble,

Codex

Diplomaticus

Aevi

Saxonici,

Lon-

don,

1839-48

(new

edition

Gray

Birch,

Cartulariura

Saxonicum,

London,

1883

ff.).

ex-

tended

bibliography

given

Wiilcker's

Grundriss

zur

Geschichte der

Ags.

Litteratur,

Leipzig,

1885.

The

principal

Northumbrian

texts,

besides a

few

Runic

inscriptions

(Stephens,

The Old

Northern Runic

Monuments, I,

405

ff.,

Sweet,

Oldest

English

Texts,

124

ff.),

are

interlinear

translation of

the

Gospels,

the so-called

Durham

Book,

Lindisfarne

Gospels

(best

edition

Kemble

and

Skeat: The

Gospel

ac-

cording

to Saint

Matthew,

etc.,

Anglo-Saxon

and

Northumbrian

versions,

Cambridge,

1858-78)

;

and a

similar translation of

the

Durham

Ritual,

edited

Stevenson

for the

Surtees

Society,

under the title of

Rituale Ecclesiae

Dunelmensis,

London,

1840.

Mercian

supposed

represented

the modi-

fied

transcript

the Northumbrian

gloss

Matthew

(R.

the so-called Rushworth

Ms.,

but the

dialect

seems to

mixed

one,

and to contain

isolated

WS.

forms;

respects

the other three

Gospels,

the

gloss

244

APPENDIX.

(R.

)

but

little

than a

copy

the Northumbrian.

The whole

printed

Kemble

and

Skeat's

edition.

The

very

important

interlinear

version

of the

Psalter

(in

Cotton WS.

Vespasian

1),

which

was for

some

time

considered

Kentish,

must

certainly

be re-

garded

as Mercian

its

linguistic

character.

was

edited

Stevenson,

Anglo-Saxon

and

Early

English

Psalter,

for

the Surtees

Society,

London, 1843-47,

and

has now

appeared

in a

correct form in

Sweet's

Oldest

English

Texts,

183 ff.

The

only

remains

which are

certainly

Kentish

are

metrical translation

the

50th

Psalm,

hyrnn,

and a

collection

glosses

Ms.

Vesp.

Z).

6 of the British

Museum. The two

first

were

published

Anglosax-

onica

quae primus

edidit

Fr.

Dietrich,

Marburg,

1885,

and less

correctly by

Grein,

Bibliothek

der

Ags.

Poesie

II,

276

ff.,

290

ff.

(cf.

Haupt's

Zs.

XV,

465

ff.);

the

glosses by

Zupitza

Haupt

XXI,

ff., XXII,

223

ff.,

and in

Wright-Wiilcker,

Anglo-Saxon

and Old

English

Vocabularies, I,

ff.

Not

pure

Kentish,

but Kentish

containing

at 'least an admixture of Mercian

forms,

the

Epinal

Glossary

the

beginning

of the 8th

century,

together

with

the

nearly

Corpus

and Erfurt

Glossaries,

which

are the

chief sources

of our

knowledge

the

Oldest

English.

The

Epinal Glossary

was edited

Henry

Sweet,

London,

1884,

with a

photolitho-

graphic

facsimile of

the

whole

manuscript;

all

three

glossaries

are in

Sweet's

Oldest

English

Texts,

ff,

and

the

Corpus

Glossary

Wright-Wiilcker,

ff.

Among

the

ancient

specimens

West

Saxon,

certain

works

Alfred

the

Great,

preserved

contem-

poraneous

manuscripts,

take

precedence

of all

others;

APPENDIX.

245

these are the

translation of

Gregory

the Great's Cura

Pastoralis

(edited

Sweet,

King

Alfred's West Saxon

Version

Gregory's

Pastoral

Care, London,

1871),

and

the Chronicle of

Orosius,

edited

from

the Lauderdale

Ms.

Sweet,

King

Alfred's

Orosius,

London,

1883.

importance

is the oldest

text

(Parker

Ms.)

the

Saxon

Chronicle,

of which the oldest

portion

ex-

tends to

A.D.

891;

the most correct edition is

Thorpe,

The

Anglo-Saxon

Chronicles, London, 1861,

the latest

Earle,

Two of the

Saxon

Chronicles,

Oxford,

1865.

Among

the LWS.

documents

may

mentioned

the

numerous

and still

partly unpublished

works

JElfric

(circa 1000),

whose

OE.

Grammar of

the Latin

Language

has

been

lately

re-edited

by Zupitza,

Berlin,

1880.

The dialectical

peculiarities

have been

faithfully

preserved

his

sermons,

edited

Thorpe,

The

Homilies of

JSlfric,

London,

1844-46,

for

the

^Elfric

Society.

Pure West

Saxon is meant

much

of the

language

^Elfred

and

^Elfric as is com-

mon to

both,

excluding

the

idiosyucracies

the indi-

vidual scribes.

The

poetical

texts of Old

English

were collected

W. M.

Grein,

Bibliothek der

Ags.

Poesie,

Cassel

und

Gottingen,

1857-64

(newly

edited

Wiilcker,

Vol.

2, Cassel,

1881

ff.).

They

originated,

for

the

most

part,

the

Anglian

territory

(cf.

Beitr.

464

ff.),

but

are

all

preserved

copies

made

Southern scribes.

The

Mss.

belong chiefly

the

10th

and llth

centuries,

and therefore

represent

dialect

its

purity,

but

con-

sist

of a

medley

of the most

various

forms.

Not

only

have

Anglian

forms

frequently

been

transferred

from

the

originals,

but the

earlier

and

later forms

the

same

246

APPENDIX.

dialect alternate

with

each other. The

poems,

there-

fore,

can

only

employed

for

grammatical purposes

with the

utmost caution.

Now and

then,

indeed,

the

metre does

allow

approximate

determination of

the

original

forms

made

(Beitr.

209

ff.,

451

ff.).