Seetharaman S. Fundamentals of metallurgy
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7.29 Computed and experimental residence time distribution in the light phase
of the bottom-gas-injected countercurrent liquid±liquid process. ( 0.601.
Detailed test conditions are given in Iyer and Sohn (1994).)
7.30 Variation of with i n the light phase of the bo ttom-g as-injected
countercurrent liquid±liquid process.
336 Fundamentals of metallurgy
2
Q
L2
g
Q
g
h
1
L
1
h
2
h
1
2
1
d
2
inj
4A
2
!
2
7:166
and the correlation equation is
0:288 10 2:46 10
5
; for < 1:4 10
ÿ6
7:167
The correlation for was applied to operations in a much larger vessel (1 m
diameter and 7.2 m length) to test its suitability for scale-up. A comparison
between the experimental result and the model prediction is shown in Fig. 7.31,
which shows an excellent agreement.
The residence-time distribution represents the degree of backmixing of fluid
elements as they flow through a vessel. The degree of backmixing can be
represented by the normalized variance
2
2
=
t
2
of the residence-time distri-
bution (Levenspiel, 1999). Iyer and Sohn (1994) developed correlations for
2
for
the heavy and light phases of the bottom-gas-injected counter-flow system against
the dimensionless groups and , respectively, as shown in Figs 7.32 and 7.33. The
range of
2
between 0.05 and 0.3 for the heavy phase corresponds to the degree of
backmixing for 3 to 20 CSTRs in series. The
2
values ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 for
the light phase are equivalent to the degree of backmixing in 5 to 11 CSTRs in
series. This is quite comparable to the mixer-settler systems commonly used in
metallurgical solvent extraction, in which a mixer cell is equivalent to a CSTR.
This work has shown how a judiciously constructed network of ideal reactors
can be used to represent the residence time distribution of a system in which
7.31 Computed and experimental resi dence time distr ibution in the heavy
phase of a large-scale model of the bott om-ga s-injected countercurrent
liquid± liquid process. ( 0.181. Detailed test condi tions ar e given in Iyer
and Sohn (1994).)
The kinetics of metallurgical reactions 337
7.32 Variation of no rmalized variance
2
with in the heavy phase of the
bottom-gas-injected countercurrent liquid±liquid process.
7.33 Variation of normalized variance
2
with in the light phase of the
bottom-gas-injected countercurrent liquid±liquid process.
338 Fundamentals of metallurgy
rather complex flows of liquids take place. The ideal-reactor-network model
discussed here further enables one to analyze and predict the rate of mass
exchange between the tw o liquid phases by mass transfer and chemical reaction
when combined with the emulsion characteristics discussed earlier and the mass
transfer characteristics in such liquid±liquid emulsions (Iyer and Sohn, 1993).
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344 Fundamentals of metallurgy
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2185±90.
Sohn HY, Seo KW, Chaubal PC and Hahn YB (1988) `Laboratory studies on the flash
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1988 Center for Pyrometallurgy Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 15±17,
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Szekely J and Sohn HY (1973) `The effect of structure on the reaction between a porous
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Szekely J, Lin CI and Sohn HY (1973) `A structural model for gas±solid reactions with a
moving boundary ± V. An experimental study of the reduction of porous nickel-
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Szekely J, Evans JW and Sohn HY (1976) Gas±Solid Reactions, New York, Academic
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gases', Met. Trans. B, 8B, 639±43.
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