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And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any

pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession

thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of this nation

doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual and

Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted,

established and declared, that the crown and regal government of the said

kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto

belonging and appertaining, shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the

survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that

the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only

in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their

joint lives; and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and

remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to

her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of

his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and

Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully

submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promise

that they will stand to, maintain and defend their said Majesties, and also the

limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained, to the

utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons

whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary.

And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with

the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish

prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and

Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and

every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold

communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish

religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to

inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and

the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same, or to have, use or

exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all

and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby

absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from time

to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants

as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons

so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were

naturally dead; and that every king and queen of this realm who at any time

hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall

on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her coming

to the crown, sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of

the Lords and Commons therein assembled, or at his or her coronation before

such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at

the time of his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make,

subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in

the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the

Second entitled, "An Act for the more effectual preserving the King's

person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of

Parliament." But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her

succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years,

then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe and audibly repeat the same

declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first

Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall

have attained the said age of twelve years. All which their Majesties are

contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted and established by authority of

this present Parliament, and shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for

ever; and the same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and

consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament

assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established

accordingly.

II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that

from and after this present session of Parliament no dispensation by "non

obstante" of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed, but that the

same shall be held void and of no effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in

such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one

or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament.

III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three

and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred

eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this Act, but that the

same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than

as if this Act had never been made.

III. The Munich Pact

September 29, 1938

An agreement concluded at Munich, Germany, between

Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy.

GERMANY, the United Kingdom, France and Italy, taking into consideration

the agreement, which has been already reached in principle for the cession to

Germany of the Sudeten German territory, have agreed on the following terms

and conditions governing the said cession and the measures consequent thereon,

and by this agreement they each hold themselves responsible for the steps

necessary to secure its fulfilment:

(1) The evacuation will begin on 1st October.

(2) The United Kingdom, France and Italy agree that the evacuation of the

territory shall be completed by the 10th October, without any existing

installations having been destroyed, and that the Czechoslovak Government

will be held responsible for carrying out the evacuation without damage to the

said installations.

(3) The conditions governing the evacuation will be laid down in detail by an

international commission composed of representatives of Germany, the United

Kingdom, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia.

(4) The occupation by stages of the predominantly German territory by

German troops will begin on 1st October. The four territories marked on the

attached map will be occupied by German troops in the following order:

The territory marked No. I on the 1st and 2nd of October; the territory

marked No. II on the 2nd and 3rd of October; the territory marked No. III on

the 3rd, 4th and 5th of October; the territory marked No. IV on the 6th and 7th

of October. The remaining territory of preponderantly German character will be

ascertained by the aforesaid international commission forthwith and be occupied

by German troops by the 10th of October.

(5) The international commission referred to in paragraph 3 will determine the

territories in which a plebiscite is to be held. These territories will be occupied

by international bodies until the plebiscite has been completed. The same

commission will fix the conditions in which the plebiscite is to be held, taking

as a basis the conditions of the Saar plebiscite. The commission will also fix a

date, not later than the end of November, on which the plebiscite will be held.

(6) The final determination of the frontiers will be carried out by the

international commission. The commission will also be entitled to recommend

to the four Powers, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy, in certain

exceptional cases, minor modifications in the strictly ethnographical

determination of the zones which are to be transferred without plebiscite.

(7) There will be a right of option into and out of the transferred territories, the

option to be exercised within six months from the date of this agreement. A

German-Czechoslovak commission shall determine the details of the option,

consider ways of facilitating the transfer of population and settle questions of

principle arising out of the said transfer.

(8) The Czechoslovak Government will within a period of four weeks from the

date of this agreement release from their military and police forces any Sudeten

Germans who may wish to be released, and the Czechoslovak Government will

within the same period release Sudeten German prisoners who are serving terms

of imprisonment for political offences.

Munich, September 29, 1938.

ADOLF HITLER

NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN

EDOUARD DALADIER

BENITO MUSSOLINI

IV. This Month in History - Issue: 49 (4)

April 4th, 1949: The Founding of NATO

The signing of the treaty that symbolised a unified military stance against

Eastern Europe in the Cold War era. The North Atlantic Treaty, signed by

twelve nations on a Monday afternoon in Washington DC, saw the United

States accept the lead in the free world's postwar resistance to Communist

aggression and subversion.

Unprecedented in American peacetime history, it was the product of more

than a year of political and diplomatic activity in which leading roles were

played by Senator Vandenberg and General Marshall of the United States,

Ernest Bevin of Britain and Lester Pearson of Canada.

The Treaty bound its signatories to treat an armed attack against any one of

them as aggression against all and to react with any action necessary including

armed force. It was drawn up by a working party of diplomats from the United

States, Great Britain, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and

Luxembourg, which began work in July 1948 and produced a draft text in

December. Representatives of these countries and five more (Italy, Portugal,

Norway, Denmark and Iceland) signed the treaty at a long mahogany table in

front of the twelve national flags in the auditorium of the State Department

building on Constitution Avenue. A distinguished audience 1,500 strong

watched as Paul Henri Spaak signed first for Belgium, фollowed by Pearson

for Canada. Robert Schuman stepped up for France and Bevin and Dean

Acheson, the US Secretary of State, signed last.

Each foreign minister used a different pen. In his speech President Truman

described the new treaty as 'a shield against aggression and the

fear of aggression - a bulwark which will permit us to get on with the real

business of government and society, the business of

achieving a fuller and happier life for all our citizens'. The ceremony was

simple and impressive, though Sir Nicholas Henderson, one

of the working party, deprecated the 'insouciant influence' of the US Marine

Band, which played Gershwin tunes, including 'Bess, you is my woman

now' in apparent homage to Mrs Truman, who had a front-row seat.

The Treaty had still to be ratified by the US Senate, which approved it on

July 21st, after almost two weeks of debate. It was powerfully

commended by Senator Vandenberg for the Republicans and Senator

Connally of Texas for the Democrats, and opposed by Senator Taft of Ohio,

who argued that it entailed 'arming Western Europe at American expense'.

The final vote was eighty-two votes to thirteen in favour, which supplied the

necessary two-thirds majority. President Truman signed the instrument of

accession and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was duly

established with its secretariat in France.