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государственных интересов Советского Союза, укрепление позиций мирового

социализма, поддержку борьбы народов за национальное освобождение и

социальный прогресс, на предотвращение агрессивных войн, достижение

всеобщего и полного разоружения и последовательное осуществление

принципа мирного сосуществования государств с различным социальным

строем.

В СССР пропаганда войны запрещается.

Конституция (Основной Закон) Союза Советских

Социалистических Республик. М., 1977. С. 4-15.

Документ 61. Из соглашения между Союзом Советских

Социалистических Республик и Соединенными Штатами Америки о

предотвращении ядерной войны

22 июня 1973 г.

Статья I

Советский Союз и Соединенные Штаты соглашаются, что целью их

политики является устранение опасности ядерной войны и применения

ядерного оружия.

В соответствии с этим стороны соглашаются, что они будут действовать

так, чтобы предотвратить возникновение ситуаций, способных вызвать опасное

обострение их отношений, избежать военных конфронтации и чтобы исключить

возникновение ядерной войны между ними и между каждой из сторон и други-

ми странами.

Статья II

Стороны соглашаются, в соответствии со статьей I и во исполнение указан-

ной в этой статье цели, исходить из того, что каждая сторона будет воздержи-

ваться от угрозы силой или ее применения против другой стороны, против со-

юзников другой стороны и против других стран в обстоятельствах, которые

могут поставить под угрозу международный мир и безопасность. Стороны со-

глашаются, что они будут руководствоваться этими соображениями при форму-

лировании своей внешней политики и в своих действиях в области междуна-

родных отношений.

Визит Леонида Ильича Брежнева в Соединенные Штаты Америки

18-25 июня 1973 года. Речи и документы. М., 1973. С. 86-89.

Документ 62. Из "Заключительного акта" совещания по безопасности

и сотрудничеству в Европе

1 августа 1975 г.

/. Суверенное, равенство, уважение прав, присущих суверенитету

Государства-участники будут уважать суверенное равенство и своеобразие

друг друга, а также все права, присущие их суверенитету и охватываемые им, в

число которых входит, в частности, право каждого государства на юридическое

равенство, на территориальную целостность, на свободу и политическую

независимость. Они будут также уважать право друг друга свободно выбирать и

развивать свои политические, социальные, экономические и культурные систе-

мы, равно как и право устанавливать свои законы и административные правила.

II. Неприменение силы или угрозы силой

Государства-участники будут воздерживаться в их взаимных, как и вообще

в их международных отношениях, от применения силы или угрозы силой.

III. Нерушимость границ

Государства-участники рассматривают как нерушимые все границы друг

друга, как и границы всех государств в Европе, и поэтому они будут воздержи-

ваться сейчас и в будущем от любых посягательств на эти границы. <...>

VI. Мирное урегулирование споров

Государства-участники будут разрешать споры между ними мирными

средствами, таким образом, чтобы не подвергать угрозе международный мир и

безопасность и справедливость.

VI. Невмешательство во внутренние дела

Государства-участники будут воздерживаться от любого вмешательства,

прямого или косвенного, индивидуального или коллективного во внутренние

или внешние дела.

VII. Уважение прав человека и основных свобод,

включая свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений

Государства-участники будут уважать права человека и основные свободы,

включая свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений для всех, без различия

расы, пола, языка и религии.

Во имя мира, безопасности и сотрудничества.

К итогам Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству

в Европе, состоявшегося в Хельсинки 30 июля - 1 августа 1975 г.

М., 1975. С. 14-23.

Документ 63. Из доклада Генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС М.С.

Горбачева на Пленуме ЦК КПСС

27 января 1987 г.

Темпы прироста национального дохода за последние три пятилетки умень-

шились более чем вдвое. Планы по большинству показателей с начала 70-х

годов не выполнялись. Экономика в целом стала маловосприимчивой к ново-

введениям, неповоротливой, качество значительной части продукции перестало

соответствовать современным требованиям, обострились диспропорции в

производстве.

... На социально-экономической и политической ситуации, которая сложи-

лась на рубеже 70-80-х годов, сказалось и состояние самой партии, ее кадрового

корпуса. Руководящие органы партии не сумели вовремя и критически оценить

опасность нарастания негативных тенденций в обществе, в поведении части

коммунистов, принять решения, которые настоятельно требовала жизнь.

... Перестройка - это решительное преодоление застойных процессов, слом

механизма торможения, создание надежного и эффективного механизма уско-

рения социально-экономического развития советского общества. Главный

замысел нашей страны - соединить достижения научно-технической революции

с плановой экономикой и привести в действие весь потенциал социализма.

Материалы Пленума Центрального Комитета КПСС.

27-28 января 1987 г. М., 1987. С. 10-15.

Документ 64. Из Конституции Российской Федерации

12 декабря 1993 г.

Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя

Статья 1

1. Российская Федерация - Россия есть демократическое федеративное пра-

вовое государство с республиканской формой правления.

2. Наименование Российская Федерация и Россия равнозначны. <...>

Статья 5

1. Российская Федерация состоит из республик, краев, областей, городов

федерального подчинения, автономной области, автономных округов - равно-

правных субъектов Российской Федерации.

Статья 8

1. В Российской Федерации гарантируется единство экономического про-

странства, свободное перемещение товаров, услуг и финансовых средств, под-

держка конкуренции, свобода экономической деятельности.

Статья 13

3. В Российской Федерации признается политическое многообразие,

многопартийность.

4. Общественные объединения равны перед законом. <...>

Глава 4. Президент Российской Федерации

Статья 80

1. Президент Российской Федерации является главой государства...

3. Президент Российской Федерации как глава государства в соответствии

с Конституцией Российской Федерации и федеральными законами определяет

основные направления внутренней и внешней политики государства.

4. Президент Российской Федерации представляет Российскую Федерацию

внутри страны и в международных отношениях. <...>

Глава 5. Федеральное Собрание

Статья 94

Федеральное Собрание - парламент Российской Федерации - является

представительным и законодательным органом Российской Федерации. <...>

Статья 95

1. Федеральное Собрание состоит из двух палат - Совета Федерации и Го-

сударственной Думы. <...>

Глава 6. Правительство Российской Федерации

Статья 110

1. Исполнительную власть Российской Федерации осуществляет

Правительство Российской Федерации. <...>

Конституция Российской Федерации. М., 1997. С. 4~44.

Additional reading

I . ORDINANCE of LABOURERS, 1349

A vain attempt by King Edward III to freeze wages paid to laborers at

their pre-plague levels, the ordinance is indicative of the labor shortage caused

by the Black Death. It also shows the beginnings of the redefinition of societal

roles.

Because a great part of the people, and especially of workmen and

servants, late died of the pestilence, many seeing the necessity of masters, and

great scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they may receive excessive

wages, and some rather willing to beg in idleness, than by labor to get their

living; we, considering the grievous incommodities, which of the lack

especially of ploughmen and such laborers may hereafter come, have upon

deliberation and treaty with the prelates and the nobles, and learned men

assisting us, of their mutual counsel ordained:

That every man and woman of our realm of England, of what condition

he be, free or bond, able in body, and within the age of threescore years, not

living in merchandise, nor exercising any craft, nor having of his own whereof

he may live, nor proper land, about whose tillage he may himself occupy, and

not serving any other, if he in convenient service, his estate considered, be

required to serve, he shall be bounden to serve him which so shall him require;

and take only the wages, livery, meed, or salary, which were accustomed to be

given in the places where he oweth to serve, the twentieth year of our reign of

England, or five or six other common years next before.

Provided always, that the lords be preferred before other in their

bondmen or their land tenants, so in their service to be retained; so that

nevertheless the said lords shall retain no more than be necessary for them; and

if any such man or woman, being so required to serve, will not the same do, that

proved by two true men before the sheriff or the constables of the town where

the same shall happen to be done, he shall anon be taken by them or any of

them, and committed to the next gaol, there to remain under strait keeping, till

he find surety to serve in the form aforesaid.

Item, if any reaper, mower, or other workman or servant, of what estate or

condition that he be, retained in any man's service, do depart from the said

service without reasonable cause or license, before the term agreed, he shall

have pain of imprisonment. And that none under the same pain presume to

receive or to retain any such in his service.

Item, that no man pay, or promise to pay, any servant any more wages,

liveries, meed, or salary than was wont, as afore is said; nor that any in other

manner shall demand or receive the same, upon pain of doubling of that, that so

shall be paid, promised, required, or received, to him which thereof shall feel

himself grieved, pursuing for the same; and if none such will pursue, then the

same to be applied to any of the people that will pursue; and such pursuit shall

be in the court of the lord of the place where such case shall happen.

Item, if the lords of the towns or manors presume in any point to come

against this present ordinance either by them, or by their servants, then pursuit

shall be made against them in the counties, wapentakes, tithings, or such other

courts, for the treble pain paid or promised by them or their servants in the form

aforesaid; and if any before this present ordinance hath covenanted with any so

to serve for more wages, he shall not be bound by reason of the same

covenant, to pay more than at any other time was wont to be paid to such

person; nor upon the said pain shall presume any more to pay.

Item, that saddlers, skinners, white-tawers, cordwainers, tailors, smiths,

carpenters, masons, tilers, [shipwrights], carters, and all other artificers and

workmen, shall not take for their labor and workmanship above the same that

was wont to be paid to such persons the said twentieth year, and other common

years next before, as afore is said, in the place where they shall happen to work;

and if any man take more, he shall be committed to the next gaol, in manner as

afore is said.

Item, that butchers, fishmongers, hostelers, breweres, bakers, puters, and all

other sellers of all manner of victual, shall be bound to sell the same victual for

a reasonable price, having respect to the price that such victual be sold at in the

places adjoining, so that the same sellers have moderate gains, and not

excessive, reasonably to be required according to the distance of the place from

whence the said victuals be carried; and if any sell such victuals in any other

manner, and thereof be convict in the manner and form aforesaid, he shalll pay

the double of the same that he so received, to the party damnified, or, in default

of him, to any other that will pursue in this behalf: and the mayors and bailiffs

of cities, boroughs, merchant-towns, and others, and of the ports and places of

the sea, shall have power to inquire of all and singular which shall in any thing

offend the same, and to levy the said pain to the use of them at whose suit such

offenders shall be convict; and in case that the same mayors or bailiffs be

negligent in doing execution of the premises, and thereof be convict before our

justices, by us to be assigned, then the same mayors and bailiffs shall be

compelled by the same justices to pay the treble of the thing so sold to the party

damnified, or to any other in default of him that will pursue; and nevertheless

toward us they shall be grievously punished.

Item, because that many valiant beggars, as long as they may live of

begging, do refuse to labor, giving themselves to idleness and vice, and

sometime to theft and other abominations; none upon the said pain of

imprisonment shall, under the color of pity or alms, give any thing to such,

which may labor, or presume to favor them toward their desires, so that thereby

they may be compelled to labor for their necessary living.

We command you, firmly enjoining, that all and singular the premises in the

cities, boroughs, market towns, seaports, and other places in your bailiwick,

where you shall think expedient, as well within liberties as without, you do

cause to be publicly proclaimed, and to be observed and duly put in execution

aforesaid; and this by no means omit, as you regard us and the common weal of

our realm, and would save yourself harmless.

Witness the king at Westminster, the 18th day of June.

II. BILL of RIGHTS, 1689

An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject

and Settling the Succession of the Crown

Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at

Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estates of the people

of this realm, did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord

one thousand six hundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their

Majesties, then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary,

prince and princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain

declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words

following, viz.:

Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil

counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert

and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this

kingdom;

By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of

laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;

By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly

petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power;

By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for

erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes;

By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of

prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted

by Parliament;

By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of

peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to

law;

By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the

same time then papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;

By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;

By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes

cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;

And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been

returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for

high treason which were not freeholders;

And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases

to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;

And excessive fines have been imposed;

And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;

And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any

conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be

levied;

All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes

and freedom of this realm;

And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the

government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the prince of

Orange (whom it hath leased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of

delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of

the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons)

cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being

Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities,

boroughs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them

as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon

the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred

eighty and eight, in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws

and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters

elections having been accordingly made;

And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons,

pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full

and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious

consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place

(as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and

asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare:

That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws

by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;

That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by

regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;

That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for

Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are

illegal and pernicious;

That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of

prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other

manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;

That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and

prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;

That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time

of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;

That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence

suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;

That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;

That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament

ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of

Parliament;

That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor

cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;

That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors which pass

upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;

That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before

conviction are illegal and void;

And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and

preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.

And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as

their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings

or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in

any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand

of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his

Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full

redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said

Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by

him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they

have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and

liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at

Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of

Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland

and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of

the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during

their lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise

of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the

names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives, and after their

deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions

to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue

to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of

such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords

Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to

accept the same accordingly.

And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the

oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required by law, instead of

them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated. …

I, A.B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true

allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God.

I, A.B., do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure as impious

and heretical this damnable doctrine and position, that princes excommunicated

or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or

murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no

foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any

jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical or

spiritual, within this realm. So help me God.

Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity

of the kingdoms of England, France and Ireland, and the dominions

thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said

Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration. And thereupon their

Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and

Commons, being the two Houses of Parliament, should continue to sit, and with

their Majesties' royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of

the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future

might not be in danger again of being subverted, to which the said Lords

Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and proceed to act

accordingly.

Now in pursuance of the premises the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and

Commons in Parliament assembled, for the ratifying, confirming and

establishing the said declaration and the articles, clauses, matters and things

therein contained by the force of law made in due form by authority of

Parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the

rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true,

ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and

so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed and taken to be; and that all

and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and

observed as they are expressed in the said declaration, and all officers and

ministers whatsoever shall serve their Majesties and their successors according

to the same in all time to come.

And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriously

considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvellous providence

and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said

Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their

ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their

humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of

their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King

James the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having

accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did

become, were, are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our

sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of England, France and Ireland

and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the

royal state, crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours, styles, titles,

regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same

belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely invested and

incorporated, united and annexed.