Рюмин А.И. Опознавательно-информационная система классификации лома электронных изделий

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1999

Ba^Zgb_ \uims_gh ih aZ dZam H:H «DjZkp\_lf_l»

Jmdh\h^bl_ev ba^Zgby

JXFBG :. B.

^hp_gl dZn_^ju f_lZeemj]bb [eZ]hjh^guo bj_^dbo f_lZeeh\ D=:PFbA

OZjZdl_jbklbdZlbih\h]hehfZ

jZ^bhwe_dljhgguoba^_ebc

hf we_dljhgguo b jZ^bhl_ogbq_kdbo ba^_ebc ij_^klZ\ey_l gZb[he__ keh`guc b fgh]

dhfihg_glguc \b^ \lhjbqgh]h f_lZeemj]bq_kdh]h kujvy. DZd ijZ\beh, hkgh\gufb dhfihg_g-

lZf b ehfZ y\eyxlky `_e_ah \\b^_ ijhklhc b g_j`Z\_xs_c klZeb, Zexfbgbc b_]h kieZ\u,

f_^v b__ kieZ\u, d_jZfbdZ, ki_pbZevgu_ khjlZ kl_deZ b kl_dehd_jZfbdb, ieZklfZkku bbo

dhfihabpbb kh kl_deh\hehdghf.

< gZklhys__ \j_fy hkgh\gZy fZkkZ ^jZ]hp_gguo f_lZeeh\ khkj_^hlhq_gZ \W<F klZjh]h

ihdhe_gby, [ehdZo mijZ\e_gby \h_gghc l_ogbdb , jZ^bhl_ogbq_kdbo mkljhckl\Zo, l_e_dhff mgb-

dZpbhgghf h[hjm^h\Zgbb. Hkgh\guf bklhqgbdhf \lhjbqgh]h kujvy \ gZklhys__ \j_fy y\ey-

xlky W<F lbiZ ?K b^j., ZlZd`_ gZqbgZ_lky i_j_jZ[hldZ b we_dljhggh]h ehfZ \h_ggh]h gZ-

agZq_gby.

<W<F lbiZ ?K b^jm]bo \uqbkebl_evguo dhfie_dkZo fh`_l kh^_ j` Zlvky hl 0,2 ^h 10 d] ah-

ehlZ hl 0,5 ^h 15 d] k_j_[jZ, hl 0,1 ^h 2 d] iZeeZ ^by bieZlbgu. < [ehdZo mijZ\e_gby \h_ gghc

l_ogbdhc dhebq_kl\Z ^jZ]hp_gguo f_lZeeh\ gZoh^ylky lZd`_ \wlbo ij_^_eZo. FZkkh\h_ kh-

^_j`Zgb_ ^jZ]hp_gguo f_lZeeh\ khklZ\ey_l khlu_ ^heb ^ey W<F b ^_kylu_ ^heb ^ey \h_g-

ghc l_ogbdb .

Hkgh\gZy fZ kkZ aheh lZ b ieZlbgh\uo f_lZeeh\ khkj_^hlhq_gZ \ hlghkbl_evgh g_[h e vrhf

dhebq_kl\_ ba^_ ebc b we_f_glh\ we_dljhgbdb jZat_fh\, fbdjhko_fZo, ljZgabkl hjZo b ^bh^Zo,

j_e_, d_jZfbq_kdbo dhg^_gkZlhjZo. K_j_[jh [he__ jZkkj_^hlhq_gh, gh hkgh\gZy _]h qZklv

ijbkmlkl\m_l \wlbo ba^_ebyo, ZlZd`_ \ dhglZdlZo j_e_, khijhlb\e_gbyo, ij_^hojZgbl_eyo.

>h 40-60 % ahehlZ b k_j_[jZ khkj_^hlhq_gh \ dhglZdlZo jZat_fh\ jZaebqgh]h lbiZ Hkgh-

\hc dhglZdlh\ y\ey_lky f_^v b__ kieZ \u, qZs_ \k _]h eZlmgv bf_^gh-gbd_e_\u_ kieZ\u. Dhg-

lZdlu `_kldh aZij_kkh\Zgu beb hlghkbl_evgh k\h[h^gh \klZ \e_gu \ dhjimk gZ hkgh\_ ieZkl-

fZkku beb dhfihablZ. FZkkh\h_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ahehlZ \ dhglZ dlZo khklZ\ey_l 0,3-10 % (\kj_^-

g_f 1-5%), k_j_[jZ 2-8 %, iZeeZ^by 0,5-2 %.

HklZevgh_ ahehlh khkj_^hlhq_gh ij_bfms_kl\_ggh \ fbdjhko_fZo, ljZgabklhjZo, ^bh^Zo

K_j_[jh lZd`_ ijbkmlkl\m_l \ khijhlb\e_gbyo, j_e_ b dhg^_gkZlhjZo. IeZlbgZ biZeeZ^bc \

hkgh\ghf gZ o h^y l k y \ kh klZ\_ d_jZfbq_kdbo dhg^_gkZlhjh\.

>Zggu_ ba^_eby we_dljhgbdb dZd ijZ\beh kh[j Z gu gZ ieZl_ k ihfhsvx iZcdb beb kde_ b\Z-

gby \lbih\u_ we_f_glu aZf_gu (LWA). Dhjimk ieZlu ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc Zjfbjh\Zgguc

kl_dehldZ gvx ieZklbd. >hey gZihegbl_ e y (kl_dehldZgb) ^hklb]Z_l - 70 % bhg ij_^klZ\e_g

ki_pbZevgufb khjlZfb [hjhZexfbgbc kbebdZlgh]h [_ks_ehqgh]h kl_deZ. < dZq_kl\_ k\yamx-

s_]h bkihevamxl dj_fgbbhj]Zgbq_kdb_, ihebwnbjg u_ ihebd Zj[Zfb^gu _ b^j lbiu ieZk lf Zkk .

Fbdjhko_fu h[uqgh kh [j Zgu \ieZklbdh\hf beb d_jZfbq_kdhf dhjimk_. Ihahehq_ggu_ \u-

\h^Z kh_^bg_gu k d_jZfbq_kdhc ieZklbgdhc b`_kldh aZij_kkh\Zgu \dhjimk. FZl_jbZe \u\h-

^h\ — `_e_ ah-gbd_e_\uc fZ]gblguc kieZ\ lbiZ «ieZlbgbl» beb «dh\Zj». Ahehlh gZg_ k_gh

]Zev\Zgbq_kdb \ dhebq_kl\_ 1-10 %. LZd`_ ah eh lh ijbkmlkl\m_l \ \b^_ ih^eh`db ih^ djbklZee

dj_fgby b ki_pbZevguo ijbih_\. IeZklfZkkh\u_ dhjimkZ fbdjhko_f ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl ba l_jfh-

ieZklbqghc ieZklfZkku k 60-70 % gZihegbl_ey (lZevd, Zk[_kl, dj_fg_a_f, ]ebgha_f). <gml-

j_ggyy ih^eh`dZ ^ey djbklZeeZ h[uqgh k^_eZgZ ba dhjmg^Z beb ^mjZexfbgZ. DhjimkZ ^bh^-

guo fZljbp b g_dhlhjuo \b^h\ fbdjhko_f ba]hlZ\eb\Zxlky ba ki_pbZevguo khjlh\ [_ks_ehq-

guo kl_dhe. FZkkh\h_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ah ehlZ \ ieZklfZkkh\uo fbdjhko_fZo fh`_l khklZ\eylv hl

0,2 ^h 1 %, Z\ d_jZfbq_kdbo hl 1 ^h 5 %. FZkkh\Zy ^hey \u\h^h\ khklZ\ey_l ~ 30 % fZkku

fbdjhko_fu. LjZgabklh ju kh^_j`Zl ah ehlh \dZq_kl\_ ih^eh `db ih^ djbklZeehf b ijh\h^gb-

dhf. Kj_^g__ fZkkh\h_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ahehlZ \ ahehlhkh^_j`Zsbo l jZg a bk lhjZo k hk lZ\ey_l 0,3-

2 %. FZl_jbZe djurdb — gbd_ev beb gbd_ebjh\Zgguc kieZ\ fZl_jbZe dhjimkZ -- `_e_ah-

gbd_e_\uc kieZ\.

< kj_^g_f ^hey we_f_glh\ we_ dljhgbdb kh^_j`Zsbo ahehlh \dhebq_kl\_ hl 0,5 b\ur_, g_-

agZqbl_evgZ bbo batylb_ ba ehfZ iha\hey_ l \u^_ eb lv \ hlgh kbl _e vgh [h ]Z luc ij h^mdl ^h 90

% \k_]h ahe h lZ .

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hlf_lblv dhglZdlu jZat_fh\, khijhlb\e_gby, ljZgabklhju, ^bh^u, dhg^_gkZlhju, dhglZdlu

j_e_. K_j_[jh [he__ "jZafZaZgh" ih we_dljhgghfm ehfm b qZklh ljm^gh^hklmigh (khijhlb\e_-

gby, j_e_), ihwlhfm \u_fdZ k_j_[jhkh^_j`Zsbo h[t_dlh\ p_e_khh[jZagZ lhevdh ^ey g_dhlh-

juo lbih\ Hk-

lZ\r__ky \ehf_ "ljm^gh^hklmigh_" k_j_[jh ke_^m_l hlijZ\eylv gZ f_lZeemj]bq_kdb_ ki_-

pbZebabjh\Zggu_ ij_^ijbylby (Dbjh\h]jZ^kdbc f_^_ieZ\bevguc aZ\h^ b dhf[bgZl "K_\_jh-

gbd_ev"). Ba^_eby, kh^_j`Zsb_ iZeeZ^bc bieZlbgm, \ hkgh\ghf ij_^klZ\e_gu d_jZfbq_kdb-

fb dhg^_gkZlhjZfb gZ hkgh\_ lblZ gZlh\ [Zj by beb kljhgpby. Kh^_j`Zgb_ iZeeZ^by \gbo kh-

klZ\ey_l 3-7 %, ZieZlbgu - ij_bfms_kl\_ggh 0,3-0,6 %. Djhf_ lh]h , iZ eeZ^bc ij bkmlkl\m_l \

dZq_kl\_ ihdjulby gZ g_dhlhjuo lbiZo jZat_fh\ (0,5-3 % iZeeZ^by), \ i_j_f_gguo

khijhlb\e_gbyo, ZieZlbgZ — \ dhglZdlZo j_ e_.

< ijhp_kk_ batylby ba ijb[hjh\ b mkljhckl\ hl^_evguo we_f_glh\, ^_lZe_c, maeh\ nhj-

fbjmxlky lbih\u_ ]jmiiu \l hjbq g h]h kujvy, lj_[ mxsb_ k i_pbnbq _kd bo f_l h^h\ bl_ogheh]bc

i_j_jZ[hldb. >ey ehfZ we_dljhgguo b jZ^bhl_ogbq_kdbo ba^_ebc lZdbfb mkljhckl\Zfb y\ey-

xlky:

− lbih \u_ we_f_glu aZf_gu (LWA),

− j_e_,

− [ehdb iblZ gby,

− eZfiu,

< khklZ\ mkljhckl\, ijb[hjh\ beb LWA \k\hx hq_j_^v \oh^ y l lZ db_ we_f_glu, dZ d:

− fbdjhko_fu \ ieZklbdh\hf, d_jZfbq_kdhf beb kl_dehd_jZfbq_kdhf dhjimk_;

− dhg^_gkZlhju d_jZfbq_kdb_, lZglZe-k_j_[jygu_; lZglZeh\u_ (gbh[b_\u_),

we_dljheblbq_kdb_, [mfZ `gu_;

− khijhlb\e_gby b j_abklhju:

− ij_^hojZgbl_eb;

− ljZgabklhju b lj Z gabklh j gu_ k[hj db;

− ^bh^u;

− j_e_;

− ljZgknhjfZlhju, dZlmrdb bg^mdlb\ghklb;

− jZat_fu rluj_\u_ b eZf_evgu_.

GZ ZnnbgZ`gu_ ij_^ijbylby (S_edh\kdbc aZ\h^ \lhjbqguo ^jZ]hp_gguo f_lZeeh\,

Ijbhdkdbc aZ\h^ p\_lguo f_lZeeh\, Gh\hkb[bjkdbc aZ\h^ p\_lguo f_lZeeh\, DjZkghyjkdbc

aZ\h^ p\_lguo f_lZeeh\) gZijZ\eyxl dhgp_gljZlu, kh^_j`Zsb_ [he__ 1 % ahehlZ; (FI=) b

5% k_j_[jZ \ f_lZeebq_kdhc nhjf_ beb nhjf_ ihjhrdh\. Ba \k_o we_f_glh\ we_dljhgbdb

ebrv g_dhlhju_ lbiu ljZgabklhjh\ m^h\e_l\hjyxl wlbf mkeh\byf. <k_ hklZevgu_ we_f_gl u b

mkljhc kl\Z lj_[mxl i_j_jZ[hldb kp_evx ba\e_q_gby ba gbo f_lZeebq_kdhc njZdpbb, kh^_j-

`Zs_c [he__ 1 % Au beb FI= b[he__ 1 % :g.

FBDJHKO?FU

Fbdjhko_fu y\eyxlky gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_ggufb we_f_glZfb we_dljhggh]h ehfZ. Bo

dhebq_kl\h, dZd ijZ\beh, [h evr _, q_f ^jm]bo \f_kl_ \ayluo we_f_glh\. Khhl\_lkl\_ggh agZ-

qbl_e vgZ b^hey ahehlZ, kh^_j`Zs_]hky \gbo. LZd, \W<F hgZ khklZ\ey_l hl 20 ^h 40 % hl

h[s_c fZkku ahe hlZ

Fbdjhko_fu, \ hkgh\ghf, fh`gh deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv ih 3 \b^Zf

- \ieZklbdh\hf dhjimk_,

- \ d_jZfbq_kdhf dhjimk_,

- \ f_lZeebq_kdhf dhjimk_.

Fbdjhko_fu\ ieZklbdh\hfdhjimk_

Fbdjhko_fu gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguo k_jbc (D 131; 133; 155; 500; 555) kh^_j`Zl hl 0

^h 7 f] ahehlZ gZ _^bgbpm ba^_eby FZk k Z h^ghc fbdjhko_fu khklZ\ey_l 0,85 ]. Lh]^Z kh^_j-

`Zgb_ aheh lZ (%) \ _ ^bgbp_ ba^_eby khhl\_lkl\m_l:

fZkkZ ah e h lZ , f]

kh^_j`Zgb_ ahehlZ , %

0,12

0,2

0,35

0,47

0,59

0,70

0,80

Ahehlh \ hkgh\ghf gZoh^blky \ nhjf_ ihahehlu gZ \u\h^Zo fbdjhko_fu. LZd`_ ahehlh

bkihevam_lky \ khklZ\_ ih ^eh`db (dhfihabpby AI - Cr - Cu - Au ^ey iZcdb \u\h^h\ ddjbklZeem

dj_fgby b\ khklZ\_ ijbihy (Au - Si) ^ey aZdj_ie_gby djbklZeeZ gZ ihkZ^hqghf f_kl_. G_km-

sbf we_f_glhf ^ey aZdj_ie_gby djbklZeeZ b \u\h^ h\ y\ey_lky ih^eh`dZ ba dhjmg^h\hc ieZ-

klbgdb beb, j_`_, ba ^mjZexfbgZ. =_jf_lbaZpby dhjimkZ fbdjhko_fu hkms_kl\ey_lky gZ hk-

gh\_ dhfihabpbhgguo ij_kk-fZl_jbZeh\ (WNI-606, WNI-60; WDI-200; DWI-1 LWFI-250, DNI

b^j.). Ij_kk-fZl_jbZe ij_^klZ\ey_l dhfihabpbx ijbf_jgh ba 30 % k\yamxs_]h. <dZq_kl\_

g_hj]Zgbq_kdhc ^h[Z\db gZb[he__ qZklh bkihevamxl d\Zjp (i_khd), Zk[_kl, ]ebgm lZevd. <dZ-

q_kl\_ k\yamxs_]h ijbf_gyxl wihdkb^gu_ kfheu gZ hkgh\_ ihebwnbjh\, ihebdZj[hgZlh\ b

^j.

<u\h^Z fbdjhko_f ba]hlh\e_gu ba ieZlbgblZ (kieZ\ 47 G>: 47 % Ni, 48 % Fe b 5 % Cu)

beb j_`_, ba dh\ZjZ (kieZ\29GD: 29% Ni, 18 % Kh b 53% Fe). IZcdZ hkms_kl\ey_lky ijbihyfb

IHK-60, IHK-61.

Ijb iZcd_ b hliZcd_ fbdjhko_f ba LWA agZqbl_ evgZy qZklv ahehlZ i_j_oh^bl \ijbihc b

m^Zey_lky \f_kl_ kgbf. GhjfZlb\guc mjh\_gv ihl_jv ahehlZ aZ kq_l wlh ]h khklZ\ey_l 20 %

gh gZ ij Z dlb d_ fh`_l [ulv \u r_ .

Hp_ghqgu_ ZgZebau fbdjhko_f ihke_ ^jh[e_gby b k_iZjZpbb ihdZaZeb, qlh ahehlh gZ 70-

80 % khkj_^hlhq_gh \ \u\h^Zo, iheghklvx \u^_ey_fuo fZ]gblghc k_iZjZpb_c ba ijh^mdlZ

^jh[e_gby. HklZevgh_ ahehlh gZoh^b lky \ ieZklbdh\hc khklZ\eyxs_c fbdjhko_f, Zihke_ __

k`b]Zgby - \ahe_.

Fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ZgZebau fbdjhko_f ihdZaZeb, qlh nZdlbq_kdh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ahehlZ kh-

klZ\ey_l ^ey [hevrbgkl\Z fbdjhko_f W<F ~ 50 % hl ghfbgZevgh]h iZkihjlgh]h. Wlh h[m-

keh\e_gh dZd ihl_jyfb _]h ijb iZcd_ bhliZcd_ fbdjhko_f, lZd b g_^h\eh`_gb_f ahehlZ gZ

aZ\h^Zo-ba]hlh\bl_eyo

Wdki_jbf_glu dZd gZ fbdjhko_fZo h^gh]h lbiZ lZd bkf_kb bo ihdZaZeb, qlh \\u\h^Z o,

\u^_e_gguo ba baf_evq_ggh]h fZl_jbZeZ, kh^_ j`Zgb_ ahehlZ khklZ\ey_l hl 0,2 ^h 1,4 %, Z\

ieZklbdh\hc djhrd_ hl 0, 03 ^h 0, 08 % Fbdjhkdhibq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby ieZklbdh\hc djh rdb

ihdZaZeb, qlh ahehlh \g_c ij_bfms_kl\_ggh gZoh^blky dZd \ nhjf_ lhgqZ cr _ c ijh\hehdb,

lZd b\ \b^_ qZklbp rZjh\b^ghc nhjfu. Fbdjhahg^h\uf kdZgbjh\Zgb_f h[gZjm`_gh, qlh

^Zggu_ qZklbpu y\eyxlky kieZ\hf ahehlZ k f_^vx, Zexfbgb_f, ojhfhf, heh\hf, ke_^h\Z-

l_evgh , bklhqgbd ihklmie_gby ahehlZ \ ieZklbdh\mx nZam - ih^eh`dZ ^ey ijbihy \u\h^h\ d

djbklZeem, ZlZd`_ qZklbpu h[h]Zs_ggh]h ahehlhf heh\h-k\bgph\h]h ijbihy.

J_dhf_g^m_fucihjy^hdhijh[h\Zgbyfbdjhko_f

Ijb ihklmie_gbb gZ i_j_jZ[hldm iZjlbb fbdjhko_f h^gh]h lbiZ fh`gh j_dhf_g^h\Zlv

ijh\_^_gb_ \u[hjdb 5-10 % fZkkh\uo hl iZjlbb. ?keb iZjlby ij_^klZ\e_gZ fbdjhko_fZfb

fgh]bo lbih\, lh ]heh\ghc hi_jZpb_c ^he`gh [ulv ^jh[e_gb_. Wlm hi_jZpbx gZb[he__ p_e_-

khh[jZagh hkms_kl\eylv \ ^jh[bedZo m^Zjgh]h lbiZ (jhlhjgu_ beb fhehldh\u_ ^jh[bedb), \

mklZgh\dZo we_dljh\aju\Z b^j. mkljhckl\Zo, h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo fbgbfZevgh_ bklbjZxs__

\ha^_ckl\b_,

Ihke_ ^jh[e_gby fZl_jbZe ihklmiZ _l gZ deZkkbnbdZpbx ih jZaf_jm b f Z]gblguf k\hc-

kl\Zf. J_dhf_g^m_l ky ke_^mxsZy ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv. KgZqZeZ ijh\h^blky jZkk_\ fZl_jbZ-

eZ gZ kbl_ k jZaf_jhf yq_cdb 5 ff. <iexkh\hc njZdpbb hklZx lky g_^hjZah[jZggu_ qZklb b

^mjZexfbgh\u_ ieZklbgdb — ih^eh `db. FZ]gblghc h[jZ[hldhc wlhc njZdpbb hl^_eyxlky

ieZklbgdb b djmigu_ dmkdb ieZ klbdZ hl g_^hjZah[jZgguo fbdjhko_f. G_^hjZah[jZgguc fZl_-

jbZe ihklmiZ_l \]heh\m ko_fu. ?^bgbqgu_ ^mjZexfbgh\u_ ieZklbgdb k \ij_kkh\Zggufb \

gbo \u\h^Zfb (fZ]gblgufb) fbdjhko_f \u[bjZxlky \jmqgmx k m^Ze_gb_f ba gbo \u\h^h\.

Djmiguc g_fZ]gblguc ieZklbd hl^_ey_lky hl^mjZexfbgh \uo ieZklbghd \jmqgmx (_keb hq_gv

fZeh), eb[h hl^_ey_lky \ly`_ehc `b^dhklb (gZkus_gguc jZkl\hj oehjb^Z dZ e vpb y).

FZl_jbZe k djmighklvx fbgmk 5 ff ihklmiZ_l gZ f Z]gblgmx k_iZjZpbx. G_fZ]gblgZy

njZdpby hijh[m_lky \u[hjdhc 5-10 % g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh beb ihke_ ^h^jZ[eb\Zgby ^h djmigh-

klb fbgmk 3 ff. FZ] g b l gm x njZdpbx j_dhf_g^m_lky gZijZ\eylv gZ ^h^jZ[eb\Zgb_ hl^_evgh

^ey m^Ze_gby hklZldh\ ieZklbdZ. Ihke _ wl h]h fZl_jbZe jZkk_b\Z_lky gZ kbl_ 1-2 ff. Fbgmkh-

\hc ijh^mdl (ieZklbd k g_agZqb l_evguf \de xq_ gb_f f_lZeeZ) ih^\_j]Z_lky fZ]gblghc h[jZ-

[hld_. FZ]gblgZy njZdpby h[t_^bgy_lky k iexkh\uf deZkkhf, Z g_fZ]gblgZy k ieZklbdh\hc

djhrdhc. FZ]gblgZy njZdpby ihklmiZ_l gZ \u[hjdm (khdjZs_gb_ ijh[u) ^h 5-10 %. >ZggZy

ijhf_`mlhqgZy ijh[Z h[`b]Z_lky b hijh[m_lky jZkl\hj_gb_f. KhdjZs_ggZy ijh[Z ieZ klbdh-

\hc g_ f Z]gblgh c nj Zdpbb baf_evqZ_lky ^h djmighklb 1 ff b hijh[m_lky ijh[bjguf f_lh^hf

([_a ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h h[`b]Z). J_dhf_g^m_fZy ko_fZ hijh[h\Zgby fbdjhko _f \ ieZkl bd h\hf

dhjimk_ ij_^klZ\e_gZ gZ jbk. 1. < aZ\bkbfhklb hl \hafh`ghkl_c b ijhba\h^bl_evghklb h[h-

jm^h\Zgby g_fZ]gblgmx ieZklbdh\mx njZdpbx fh`gh iheghklvx baf_evqZlv ^h djmighklb

fbgmk 1 ff, qlh kihkh[kl\m_l [hevr_c ij_^klZ\bl_ evghklb ijh[u g_f Z]gblghc ieZklbdh\hc

njZdpbb.

Fbdjhko_fu\ d_jZfbq_kdhfdhjimk_

DZd ijZ\beh, ijZdlbq_kdb \h \k_o d_jZfbq_kdbo fbdjhko_fZo \dZq_kl\_ d_jZfbq_kdhc hk-

gh\u bkihevamxl d_jZfbdm 22OK (95 % AI

b 3 % SiO

) «Ihebdhj» (100 % AI

). <fbdjh-

ko_fZo b ^bh^guo fZljbpZo k dhjimkhf ba kl_dehd_jZfbdb bkihevamxl ki_pbZevgu_ khjlZ

kl_deZ K48-2, K49-2; K73-4, K88-1 gZ hkgh\_ ^bhdkb^Z dj_fgby (~ 65 %), hdkb^Z [hjZ (5-20 %)

bhdkb^Z gZljby (7-12 %). <u\h^Z fbdjhko_f \uiheg_gu ba ieZlbgblZ (47% Ni, 48 % Fe, 5 %

Cu). <u\h^Z h[uqgh ihahehq_gu b fZkkh\h_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ahehlZ \gbo khklZ\ey_l 5 -10 %.

FhglZ` \u\h ^h \ d djbklZeem dj_fgby \uihegy_lky beb ijh\hehdhc ba qbklh]h ah eh lZ ^bZf _l-

jhf 0,05-0,1 ff beb iZcdhc gZ djbklZee_ dhfihabpb_c AI - Cr - Cu - AI. DjbklZee aZdj_ i e y _lky

gZ ih ahehq_gghc ihkZ^hqghc iehsZ ^d_ iZcdhc kieZ\hf Au - Si.

DZd ijZ\beh, hkgh\gh_ dhebq_kl\h ahehlZ \ d_jZfbq_kdbo fbdjhko_fZo khkj_^hlhq_gh \

nhjf_ ihdjulby gZ \u\h^Zo, f_gvrZy qZklv —- \\b^_ lhgdhc ijh\hehdb, ijbih_\. <jy^_

fbdjhko_f ihahehlZ gZg_ k_gZ gZ jZfdb b djurdb, ba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba `_e_ah-gbd_e_\uo kieZ-

\h\. IhahehlZ gZ d_jZfbd_ oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey [hevr_c qZklb fbdjhko_f b\ hkgh\ghf khkj_^h-

lhq_gZ gZ ihkZ^hqghf f_kl_ ih^ djbklZee dj_fgby.

F_lZeebq_kdb_ qZklb fbdjhko_f y\eyxlky fZ]gblgufbb ohjhrh hl^_eyxlky fZ]gblghc

k_iZjZpb_c. Kh^_j`Zgb_ f_lZeebq_kdhc njZdpbb khklZ\ey_l hl 20 % (djmigu_ fbdjhko_fu

[_a f _lZeebq_kdbo djur_d) ^h 70 % (f_edb_ fbdjhko_fu k djurdZfb).

J_dhf_g^m_fZy ko_fZ hijh[h\Zgby fbdjhko_f gZ d_jZfbq_kdhc hkgh\_ ^hklZlhqgh ijh-

klZ. < gZb[he__ keh`ghf \ZjbZgl_ (kf_kv fbdjhko_f jZaebqguo lbih\) hgZ ij_^klZ\e_gZ gZ

jbk. 2. < hkgh\m ko_fu iheh`_gu fZ]gblgZy k_iZjZpby b de Zkkb nbdZ pby ih jZaf_jZf. Ih ke_

^jh[e_gby fbdjhko_f b fZ]gblghc k_iZjZpbb f Z]gb l gm x njZdpbx ^h^jZ[eb\Zxl ^ey hdhgqZ-

l_evgh ] h hl^_-

e_gby d_jZfbdb. FZ ]g bl gmx njZdpbx jZkk_b\Zxl gZ kbl_ k djmighklvx yq_cdb 5 ff Djmigmx

njZdpbx (hlghkbl_evgh [_^gu_ ih ahehlm djurdb b jZfdb) khdjZsZxl b hijh[mxl hl^_evgh

F_edmx njZdpbx, [he__ [h] Zlmx ih ah ehlm, lZ d`_ khdjZsZxl bhijh[mxl hl^_evgh, _keb kl_-

i_gv khdjZs_gby h^bgZdh\Z, gZijbf_j, 10 %, lh khdjZs_ggu_ ijh[u fh`gh h[t_^bgblv bhi-

jh[h\Zlv jZkl\hj_gb_f kh \f_klgh.

D_jZfbq_kdmx njZdpbx ihke_ fZ]gblghc k_iZjZpbb deZkkbnbpbjmx l gZ kbl_ 3 ff (1 ff)

Djmigmx njZdpbx ^h^jZ[eb\Zxl njZdpbx 3 ff khdjZsZxl ^h 5-10 %, baf_evqZxl ^h 1 ff b

hijh[mxl <hafh`gh b ihegh_ baf_evq_gb_ d_jZfbq_kdhc njZdpbb i_j_^ hijh[h\Zgb_f ^h

djmi ghklb 1 ff.

Fbdjhko_fu\ f_lZeebq_kdhfdhjimk_

Lbiu fbdjhko_f \ f_lZeebq_kdhf dhjimk_ hq_gv jZaghh[jZagu b g_\hafh`gh ^Zlv bo

h[s__ hibkZgb_. GZb[he__ [h]Z lu ih ah ehlm f_edb_ (fZkkhc 1-2 ]) fbdjhko_fu lbi Z M> kih-

ahehlhc gZ \u\h^Zo b hkgh\Zgbb. Hkgh\Zgb_ fbdjhko_fu ba]hlh\e_gh ba `_e_ah-gbd_e_\h]h

kieZ\Z bkh^_ j`bl ^h 30-45 % ih fZkk_ kl_deZ (bah e ylh j ). DjurdZ fbdjhko_fu, ijb\Zj_ggZy

d hkgh\Zgbx dh glZdlghc k\Zjdhc, dZd ijZ \beh ba gbd _ey .

>ey g_dhlhjuo [he__ djmiguo fbdjhko_f ihahehlZ fh`_l [u lv gZ g_k_ gZ gZ \gm lj_ ggxx

ih\_joghklv hkgh\Zgby b, djZcg_ j_^dh, gZ dj urdm. <djmiguo fbdjhko_fZo aheh lh lZd`_ gZ-

oh^b lky qZklh \ \b^_ ahehlhc ijh\hehdb (dhffmlZpby hl \u\h^h\ d djbklZeem). >ey jy^Z djmi-

guo fbdjhko_f oZjZdl_jgh gZebqb_ d_jZfbq_kdbo dhg^_gkZlhjh\, kh^_j`Zsbo ieZlbgm biZe-

eZ^bc. Dhjimk djmiguo fbdjhko_f, dZd ijZ\beh, ba]hlh\e_g ba gbadhe_]bjh\Zgghc g_j`Z\_x-

s_c klZeb. Ko_ fZ hijh[h\Zgby hq_gv ijh klZ ^ey fbdjhko_f h^gh]h lbi Z b aZdexqZ_lky \\u-

[hjd_ ij_^klZ\bl_evghc iZjlbb (5-10 %) b__ hijh[h\Zgbb jZkl\hj_gb_f. >ey iZjlbb fbdjh-

ko_f jZaebqguo lbih\ g_ba[_ ` gu f y\ey_lky ijb_fgh_ jZkl\hj_gb_ \k_c iZ jlbb

FBDJHKO?FU

>Zgguc lbi ^_lZe_c we_dljhgbdb ij_^klZ\e_g ^\mfy hkgh\gufb ]jmiiZfb

1 — [jZd aZ\h^Z-ba]hlh\bl_ey ih iZjZf_ljZf beb g_\hklj_[h\ZggZy ]hlh\Zy ij h^mdpby,

2 — fbdjhko_fu, batylu_ ba ba^_eby f_lh^hf kj_adb \udmku\Zgby, \uiZcdb bl. ^.

I_j\Zy ]jmiiZ \lhjbqgh]h kujvy ih kh^_j`Zgbx ^jZ]hp_ggh]h f_lZeeZ [eba dZ d iZkihj l-

guf ^Zgguf ^ey ^Zggh]h lbiZ fbdjhko_f. G_dhlhjuc jZa[jhk agZq_gbc \hafh`_g b h[uqgh

aZn b dk bjh\Zg \ iZkihjl_ gZ iZjlbx ba^_ebc. DZd ijZ\beh, fZkkZ ^jZ]hp_ggh]h f_lZeeZ \

wlhf kem qZ_ khklZ\ey_l 85-100 % hl iZkihjlgh]h agZq _ gb y .

<lhjZy ]jmiiZ \lhjbqgh]h kujvy, dZ d ijZ\beh, oZjZdl_jbam_lky fbgmkh\uf hldehg_gb_f.

>Zggu_ hldehg_gby hlghkbl_evgh g_\_eb db ^ey l_o lb ih\ fbdjhko_f, \ dhlhjuo ^jZ]hp_gguc

f_lZee iheghklvx khkj_^hlhq_g \gmlj b dhjimkZ.

< kemqZ_ `_, dh]^Z ihahehlZ khkj_^hlhq_gZ gZ \g_rgbo qZklyo (\u\h^Z, hkgh\Zgb_) hl-

deh g_gb_ fh`_l khklZ\eylv ^h 20-50 % hl iZkihjlguo ^Zgguo. Wlh h[mkeh\e_gh ihl_jyfb m`_

gZ klZ^bb fhglZ`Z fbdjhko_fu gZ ba^_eb_. Hl \u\h^h\ fbdjhko_fu, ^ebgZ dhlhjuo khklZ\-

ey_l 20 ff, ijb fhglZ`_ iZcdhc hlj_aZxl ebrgxx qZklv b, dZd ijZ\beh, hklZ_lky lh evdh 3-5

ff. Djhf_ lh]h, ijb iZcd_ ijbih_f ihahehlZ k \u\h^h\ i_j_oh^bl \ijbihc. Ijb ^_fhglZ`_

ba^_eby b m^Ze_gbb fbdjhko_f kj_adhc beb hliZcdhc ahehlh l_jy_lky ^hihegbl_evgh f_oZgb-

q_kdb.

Ijb hihagZ\Zl_ evgh-bgnhjfZpbhgghf hibkZgbb ba^_ebc fu [jZeb k\h[h^gmx kj_^gxx

\u[hjdm 5-10 _^bgbp fbdjhko_f ^Zggh]h lbiZ ba iZjlbb, ij_^klZ\e_gghc ihklZ\sbdhf \lh-

jbqgh ]h kujvy, b ^_eZeb ZgZeba gZ kh^_j`Zgb_ ahehlZ b (beb) k_j_[jZ. Kj_^g__ agZq_gb_

fZkku ^jZ]hp_ggh]h f_lZeeZ b_]h kh^_j`Zgby, ZlZd`_ hldehg_gby hl kj_^gbo agZq_gbc

ij_^klZ\e_gu \hibkZgbb .