Руководство по ремонту TORO-151D
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2 RU 4106 213 (278)
12. ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
12.1. Ñõåìà ãèäðàâëèêè
1. Íàñîñ êîâøà
2. Ãèäðîòðàíñôîðìàòîð
3. Íàñîñ ðóëåâîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ
4. Ðåäóêöèîííûé êëàïàí äàâëåíèÿ
(160 áàð)
5. Çàãðóçî÷íûé êëàïàí òîðìîçà
6. Öèëèíäð íàêëîíà
7. Öèëèíäð ïîäúåìà
8. Öèëèíäð ðóëåâîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ
9. Êëàïàí ðàçãðóçî÷íîãî
óñòðîéñòâà
10. Êëàïàí ñåðâîóïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøà
11. Ìàñëÿíûé áàê ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîé
ñèñòåìû
12. Ñèñòåìà óïðàâëÿþùåãî
äàâëåíèÿ
13. Ãëàâíûé êëàïàí ðóëåâîãî
óïðàâëåíèÿ
14. Ñåðâîêëàïàí ðóëåâîãî
óïðàâëåíèÿ
15. Íàãíåòàòåëüíûé êëàïàí
16. Êëàïàí íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî
óïðàâëåíèÿ
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2RU4106214 (278)
12.2. Îïèñàíèå ñèñòåìû
Íàñîñ (1), óñòàíîâëåííûé íà ãèäðîòðàíñôîðìàòîðå, ïîäàåò ìàñëî íà âõîäíîé ïîðò
êëàïàíà óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì (10). Ïðè âõîäå â êëàïàí ìàñëî ïðîòåêàåò ÷åðåç
ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíûé êëàïàí, ãäå äàâëåíèå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ çíà÷åíèåì 21ÌÏà (210 áàð).
Ïðè íàõîäÿùåìñÿ â íåéòðàëüíîì ïîëîæåíèè êëàïàíå óïðàâëåíèÿ ìàñëî ïðîòåêàåò èç
âûõîäíîãî ïîðòà êëàïàíà â áàê ÷åðåç óçåë îáðàòíîãî ôèëüòðà (11).
Êëàïàí óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì (10) òàêæå ïîëó÷àåò ìàñëî îò ãèäðàâëèêè ñèñòåìû
ðóëåâîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ (êîãäà íå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ) ÷åðåç êëàïàí ðàçãðóç÷èêà (9). Êëàïàí
ðàçãðóç÷èêà ñïðîåêòèðîâàí òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû îáåñïå÷èâàòü ìàêñèìàëüíûé ïîòîê
íà ãèäðàâëèêó êîâøà ïðè íèçêîì äàâëåíèè, íàïðàâëÿÿ ðàñõîä íàñîñîâ ðóëåâîãî
óïðàâëåíèÿ (3) íà êëàïàí óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì. Åñëè âî âðåìÿ ðàáîòû äàâëåíèå
ïðåâûøàåò 12,0 ÌÏà (120 áàð), êëàïàí ðàçãðóç÷èêà íàïðàâëÿåò ïîòîê ìàñëà èç íàñîñà
ðóëåâîãî óïðâëåíèÿ â áàê.
Âñå ÷åòûðå ïîðòà êëàïàíà óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì îñíàùåíû êëàïàíàìè
óäàðíîé
‐íàãðóçêè, çàùèùàþùèõ ñèñòåìó îò âíåøíèõ óäàðíûõ íàãðóçîê. Êëàïàí
óäàðíîé íàãðóçêè äëÿ ñòîðîíû ïîðøíÿ öèëèíäðà íàêëîíà îòêðûâàåòñÿ ïðè äàâëåíèè
6,0 ÌÏà (60 áàð). Äðóãèå êëàïàíû óäàðíîé‐íàãðóçêè èìåþò óñòàâêó äàâëåíèÿ ðàâíóþ
24,0 ÌÏà (240 áàð).
Ïðè çàäåéñòâîâàííîì â ïîëîæåíèå ïîäúåìà êëàïàíå óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì (10),
óïðàâëÿåìûé ïîòîê èç êëàïàíà óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðîòåêàåò ê ïîðòó ñî ñòîðîíû ïîðøíÿ
ïîäúåìíîãî öèëèíäðà (7). Äàâëåíèå, ïîñòóïàþùåå â öèëèíäð, âûäâèãàåò øòîê,
ïîäíèìàÿ ñòðåëó. Ìàñëî ñî ñòîðîíû øòîêà ïîðøíÿ öèëèíäðà âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â áàê ÷åðåç
êëàïàí óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì (10).
Ïðè çàäåéñòâîâàííîì â ïîëîæåíèå âûãðóçêè êëàïàíå óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì (10),
óïðàâëÿåìûé ïîòîê èç êëàïàíà óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðîòåêàåò ê ïîðòó ñî ñòîðîíû ïîðøíÿ
öèëèíäðà íàêëîíà (6). Äàâëåíèå, ïîñòóïàþùåå â öèëèíäð, âûäâèãàåò øòîê, îïðîæíÿÿ
êîâø. Ìàñëî ñî ñòîðîíû øòîêà ïîðøíÿ öèëèíäðà âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â áàê ÷åðåç êëàïàí
óïðàâëåíèÿ êîâøîì.
12.2.1. Áëîêèðîâêè áåçîïàñíîñòè
Åñëè óïðàâëåíèå ñòðåëîé ïðåêðàòèëîñü ââèäó âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ñèòóàöèè, íå
ñëó÷àþùåéñÿ ïðè íîðìàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè, îòìåíèòå ôóíöèþ, ïðåïÿòñòâóþùóþ
óïðàâëåíèþ è âîçâðàòèòå ðû÷àã óïðàâëåíèÿ â ñðåäíåå ïîëîæåíèå, ïðåæäå ÷åì
ôóíêöèÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ ìîæåò áûòü âîçîáíîâëåíà. Íàïðèìåð, ïðåêðàùåíèå óïðàâëåíèÿ
ñòðåëîé ââèäó ïîäíÿòîãî ïîäëîêîòíèêà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íåîáõîäèìî îïóñèòü
ïîäëîêîòíèê è âåðíóòü ðû÷àã óïðàâëåíèÿ â ñðåäíåå ïîëîæåíèå. Òîëüêî ïîñëå ýòîãî
ìîæíî ñíîâà óïðàâëÿòü ñòðåëîé.
Ñèñòåìà çàïðåùàåò óïðàâëåíèå ñòðåëîé è êîâøîì â ñëåäóþùèõ ñèòóàöèÿõ, îáû÷íî íå
âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ â õîäå íîðìàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè:
D Ïîäëîêîòíèê ïîäíÿò
D Çàäåéñòâîâàíà êíîïêà àâàðèéíîãî îñòàíîâà
D Äâèãàòåëü íå ðàáîòàåò.
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2 RU 4106 215 (278)
12.3. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå îïèñàíèå êîìïîíåíòîâ
12.3.1. Ãëàâíûé êëàïàí êîâøà V304
Êëàïàí êîâøà ñîñòîèò èç êîðïóñà (1),
óïðàâëÿþùåãî çîëîòíèêà (2), ñî
âñòðîåííûìè îáðàòíûìè êëàïàíàìè (3),
ðàáî÷åãî ýëåìåíòà (4), âîçâðàòíîãî
ýëåìåíòà (5), âñòðîåííûõ âòîðè÷íûõ
ðàçãðóçî÷íûõ êëàïàíîâ äàâëåíèÿ è
àíòèêàâèòàöèîííûõ îáðàòíûõ êëàïàíîâ
(7).
6/3‐õîäîâûå êëàïàíû îáúåäèíÿþò â ñåáå
ôóíêöèè 4/3‐õîäîâûõ êëàïàíîâ è
2/2‐õîäîâîãî êëàïàíà.  íåðàáî÷åì
ïîëîæåíèè óïðàâëÿþùèé çîëîòíèê
óäåðæèâàåòñÿ â íà÷àëüíîì ïîëîæåíèè
âîçâðàòíîé ïðóæèíîé. Â ýòîì ïîëîæåíèè
ñîåäèíåíèå ìåæäó íàñîñîì è
îáñëóæèâàåìûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè
çàêðûòî, ñåêöèÿ 2/2 îòêðûòà è ïîçâîëÿåò
æèäêîñòè ïðîòåêàòü áåç äàâëåíèÿ îò P ê
Ò.
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2RU4106216 (278)
Åñëè óïðàâëÿþùèé çîëîòíèê (2) áûë
ïåðåìåùåí èç ñâîåãî íà÷àëüíîãî
ïîëîæåíèÿ, ñîåäèíåíèå ìåæäó íàñîñîì è
ñëóæåáíûì îáîðóäîâàíèåì îòêðûâàåòñÿ
÷åðåç èçìåðèòåëüíûå ïàçû è
îäíîâðåìåííî ñ ýòèì ïðè ïîìîùè
äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ñõîäíûõ ïàçîâ
ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ äðîññåëèðîâàíèå ñåêöèè
2/2 (îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïåðåêðûòèå).
Äàâëåíèå íàñîñà óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ. Ïîñëå
äîñòèæåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ íà
îáñëóæèâàåìîì ïîðòå, îáðàòíûé êëàïàí
(3) â çîëîòíèêå îòêðûâàåòñÿ è æèäêîñòü
íà÷èíàåò ïðîòåêàòü ê îáñëóæèâàåìîìó
óçëó. Ïî ìåðå ïðîäîëæåíèÿ
ïåðåìåùåíèÿ óïðàâëÿþùåãî çîëîòíèêà
(2), æèäêîñòü ïîñòåïåííî ïåðåäàåòñÿ èç
2/2‐ïóòåâîé ëèíèè ê îáñëóæèâàåìîìó
ïîðòó (òîíêàÿ ðåãóëèðîâêà).
Äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ óïðàâëÿþùåãî çîëîòíèêà
íóæíî ñíÿòü òîëüêî îäíó êðûøêó äëÿ
êàæäîãî çîëîòíèêà; êðûøêà (8)
óäàëÿåòñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêè è êðûøêà (9)
óäàëÿåòñÿ ãèäðàâëè÷åñêè.
Ãëàâíûé ðàçãðóçî÷íûé êëàïàí äàâëåíèÿ
(10) (óñòàâêà 210 áàð) è âòîðè÷íûå
êëàïàíû (240 áàð, íà ñòîðîíå öèëèíäðà
íàêëîíà 60 áàð) êîíñòðóêòèâíî
âûïîëíåíû â âèäå ââèí÷èâàåìûõ áëîêîâ
è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ÿâëÿþòñÿ
âçàèìîçàìåíÿåìûìè è ìîãóò áûòü
äîáàâëåíû ïîçäíåå áåç äåìîíòàæà áëîêà.
Ìîìåíò çàòÿæêè ïåðâè÷íîãî ðàçãðóçî÷íîãî êëàïàíà äàâëåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 80 Íì è äëÿ
êëàïàíîâ óäàðíîé íàãðóçêè / àíòèêàâèòàöèîííûõ êëàïàíîâ – 90 Íì.
Êîððîîçèÿ îáðàòíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðåäîòâðàùàåòñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó âîçâðàòíûå ïðóæèíû
(11) è ñòîïîðû (12) ïîãðóæåíû â ìàñëî.
Õîä çîëîòíèêà
Õîä çîëîòíèêà ïîäðàçäåëÿåòñÿ íà ïðèáë. 30% ïåðåêðûòèÿ îáëàñòè óïðàâëåíèÿ è 50%
îáëàñòè òîíêîé ðåãóëèðîâêè, â òî âðåìÿ êàê îñòàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü õîäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ
îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ïîëíîãî îòêðûòèÿ. Ïåðåêðûòèå è íèçêèé äîïóñê çîëîòíèêà ñëóæàò äëÿ
óìåíüøåíèÿ âíóòðåííèõ óòå÷åê.
12.3.2. Ðû÷àãè óïðàâëåíèÿ ñòðåëîé è êîâøîì
Ñì. ãëàâó, ïîñâÿùåííóþ êàáèíå
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2 RU 4106 217 (278)
12.3.3. Öèëèíäð íàêëîíà A203
Öèëèíäð íàêëîíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îäíîñòóïåí÷àòûé ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèé öèëèíäð
äâóõñòîðîííåãî äåéñòâèÿ.
12.3.4. Öèëèíäð ïîäúåìà A202
Öèëèíäðû ïîäúåìà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé îäíîñòóïåí÷àòûå ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå öèëèíäðû
äâóõñòîðîííåãî äåéñòâèÿ.
12.3.5. Íàñîñ P301.2
Ñì. ãëàâó Îáùàÿ ãòäðàâëèêà
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2RU4106218 (278)
12.4. Ýæåêòîðíûé êîâø (çàêàçûâàåòñÿ îòäåëüíî)
12.4.1. Îïèñàíèå ñèñòåìû
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýæåêòîðíîãî êîâøà âîçìîæíî ïðè íàõîäÿùåìñÿ â íåéòðàëüíîì
ïîëîæåíèè ðû÷àãå ðóëåâîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ.
Ïîâîðîò ðóêîÿòêè ýæåêòîðíîãî êîâøà â êàáèíå âûçûâàåò îòêðûòèå ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîãî
êëàïàíà è ïðîïóñêàåò äàâëåíèå ñåðâîóïðàâëåíèÿ íà çîëîòíèê ãëàâíîãî êëàïàíà
ýæåêòîðà. Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ ÷åðåç ãëàâíûé êëàïàí ðóëåâîãî
óïðàâëåíèÿ è ãëàâíûé êëàïàí ýæåêòîðà íà öèëèíäðû ýæåêòîðà (À204).
12.4.2. Ñîñòàâíûå ÷àñòè
Êëàïàí ýæåêòîðà V317
Êëàïàí ýæåêòîðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ êëàïàíà ðóëåâîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ V302. Îí ñîäåðæèò
îòöåíòðîâàííûé ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðóæèíû óïðàâëÿåìûé ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèì äàâëåíèåì 6/3
ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíûé êëàïàí äëÿ ðàáîòû ýæåêòîðà è äâà ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíûõ êëàïàíà (ñ
äâóìÿ íåâîçâðàòíûìè êëàïàíàìè). Ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíûé êëàïàí ðåãóëèðóåò ïîëîæåíèå
ýæåêòîðíîé ïëàñòèíû , ðåãóëèðóÿ ïîòîê ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîé æèäêîñòè, ïîñòóïàþùåé íà
öèëèíäðû ýæåêòîðà. Ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíûå êëàïàíû îãðàíè÷èâàþò äàâëåíèå íà
öèëèíäðàõ ýæåêòîðà äî âåëè÷èíû 190 áàð, à íåâîçâðàòíûå êëàïàíà ïðåäîòâðàùàþò
êàâèòàöèþ.
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2 RU 4106 219 (278)
12.5. Öèëèíäðû ïîäúåìà è íàêëîíà
Âñå öèëèíäðû èìåþò ñõîäíóþ êîíñòðóêöèþ. Îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé
îäíîñòóïåí÷àòûå ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå öèëèíäðû äâóñòîðîííåãî äåéñòâèÿ. Öèëèíäð êîâøà
(íàêëîíà) ñìîíòèðîâàí íà ïåðåäíåé ïîëóðàìå è ïðÿìî íà êîâøå. Öèëèíäðû ñòðåëû
óñòàíîâëåíû â íèæíåé ÷àñòè ïåðåäíåé ïîëóðàìû è íà ñòîéêàõ ñòðåëû. Íà êîíöàõ
öèëèíäðà èìåþòñÿ øàðíèðíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ ïîäøèïíèêàìè (1), çàôèêñèðîâàííûå
ïðóæèííûìè êîëüöàìè (6).
Ïîðøåíü (3) çàêðåïëåí íà øòîêå (5) ñ ïîìîùüþ äâóõ ñòîïîðíûõ âèíòîâ (7). Íà âíåøíåì
äèàìåòðå ïîðøíÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ êàíàâêàõ óñòàíîâëåíû ïðîòèâîèçíîñíûå êîëüöà
(11) è óïëîòíåíèÿ ïîðøíÿ (12). Ïîðøåíü öèëèíäðà íàêëîíà îñíàùåí îäíèì
óïëîòíåíèåì â öåíòðå äâóõ ïðîòèâîèçíîñíûõ êîëåö è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïîäúåìíûé
öèëèíäð èìååò îäíî óïëîòíåíèå è îäíî ïîðøíåâîå êîëüöî (22) â öåíòðå äâóõ
ïðîòèâîèçíîñíûõ êîëåö. Ìåæäó ïîðøíåì è øòîêîì óñòàíîâëåíî óïëîòíèòåëüíîå
êîëüöî (13) äëÿ áîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòè ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Óïëîòíèòåëüíîå êîëüöî
ïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ äâóìÿ îïîðíûìè êîëüöàìè (17).
Óçåë ñàëüíèêà óäåðæèâàåòñÿ íà ìåñòå â êîíöå òðóáêè öèëèíäðà (8) áîëòàìè ñ ãîëîâêîé
ñ âíóòðåííèì øåñòèãðàííèêîì (9). Óïëîòíèòåëüíîå êîëüöî (16) (ñ ïîääåðæèâàþùèìè
êîëüöàìè (15)) âñòàâëåíî â êàíàâêó íà âíåøíåì äèàìåòðå óçëà ñàëüíèêà. Âî
âðóòðåííåì îòâåðñòèè óçëà ñàëüíèêà ðàñïîëîæåíû óïëîòíåíèÿ (18, 19), ãðÿçåñúåìíîå
êîëüöî (20), ïðîòèâîèçíîñíûå êîëüöà (17) è â öèëèíäðå íàêëîíà òàêæå è ñòîïîðíîå
êîëüöî (21), êîòîðîå óäåðæèâàåò ãðÿçåñúåìíîå êîëüöî íà ìåñòå. Â ïîäúåìíîì öèëèíäðå
ãðÿçåñúåìíîå êîëüöî (20) óäåðæèâàåòñÿ ôëàíöåì (23). Ýòè óïëîòíåíèÿ ïðåäîòâðàùàåò
óòå÷êó â ðàéîíå øòîêà. Ãðÿçåñúåìíîå êîëüöî óäàëÿåò çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ñî øòîêà ïðè åãî
âòÿãèâàíèè. Äëÿ ñìàçêè ïîäøèïíèêîâ øàðîâîãî øàðíèðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ èìåþòñÿ
ñìàçî÷íûå íèïïåëè (2) íà êîíöàõ öèëèíäðà.
Äâèæåíèå øòîêà öèëèíäðà â êîðïóñå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïîäà÷åé ïîòîêà ìàñëà ïîä
äàâëåíèåì ñ îäíîé èç ñòîðîí ïîðøíÿ è âîçâðàùåíèåì ìàñëà ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé
ñòîðîíû ïîðøíÿ â ðåçåðâóàð ñ ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèì ìàñëîì.
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2RU4106220 (278)
Öèëèíäð íàêëîíà A203
Öèëèíäð ïîäúåìà A202
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ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ ÑÒÐÅËÛ/ÊÎÂØÀ
TORO 151
TKU‐D 01021‐2 RU 4106 221 (278)
12.5.1. Äåìîíòàæ öèëèíäðà íàêëîíà
1. Ñíèìèòå âñå áîëòû ñ ãîëîâêîé ïîä øåñòèãðàííûé êëþ÷ (16)
2. Ïîëíîñòüþ âûäâèíüòå öèëèíäð è âûòÿíèòå èç íåãî øòîê ïîðøíÿ (15) âìåñòå ñ
ïîðøíåì (7) è ñàëüíèêîì â ñáîðå.
3. Óäàëèòå èçíîñîóñòîé÷èâûå êîëüöà (2 è 6), óïëîòíåíèå (4) è ïîðøíåâûå êîëüöà
(3 è 5) èç ïîðøíÿ.
4. Ñíèìèòå ñòîïîðíûå âèíòû (1) ïîðøíÿ (2 øò.) è îòâèíòèòå ïîðøåíü (3).
5. Óäàëèòå óïëîòíåíèå (20) âíóòðè ïîðøíÿ.
6. Ïîòÿíèòå è ñíèìèòå óçåë ñàëüíèêà è ðàçáåðèòå åãî, îòâèíòèâ áîëòû ñ ãîëîâêîé
ïîä øåñòèãðàííûé êëþ÷ (19) è äåìîíòèðîâàâ êîðïóñ ãðÿçåñúåìíîãî êîëüöà (18),
ãðÿçåñúåìíîå êîëüöî (17), óïëîòíèòåëüíîå êîëüöî (13), îïîðíîå êîëüöî (14),
ïðîòèâîèçíîñíûå êîëüöà (8, 9 è 11) è óïëîòíåíèÿ øòîêà (10 è 12).
7. Óäàëèòå ñòîïîðíûå êîëüöà (22).
8. Ñíèìèòå ðàäèàëüíûé ïîäøèïíèê (23).
9. Ñíèìèòå ñìàçî÷íûå íèïïåëè (21).
Workshop
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Operator's
Manual
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Manual
Maintenance
Manual
Workshop
Manual
Workshop
Manual
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Manual
Spare Part
Manual
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