Rittner D. A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate
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Smithsonian Institution
first weather map at 80
Henry, Joseph, at 78–79
meteorological project of 25,
68–69
and use of telegraphy in weather
reports 2, 52, 56, 183
smoke generators, development of
96
Snel, Willebrord 17
Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio 193
snowflake(s), study of
Bentley, Wilson Alwyn, and
18, 19, 19–20
Hooke, Robert, and 18,
83–84
Kepler, Johannes, and 18
Schaefer, Vincent, and 150
Snowflake Bentley (Martin) 20
The Snowflake Man (Blanchard) 24
soaring 105
Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge 47
solar activity, climate response to,
Tinsley’s theory of 180, 181–182
solar corona, Arrhenius’s study of 13
solar devices for meteorological
measurements 106, 107
solar spectrum, Ångström’s map of 7
solar wind 181
Solberg, Halvor 20
solitons, theory of 169
Solomon, Susan 159–161, 160
Soviet Union. See Russia
space shuttle, lightning observation
from 30
spectra, research on, Daniell, John,
and 48
spectroscopy, Ångström, Anders, and
6–7
Spencer, Archibald 58
spin-scan camera, invention of 170
sprites 30
coining of term 154
red 72–73
Sputnik satellite 72
squall lines 20, 97
Stampioen, Jan Jansz 17
standard time, introduction in United
States 4
Stanley, Mark 30
stars
aberration, discovery of 84
double, earliest examples of
84
State University of New York at
Albany. See also Atmospheric
Research Science Center (ARSC)
Stolzenburg, Maribeth, at 165
Vonnegut, Bernard, at 190
statistical mechanics, founding of 28
STBL. See stratocumulus topped
boundary layer
Stefan, Josef 27, 28
Stensrud, David J. 161–163, 162
Stevenson, Alan 164
Stevenson, Robert 163
Stevenson, Robert Louis 164, 176
Stevenson, Thomas 163–165
thermometer screen invented by
164, 176
Stibitz, George 124
Stokes, George Gabriel 110, 168, 178
Stolzenburg, Maribeth 120, 165–166
Stommel, Henry Melson 167–168
storm(s). See also thunderstorm(s)
convection theory of 52
convective 15, 99, 100
magnetic, Chapman’s theory of
36
mesocyclone paradigms used to
predict 99
origin of, controversy over 52
types of
and types of raindrops 19
and types of snowflakes
18
warning flag system for 3
“Storm King” 52
storm-rain gauge 176
stratocumulus topped boundary layer
(STBL) 99
stratosphere
chemical-dynamical model of
159–160
gyroscopic pumping in 113–114
naming of 177
stratospheric aerosols, quantification of
112
string telegraph, invention of 84
Stromer, Martin 35
Strutt, John William (Lord Rayleigh)
168–169
and Shaw, Sir William 154
Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm 1
Struve, Otto 1
Stuart, John McDougall 182
subgrid closure 99
Sun. See also under solar
differential rotation of 115
Sun-centered universe, Copernicus’s
theory of 63–64
sunspots, Bjerknes, Vilhelm, on 23
Suomi, Verner 169–171
SuomiNet 171
supersonic winds 51
Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment
(SWADE) 91
Surtees, Antony J. 171, 171–172
Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 22, 172–174
Swanson, Brian Douglas 174–175
Sweden
Celsius Observatory in 35
Lapland Expedition in 34–35
Symons, George James 176
synoptic chart, origin of term 56
T
Tahkuse Observatory (Estonia)
148–149
Tait, Peter Guthrie 110, 178
Talbot, Curtis 150
Tammet, Hannes 77, 147, 149
Taylor, Frank B. 193
Teisserenc de Bort, Léon Philippe 177
telegraph
in Australia 182
Hertz’s experiments and
development of 81
invention of xiii–xiv, 79
Kelvin’s mirror-galvanometer
used in 178
optical 5
string, invention of 84
use in weather reports 2, 52, 56,
79–80, 183
telescope
Galileo’s discovery of 63
reflecting
invention of 72, 83, 84
Newton’s design for 127
refracting
largest 1
Newton’s opposition to 127
television, Langmuir’s discoveries and
development of 96
temperature scale
Celsius 34, 35
Fahrenheit 53, 54
Kelvin 178
tephigram, invention of 155
Texas A&M 129
theodolites 89
Theopharstus 11
254 A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate
thermal diffusion, prediction of 36
thermodynamics
Bjerknes, Vilhelm, on 22
Boltzmann, Ludwig, on 27
Maxwell, James Clerk, on 112
Thomson, William, and 178
thermometer(s)
Amontons’s development of 5
Celsius’s development of 35
Fahrenheit’s development of 5,
53, 54
Florentine 53–54
Galileo’s development of xiii, 5,
63
Hooke’s contribution to 84
Newton’s development of 54
Réaumur’s development of 140
thermometer screen/housing, invention
of 164, 176
thermoscope, invention of 63
Thompson, J. J. 154
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin)
177–179
theory of vortices 22
tutor of 110
thunderstorm(s)
effects of lake breezes on 92
electrification of, research on
119–121, 175
Franklin, Benjamin, and study of
58
nowcasting of 141
summertime in United States,
research on 166
Williams, Earle, and study of
196–197
thunderstorm cloud, electrical charges
generated in 40
Thunderstorm Research International
Program (TRIP) 30
tides
of air volumes, discovery of 36
Kelvin’s analog computer for
measuring 178
Leonardo da Vinci on 98
prediction of, first machine for 1
Stommel, Henry, on 167
Tierney (neé Morris), Heidi Ellen
179–180, 180
time zones, standard time based on 4
Tinsley, Brian Alfred 180–182, 181
Titanic (ship) 82
Todd, Charles 182–183
Tomsk Polytechnic University (Soviet
Union) 135
TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite 145
tornadoes
King’s research on 92
LeMone’s research on 97
Lilly’s research on 99
mesocyclone paradigms used to
predict 99
Torricelli, Evangelista 183–185, 184
barometer invented by xiii, 184,
185
Galileo and 64, 184
T
oscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo 4
total lightning activity 141
Toth, Zoltan 88
trade winds 71
Daniell, John, on 47
Hadley, George, on 71
trees, response to climatic factors 61–62
TRIP. See Thunderstorm Research
International Program
T
ropical Ocean Global Atmosphere
Experiment 139
Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission
(TRMM)
CERES instruments in 195
Rasmusson, Eugene, in 139
Simpson, Joanne, in 157
tropopause 99
naming of 177
troposphere, naming of 177
tropospheric heating rate, technique
used to derive 102–103
turbulence theory 74
Richardson number in 143
two-dimensional 99
turbulent diffusion 148
Twain, Mark xiii
Tyndall, John 169
U
UCAR. See University Corporation for
Atmospheric Research
UCLA. See University of California at
Los Angeles
Uman, Martin A. 187, 187–188
UMC. See University Meteorological
Committee
United States. See also under American;
National; U.S.
first school of meteorology in 3
first weather reports and forecasts
in 2
standard time in, introduction of
4
universal power-law spectrum 8, 9
University Corporation for
Atmospheric Research (UCAR) 9,
10
University Meteorological Committee
(UMC) 145
University of Alaska 154
University of Arizona 187
University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Bjerknes, Jacob, at 21
Liou, Kuo-Nan, at 101
Mintz, Yale, at 118
Simpson, Joanne, at 156
Sverdrup, Harald, at 174
University of California at San Diego.
See Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
University of Canterbury (New
Zealand) 180
University of Chicago
Rossby, Carl-Gustaf, at 145
Simpson, Joanne, at 155
Simpson, Robert, at 158
Suomi, Verner, at 169
University of Florida
Rakov, Vladimir, at 135, 136
Uman, Martin, at 187, 188
University of Hawaii 199
University of Maryland
Kalnay, Eugenia, at 87, 89
Rasmusson, Eugene, at 139,
140
Sellers, Piers, at 152
University of Mississippi 166
University of Oklahoma
Lilly, Douglas, at 100
Stensrud, David, at 163
Stolzenburg, Maribeth, at 165
Tierney (neé Morris), Heidi, at
179
University of Oslo (Norway) 174
University of Reading (U.K.) 77
University of Texas at Dallas 182
University of Utah 100
University of Virginia (Charlottesville,
Virginia)
Simpson, Joanne, at 156
Simpson, Robert, at 158
University of Washington
Katsaros, Kristina, at 89, 91
LeMone, Margaret, at 97
Liou, Kuo-Nan, at 100
Swanson, Brian, at 174, 175
Zajac, Bard, at 201
Index 255
University of Wisconsin at Madison
Suomi, Verner, at 169, 170
Wielicki, Bruce, at 195
Urban VIII (pope) 64
U.S. Army Signal Service Corps 2, 3, 80
U.S. Coast Survey, Abbe, Cleveland,
and 1
U.S. National Weather Service
creation of 2, 52, 79, 80
Friday, Elbert, at 60
Kalnay, Eugenia, at 88
Rossby, Carl-Gustaf, at 143, 144
Suomi, Verner, at 170
V
vacuum, Torricellian 184–185
VAD. See Velocity Azimuth Display
Vaisala GAI 142
Vaux, Antoine Alexis-François Cadet
de 59
vegetation. See plants
Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) 15
velocity circulation, Bjerknes theory on
22
Venus
exploration of 170
greenhouse effect on 88
Verrocchio, Andrea del 98
vertical velocity, O’Brien’s research on
130, 131
Vincennes (ship) 109
Virtual Institute for Satellite
Integration Training (VISIT) 202
viruses, enrichment of droplet aerosols 24
volcanoes
and Earth’s radiation budget,
changes in 117
impact on stratosphere 112
lightning strokes from, origin of
24
volunteers
in British Rainfall Organization
176
in Smithsonian Institution
meteorological project 2, 26,
79
Vonnegut, Bernard 189–190
and cloud seeding 40, 150, 151,
189
at General Electric Research
Laboratory 24, 189
and Langmuir, Irving 95, 189
and Schaefer, Vincent 151, 189
Vonnegut, Kurt 96, 189, 190
vortices, theory of 22
vorticity theories of wave motion 145
Voyage of the Beagle (Darwin) 55
W
Wallach, Bret 26
Wang, Daohong 191, 191–192
Wang, Mingxing 192–193
war, mathematical study of causes of
143
warm front, coining of term 20
Washington, George 57
water droplets, study of 40–41
water vapor, study of 171
wave dynamometer, invention of 164
wavelength, angstrom unit for 7
wave motion, vorticity theories of 145
Waynick, Arthur 72
The Weather Doctor website 20
weather modification. See also cloud
seeding
MacCready’s research on 106
weather reports. See also forecast(s);
maps
beginnings of 80
use of telegraph in 2, 52, 56,
79–80, 183
website(s)
of Day’s cloud photography 50
of gyroscopic pumping in
stratosphere 113
The Weather Doctor 20
Wegener, Alfred Lothar 193–194
Wegener, Kurt 193
Westinghouse Research Laboratories
187
Wexler, Harry 158
White, James 179
Wickham, John Clement 56
Wielicki, Bruce Anthony 194–196
Wilkes, Charles 110
Wilkes, Maurice 124
Wilkins, Hubert 173
Wilkins, John 83
William-Olson, Martin 90
Williams, Earle Rolfe 196–197
Wilson, C. T. R. 120
W
inchester, J. W. 192
wind(s)
baric wind law 31–32
effect on line convection 97
geostrophic 155
in jet stream 82
measuring by anemometer 4
measuring by Doppler radar 15
solar 181
supersonic 51
trade. See trade winds
warning flag system for 3
wind currents, Coriolis effect and 42
wind field, convergence lines in 20
wind-force scale, Beaufort’
s 55
wind shear, research on 162
Wolf, Christian 54
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Blanchard, Duncan, at 24
Rossby, Carl-Gustaf, at 144
Simpson, Joanne, at 156
Stommel, Henry, at 167
World Climate Research Program 139
World War II, weather forecasting
during 174
Wren, Christopher 83
Wust, George 197
Wyrtki, Klaus 130, 197–199, 198
Y
Yang, P. 101
Z
Zajac, Bard Anton 201, 201–202
Zebiak, Stephen 33
zero, absolute 6
256 A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate