Richards J.A., Jia X. Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis: An Introduction
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436 Subject Index
Markov random fields 216
Mathematica – see Software systems
Mathematical modelling of geometric errors
54
MATLAB – see Software systems
Matrix 419
– addition of 420
– adjoint 419
– block diagonal 375
– cofactor 419
– determinant of 419
– diagonal 381, 422
– diagonalization of 422
– eigenvalues of 142, 420
– eigenvectors of 142, 420
– identity 419
– inverse 419
– multiplication of 420
– orthogonal 421
– pseudo inverse 386
– subtraction of 420
– symmetric 140
– trace of 143
– transpose of 419, 421
Maximum likelihood classification – see
Classification
Mean value smoothing – see Filtering
Mean vector 80, 138, 196
Median filtering – see Filtering
Midori 399
Mie (aerosol) scattering 30
Migrating means clustering – see Clustering
Minimum distance classification – see
Classification
MIVIS 408
Mixed data types – see Spatial data sources
Mixed pixels 302, 385
Modal filtering – see Filtering
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
(MODIS) 401, 404
Mosaicing 97, 99
MSU-SK 401, 402
Multicycle contrast enhancement – see
Contrast enhancement
Multilayer perceptron 232
MultiSpec – see Software systems
Multispectral line scanner 10
Multispectral Scanner (MSS) 393, 394
Multispectral space 75
Multispectrum Electronic Self Scanning
Radiometer (MESSR) 400
Multistage classification – see Classification
NASA Spectrometer (NSCAT) 398
Neighbourhood function 212
Neighbourhood operations 109, 190
Neural networks 80, 232, 296
Nimbus satellites 389
NOAA satellites 389
Noise fraction 155
Non-parametric classification – see
Classification
Non-parametric discriminant analysis – see
Feature selection
Non-parametric weighted feature extrac-
tion – see Feature selection
Normal probability distribution
– multivariate 80,196, 425
– univariate 424
Nugget variance 132
Nyquist rate 174
Ocean Colour and Temperature Sensor
(OCTS) 398, 399
Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) 401
Opinion Pools
– linear 336
– logarithmic 337
OPS 410
Optical thickness 33
OrbView-2 satellite 399
Orthogonal sum 340
PALSAR 411
Pan (on IRS) 402
Panoramic distortion 37, 39, 55
Parallelepiped classification – see
Classification
Passive remote sensing 3
Path radiance 30, 44
Pattern hyperplane 222
Penalty function 427
Periodic functions 168
Photointerpretation 2, 67
Piecewise linear contrast modification – see
Contrast enhancement
Pitch 43
Pixel replicative zoom 61
Subject Index 437
Pixel spectra 10, 68
Pixel vector 77, 417
Platform altitude variations 37, 43
Platform attitude variations 37, 43
Platform ephemeris 43
Platform velocity variations 37, 43
Plausibility 339
Point operations 83
Point spread function 111, 209
Polar orbit 390
Polarization (electromagnetic) 9, 407
Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s
Reflectance (POLDER) 398
Posterior probability 195, 424, 427
Prewitt operator 122
Principal components transformation 137
– for change detection 314
– for data reduction 154, 277, 381
– noise adjusted 154
– segmented 379
Prior probability 195, 428
Probabilistic label relaxation 211
Processing element 232
Progressive two-class decision classifier –
see Classification
Pseudocolouring 104
Push broom scanner 10
Pyramid images 19, 24
Qualitative reasoning 342
Quantitative analysis 67, 72, 193
Radarsat 410
Radiance 29
Radiometric correction 32, 366
– 5S Code 366
– ATREM 366
– empirical line 368
– flat field 368
– haze removal 35
– log residuals 367
– Lowtran 7 366
– Modtran 3 366
Radiometric distortion 27
Radiometric enhancement – see Contrast
enhancement
Radiometric modification – see Contrast
enhancement
Radiometric resolution – see Resolution
Range resolution 14, 409, 410
Raster format 17
Rayleigh scattering 30
Rectification – see Geometric correction
Reflectance 29, 360, 366
– apparent 366
– real 366
– scaled 366
Registration 27, 56
– image to image 57
– to map grid 51
Regularised covariance estimates 381
Repeat cycle 392
Resampling 48
– effect on classification 298
Resolution
– radiometric 3
– spatial 3
RESURS-01 401, 403
Retroreflector in Space (RIS) 399
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) 393
Roberts operator 121
Roll 43
Rule-based image processing 133
Sampling theorem 174
Sampling theory 173
Satellite
– altitude 413
– orbit 414
Saturating linear contrast enhancement – see
Contrast enhancement
S-bend distortion 41
Scalar image 83
Scale (image) 21
Scale changing 61
Scan time skew distortion 43
Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radio
meter (SMMR) 389
Scattering
– aerosol 30
– corner reflector 7
– diffuse 7
– Mie 30
– Rayleigh 30
– specular 7
– surface 7
– volume 7
Scattering coefficient 6
438 Subject Index
Scattering matrix
– between class 287
– within class 288
Seasat 407
SeaStar 399, 400
Sea-Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor
(SeaWiFS) 399, 400
Semivariogram 131
Sensor non-linearities 37, 45
Separability 267
– maximum likelihood classification 267,
268
– minimum distance classification 276
Sequential similarity detection algorithm
(SSDA) 57
Shape detection and recognition 132
Shape factor 132
Sharpening 123
Shuttle Imaging Radar (Spaceborne Imaging
Radar)
– SIR-A 407
– SIR-B 409
– SIR-C/X-SAR 409
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
410
Side looking airborne radar (SLAR) 12
Signature 194, 295
Sill 132
Similarity metrics 249
Single pass clustering algorithm – see
Clustering
Sky irridiance 30, 360
Slant range 14
Slant range resolution 14
Smoothing – see Filtering
Sobel operator 122
Software systems
– ENVI 203
– ER Mapper 203
– Maple 145
– MATLAB 145, 242
– Mathematica 145
– MultiSpec 203, 210, 259, 275
Solar spectrum 7, 360, 366, 379
Spatial context 209
Spatial data sources 15
Spatial derivative 121
Spatial frequency 185
Spatial resolution – see Resolution
Speckle 9
Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM) 368
Spectral class 75, 249, 302
Spectral irradiance 29
Spectral library 369, 371
Spectral reflectance characteristics
– soil 5
– vegetation 5
– water 5
Spectral slope 373
Spectral unmixing 385
Specular reflection 7
SPOT satellite 397
Stacked vector 385
Standard deviation multiplier 258
Stereoscopic viewing 397
Stratified random sampling 305
Strip generation parameter 259
Sum of squared errors measure (SSE) 250
Sun synchronous 9
Supervised classification – see Classification
Supervised relaxation labelling 337
Support 339
Support vector 229
Support vector classifier 226
Support vector machine 80, 226, 296
Symmetric matrix – see Matrix
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 12
System function 111
Table look up classification – see
Classification
Tasseled cap transformation 156
Taylor method of contrast enhancement –
see Contrast enhancement
Templates 109
– edge detection 120
– line detecting 125
– non-linear 125
– semi-linear 125
– smoothing 115
Terra 401, 404
Texture 128
Thematic Mapper (TM) 393, 396
Theory of Evidence 338
Thermal infrared 6
Threshold logic unit 224
Subject Index 439
Thresholds
– in image smoothing 115
– in maximum likelihood classification 197
– in minimum distance classification 204
TIROS 389
TIROS Operational Satellite (TOS) 389
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
398
Trace – see Matrix
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)
392
Training data 80, 193, 296
Training fields 193, 295
Training pixels, number required 199, 364,
375
Transfer characteristics of radiation detectors
32
Transformed divergence 274
Transformed vegetation index 292
Transmittance (atmospheric) 30
Transpose
– of a matrix – see Matrix
– of a vector 419
Uniform histogram 90
Unit step waveform – see Heaviside step
function
Unsupervised classification – see Classifica-
tion
Vector
– pixe1 77, 138, 417
– transpose 419
– unit 417
Vector format 17
Vector gradient 121
Vector image 83
Vector quantisation 383
Vector to raster conversion 17
Vegetation index 160, 292
Vegetation instrument 397, 398
Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer
(VISSR) 391
Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer
(VTIR) 400
Wavelet transform 190
Weather satellites 389
Weight point 222
Weight space 222
Weight vector 220
Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) 401
Window functions 190
Within categories variance 280
Within class covariance matrix 280
Yaw 4 3
Zooming 61
– interpolative 61
– pixe1 rep1icative 61