Rafferty J.P. (ed.) Minerals
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First Edition
Britannica Educational Publishing
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Introduction by John P. Rafferty
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Minerals / edited by John P. Rafferty. — 1st ed.
p. cm. — (Geology: landforms, minerals, and rocks)
“In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61530-582-7 (eBook)
1. Minerals. I. Rafferty, John P.
QE363.2.M5479 2012
549—dc22
2010044473
On the cover (front and back): Amethyst crystals. Shutterstock.com
On the cover (front top), p. iii: Examples of some popular minerals are granite stone
(left), black coal (middle left), gold ore (middle right), and marble stone (right). Shutterstock.
com
On pages 1, 35, 77, 111, 187, 228, 247, 323, 326, 331: An array of apophyllite, stilbite and
quartz crystals. Shutterstock.com
Contents
11
25
51
Introduction x
Chapter
1: The Natur
e
of Minerals
1
Nomenclature
3
Occurrence and Formation
4
Mineral Structure
5
Primary and A
ccessory Minerals
6
Morphology
6
Inter
nal Structure
9
Polymorphism
13
Chemical Composition
14
Mineral Formulas
15
Compositional Variation
16
Chemical Bonding
19
Physical Properties
23
Chapter
2: Mineral Classification and
Associations 35
Classification of Minerals
35
Native Elements
37
What is a Native Element? 37
Metallic Substances 51
Sulfides
53
Sulfosalts
54
Oxides and Hydroxides
55
Halides
57
Carbonates
59
Nitrates
61
Borates
62
Sulfates
63
Phosphates
64
Silicates
64
Mineral Associations and Phase
Equilibrium
69
91
108
132
Assemblage and the Phase Rule 71
Phase Diagrams
73
Eh–Ph Diagrams 75
Chapter
3: Mineral Deposits
77
Geochemically Abundant and
Scarce Metals
78
Ore Minerals
80
Native Metals
81
Sulfides
81
Oxides and Hydroxides
82
Carbonates and Silicat
es
82
Formation of Mineral Deposits
82
Magmatic Conc
entration
83
Hydrothermal Solution
89
Metasomatic Replacement 97
Groundwater
98
Seawater or Lake
Water
99
Rainwater
103
Flowing Surface W
ater
106
Alluvial Placers
107
Placer Deposits 108
Beach Placers
109
Metallogenic P
rovinces and
Epochs
109
Chapter
4: The Silicates 111
Amphiboles
125
Chemical Composition
126
Crystal Str
ucture
128
Physical Properties
131
Origin and Occurrence
133
Feldspars
135
Chemical Composition
136
Crystal Str
ucture
139
Alkali Feldspars 142
172
158
Physical Properties 143
Origin and Occurrence
146
Uses
146
Feldspathoids
148
Chemical Composition and
Cr
ystal Structure
148
Physical Properties
149
Origin and Occurrence
150
Uses
151
Garnets
151
Chemical Composition
151
Crystal Str
ucture
153
Physical Properties
154
Origin and Occurence
156
Uses
157
Jade
157
Olivines
161
Chemical Composition
162
Crystal Str
ucture 163
Physical Properties
164
Crystal H
abit and Form
165
Origin and Occurrence
166
Pyroxenes
171
Chemical Composition
173
Orthopyroxenes 175
Crystal Str
ucture
176
Physical Properties
179
Origin and Occurrence
182
Zeolites
184
Chapter
5: Micas and Clay
Minerals 187
Mica
s
187
Muscovite 188
Chemical Composition
189
Crystal Str
ucture
189
181
200
32
237
197
Physical Properties 190
Origin and Occurrence
192
Uses
194
Clay Minerals
195
Structure
197
Clay 202
Differential Thermal A
nalysis
(DT
A)
209
Chemical and Physical
Proper
ties 214
Occurrence
221
Origin
224
Industrial Uses
226
Chapter
6: Sil
ica
Minerals
228
Physical and Chemical Properties
228
Origin and Occurrence
230
Solubility of Silica Minerals
230
The Silica Phase Diagram
232
Uses
232
Individual Silica Minerals
234
Quartz
234
Sard and S
ardonyx
239
Chalcedony
239
Jasper
, Chert, and Flint
240
High Quartz (
β-Quartz)
242
Tridymite
243
Cristobalit
e 243
Opal
244
Vitreous Silica
244
Melanophlogite
245
Keatite
245
Coesite and Stishovit
e
245
Chapter
7: Carbonat
es
and Other
Minerals 247
The Carbonat
es
248
266
265
279
Aragonite 249
Calcite
249
Dolomite
257
Other Common Rock-F
orming
Minerals
263
Magnetit
e and Chromite
264
Magnesite 265
Halite, G
ypsum, and Anhydrite
265
Epidote
266
Hematite
267
Limonite
267
Other Mineral Groups
268
Arsenate Minerals
273
Halide Minerals
274
Nitrat
e and Iodate Minerals
277
Oxide Minerals
278
Chromate Minerals 289
Phosphate Minerals
290
Sulfate Minerals
296
Vanadate Miner
als
305
Sulfide Minerals
307
Sulfosalts
318
Molybdate and
Tungstate Minerals
319
Conclusion
322
Glossary
323
Bibliography
326
Index
331