Raabe J. Hydro power - the design, use, and function of hydromechanical, hydraulic, and electrical еquipment

Fig.

3.4.18.

Elevation of a

horizontal

FT

of

a

ternary

set,

the pumped storaze

plant at Vianden, Luxem-

burg (owner

Socictk d'~1ec-

tricitk d'Our).

H

=

287

m;

n

=

428,7

rpm;

P

=

105

M

W.

D

=

2,4

m.

Runner of over-

hung design. Combined

guide and thrust bearing,

supported

by

a truncated

cone on the head cover, fa-

cilitates the smallest

ciear-

ance of the runner laby-

rinths, and relieves the sur-

rounding

concrete

of

bear-

ing

force (thrust). Spiral

casing, welded of fine

grained steel with high yield

point

(3600

bar), stress

relieved in the shop. For

transportation split into

2

halves screwcd together.

Spiral inlet above

the

shaft

rcquires

a

Sulzcr Eschcr

Wyss type load compen-

sator. (Drawing courtesy

Sulzer

Escher Wyss, Swit-

zerland)

Fig.

3.3.19. tlorizoi~tal shaft tubu-

I;li

turbinc with n rinl gcncrator.

According

to

klarz;~'s piltcnt, first

built by Sulzcr Escl~cr Wyss uiidcr

thc instruction

oTA.

Fisclrcr

in

1936

for

a

Gcrinan lllcr plant.

73

tur-

biiics have bccn built for West Gcr-

man

plants at Illcr, Lcch, Snalnch.

Working data in

a

typical case:

H

=

8,5111;

tt=214,3rpm;

P=

1,4

M

W;

D

=

1,8

m.

Usually only

regulated by

axial guide vanes, in

one

casc also by adjustable runner

vanes. (Courtesy

Sulzer Escher

Wyss)

Fig.

3.4.21.

Lol~gitudinnl section of power house and set, Greenup dam, Ohio river,

USA

(owner

City of Vanceburg, Kentucky, Ohio.) built by Alsthom Atlantic Neyrpic. Horizontal open

flumc

b~lb

turbine

(BT)

H

=

S,4

m;

n

=

90

rpm;

P

=

2

-

24,3

MW;

H,,

=

1,5

m.

Runner:

D

=

6,l

m;

4

blades.

1

turbine;

2

gcncrator;

3

downstream gate;

4

trash rack;

5

upstream stoplog; 6 water pump

and

turbine auxiliaries,

7

transformers;

8

control room;

9

turbine and generator auxiliaries;

10

fire-procf

room;

I

air conditioned room;

12

standby Dicselgenerator;

13

thrash rack rake;

14

gantry craile,

15

overhead travelling cranes. Access tower: altitude level from

154

m to 176 m (Drawing courtesy

Neyrpic, Grenoble, France).

Fig.

3.4.20.

High power Straflo turbines

(ST)

built by Sulzer Escher Wyss, patentee.

1

hub;

2

runner

blades;

3

generator polcs;

4

radial bearing of turbine;

5

thrust bearing of turbine; 6 runner seal; 7

radial bearing of generator rotor;

8

axial bcaring of generator rotor; (bearings

7

and

8

arc of

\VaIer-lubricated,

self-adjusting, supporting water head type and facilitate good guidance of the

shroud and hence also runner blade adjustment);

9

tangential load compensator of bearings

7;

!O

emergency bearing;

11

brake;

12

generator stator;

13

guide vanes. (Drawing courtesy Sulzer

kher Wyss: Switzerland)

Fig.

3.1.22.

Lon~itclclin;~l

sc'ctic>li

of

!~ori/ol~t;il shaft

bull) [urbinc, pl;l~lf /\ilj;~l;l,

ill.

H

=;

I I

In;

11

=

I00

rpm;

P

=

22,7

MW,

built

by

'Trtnlpclla

works,

Fin-

Inntl.

(Drawing

courtesy

Tanlpellu,

Tampcre,

Fin-

land)

n) Isogyre [1.70] with the pump and turbine rotor in back-to-back arrailgernent, con-

nected with a common spiral casing and suction

fl~inge, waterways by adjustabel ring

gates, with vertical (Fig.

1.6.7) or horizontal shaft (Fig. 3.4.34).

o) One-stage purnp turbine with horizontal or vertical shaft (scc Fig. 3.4.35).

p) Double stage pump turbirlc with adjustable pates in series (see Fig. 3.4.36).

q)

hl~ltistage

pump

turbine with fixed gates (Fig. 3.4.37) [3.!25].

r)

Ternary set (tandem set) with

a

special multistage and dou5le or single flow impeller

pump and a

FT,

with a horizontal shaft (Fig.

3.4.35),

or vertical shaft (Figs. 3.4.39 and

1.6.6).

s) The same as r) but equipped with PT (see Fig. 3.4.40; 41).

In general the spplication of a siphon in the admission chamber (see Fig. 3.4.31) is

limited

to heads up to

4

nl.

A

si~hon in the admission pipe is a convenient shut down device also

f3r higher heads.

Tubular turbines of the bulb or

rirn

generator type (see Figs. 3.4.19 and 3.4.23) are limited

to the head range of up to

17

m,

exceptionally 30 m

(BT

Sylvenstein, Isar, West Ger-

many). Turbines with step up gear are

for

heads between

2

to

15

nl, exceptionally up to

30

m.

Admission by open chamber up to

H

=

7

111, by semi-spiral casing up to

H

=

30 m, by.

spiral casing in reinforced concrete with steel lining up to

Ii

=

50

m,

by welded spiral

casing nowadays up to 740 m, and by spherical casing, according to

W

111eirr

possible up

to

1000 m head [3.126]. For double stage machines according to FIamish the head may

attain

18C0

m.

C-L

Fig.

3.4.23.

Longitudinill scctioil of horizontal hulh turt~iuc Crcstirn~;~,I'orti~~:al (owncs 1~lcclricid;ldc dc I'orti~gill)

H==12,3

m;

n7:83,3

rpm;

1'=43

M

W.

Runncr

D=O.S

m. Ncyrpic

design.

2

rr1di:ll

hearings,

;~ltcl.nator rotor

overhung.

Runncr scrvornotor with piston boltcd on the hub by scrcws. Oil licad

on the frcc shaft end. Asscnibly of thc gcncr:ltor through tlic draft tirbc

and

;I

borc nt thc turbinc cnd of bulb. Acccss to runncr by axially

split

dra9

tubc crossing

n

t:cnch in thc powcr housc. (Drawing courtcsy Ncyrpic, Grcnoblc. Francc)

l..ig.

3.4.24.

Uu1111cr

;111cl

~,IIC

Jribc of I~c~ri-

/ont;il. rcvcrsihlt.

.IXI.I~

hi~lb pump-turbinc

for

titl;~l

po?vcr pl,~nt,

with

Joublc clTcct

1<;1ncc, Fral~rc

(I

~lectricit2 (Ic

Irrancc

Ed

F).

Nc) rpic tlcsign in collabo-

r;ttion with EdF.

Nct

;innual productiv~!y

544

-

10''

k

\\

h.

24

SCIS. Turbi~ii~lg:

H

=

1

I

-

7

-

3

nl;

direct

(bi~sin-sea

=

distributor

runner)

P

=

10

-

10

-

3,L

hl

W;

revcrscd

(sca-basin)

P

=

10

-

9.5

-

2

MW.

J'unip-

ing seil-ba~~n

11

=

1

-

2

-

3

-

6m;

P

=

10

-

10

-

16

-

10

iL1

W.

,I

=

93,75

rpm;

n,,

=

260 rpm. Rotor:

4

blades;

D

=

535

m. BI;IcI~

:III~IC

from

--

5"

to

+

35^,

thc first for braking. thcrcfore

t/L

>

1.

Double-can~bcrccl hladcs. Distance of

;idj;~ccnt scts

13,3

m.

Basin left side. (Pho-

tograph courtesy

l?3cctriciti clc France)

Fig.

3.4.25.

I,sngitudinal section of power house and inclined shaft

R'T

Tricr, hfosel, West Gcrmany

(o\vner Rhcinisch Westfjlischcs Elektrizitiitswcrk

AG,

Essen RWE). Turbine built by Sulzer Escher

Wyss,

H

=

7.7

nl;

II,!~,

=

78/750

(stcpped

up

by Krupp Stoeckicht planetary gear);

P

=

4.4,il

MW.

Gear reduces size

of

generator, then assembled through streamlined access pit. Conical gates, closed

by weight. Axial thrust

tr:insniitted into the concrete by long stays on the stay vane ring. Runner

assembly through split draft

tube crossing a trench in the power house accessible by crane. Stufing

box rat the lower draft tube end facilitates thermal expansion. (Drawing courtcsy Sulzer EscI~er Wyss)

112

1:ig.

3.4.26.

Elevation of hor~/ontal

B,I

of tid;il po\rer pI;uit Ki\loguSs-

kaja, Ice

Scn.

L'SSR.

by

Nevr-

pic, with pl:~nctary stcp up gc;lrlng

of

Krupp Stoecklcht typc

FI

-

1

-

2

ni;

n

=

72,600

rpni,

P,,

=

0,29MW.

Runner

4

blades,

D

=

3,3

m. Power l~ousc of prc-

bbricatcd concrete blocks. built in

Leningrad dockynrtl, madc float-

able by mcans ot flushing tanks.

then pullzd via Worth Cape to the

site,

whcrc

it

was

wnk to tlie sea

bed. (Drawing courtcsy

Ncyrpic,

Grenoble, France)

I-.ig.

3.4.27.

l'nbular turbirlc

(TT).

so-

called S-turbir:e. nith inclined shaft,

passing

thc dr;ift tube bcnd. Al!crnator in

the power house gear drivel:.

I

head pond

Icvcl;

2

tailr;icc level;

3

spur-gear;

4

gencrator;

5

runner;

6

hatch for assenibly

by crane. From

J.

Colrilo~l

Fig.

3.4.28.

Tubular turbine (S-type) with

horizontal shah. Outdcnr i~ltcrnator

tli-

rcctly driven. Modified Tanipclla design.

Lowest

investment cost, but at tlie expense

of

highest efificicncy. (Drawing courtesy

Tampella, T;!mpcre. Finland)

r:iL?.

i4.29.

'1.11

buiar tii~-bi!ic

\\;!!I

siplloll

in

I>c:itl,

9011-.~d-

j:ia~;~i)lc. c',ccorclins lo

3

pro-

I)O.S:II

I-)y

thc

;l~lllic)r

;~lso uscful

for sivcr rapids. and then as

iil

tlic lip.iirc. niountcd

on

3

moorccl Iloat.

I

runner;

2

dr;:ft

tubc wi~i~

bend

;IS

siphon;

3

3cncr;ltor;

4

Iloat;

5

stay

cable

al~c!lorcd;

6

stabilizing

fill.

Fig.

3.4.30.

Bulb

!urblne

with

tail

flnngc

:it

bcvcl

pi~iion

Jrive, shait p:rssiiig through

a

slrcnmlined

hollow

stay

\;:fie.

Very

small

huh

diamctcr. Gc:lr not

easily

accessible

ar!d

nccds

to

bc carefully

sdjustcd

u:lder

load.

(Dratvi~g courtcsy Scllzcl Escher

Wyss)

Fig.

3.4.31.

Vertical shaft

KT

with semi spiral casing of siphon design. Marktbreit, blain, West

Gcrmany (owner, Rhein Main Donau AG, Miinchcn).

H

=

2,5

m;

n

=

68.2

rpm;

P

=

1

I00

kW-.

Siphon saws stop log for draining the machine, but is limited to'small heads. Step up spur gear for

generator. (Drawing courtesy Voith)

Fig.

3.4.32.

Mixed flow reaction turbomachine with conical distributor or diffuser and vertical shaft.

The pump-turbine of Deriaz type in the pumped storage plant at Sir

Adam

Beck,

St. Lawrence

(Niagara Falls), Canada (owner Hydroelectric Power Comission of Ontario) built by English Elec-

tric,

Liverpool, Ellgland.

H

=

25

m;

n

=

92,3

rpm;

P

=

33

MW.

Adjustable blades moved by wing

servomotor (Deriaz patent) via block and link drive. Blades tightly closing in flow

direction,

hence

low loss if working against closed valve at start of pumping. At standstill leakage through tip and

hub clearance reduced by lowering bottom of the thrust bearing hydrostatically. Ingenious design.

If

turbiniag competitive with a high head Kaplan turbine. (Photograph courtesy English Electric

Co.)

Fig. 3.4.33. Vertical shaft

KT

with conical guide apparatus. Obernbcrz, West Gcrman-Austrian Inn.

(Owner on German side Innwcrke

AG,Toging)

H

=

10,3 m;

n

=

96,7 rpm;

P

=

6 .

14

MW.

Possible

reduction of head cover diameter to that of the runner. Spherical articulations in the gate drive.

bleridional streamline curvature near the bottom ring reduced. Lower rearward corncr of opened

gate not disturbing the flow reduces cavitation sensitivity of outmost runner parts. (Drawing courte-

sy

Sulzer Escher Wyss)

For

a

cornpact design, the semi-spiral casing is formed of trapezoidal cross sections. radially

"squcezed" and stretched downward. Its tongue tcncis to be shifted from a radius making an angle

of

135" wit11 the flow direction to an angle of only

45"

(see the KTs of the USSR plant "22nd

Congress" [3.127]).

Embedding the elastic spiral casing of high head pump turbines in sponge rubber and prvviding

a

self supporting erection, releases the surrounding concrete from alternating strain when frequently

varying the mode of operation.

Raabe J. Hydro power - the design, use, and function of hydromechanical, hydraulic, and electrical еquipment

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