Пулькина Н.Э., Зимина С.В. Геологические основы разработки нефтяных и газовых месторождений

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ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ

(ɝɚɡɚ).

ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɨɬ-

ɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɸɬ-

ɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨ-

ɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ

ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ,

ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ [20].

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4

1. ɑɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨ-

ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ?

2. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ?

3. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ

ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ?

4. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɨɛ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɧɚ

ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ?

5. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ

ɩɨ ɤɟɪɧɭ?

6. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ?

7. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ?

8. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-

ɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ?

9. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɹ-

ɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ?

10. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ

ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɝɧɟ-

ɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ?

5. ɂȻɆɀɁɃ ɎȾɆɀȽɉȿɉɋɉȿɉȽ Ƚ ɌɍȻɍɃɒɀɌɅɉɇ ɊɋɃɋɉȿɈɉɇ

ɌɉɌɍɉɚɈɃɃ

5.1. Ƀɢɮɲɠɨɣɠ ɯɩɫɧɶ ɢɛɦɠɡɣ

ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ

ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡ-

ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ

(ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ

ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ.

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

x ɤɪɨɜɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ - ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ;

x ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨ-

ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ;

x ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ-ɧɟ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ.;

x ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɡ-

ɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɮɥɸɢɞɚɦɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɇɄ,

ȽȼɄ ɢ ȽɇɄ.

ɉɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, - ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ

ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚ-

ɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ-

ɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ,

ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ), ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟ-

ɞɭɪɵ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ [20].

5.1.1. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ. Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɢ

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ – ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɳɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ ɢ

ɜɨɞɵ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɜɟ-

ɳɟɫɬɜ), ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ

ɫ ɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ: ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɣ, ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɥɢɧɡɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ) [14].

ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ (ɪɢɫ. 5.1) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ, ɨɝ-

ɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨ-

ɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪ-

ɜɭɚɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ.

ɉɨɞ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ

ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɳɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ,

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬ

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨ-

ɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜɨ-

ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɳɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɳɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ,

ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɮɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɢ-

ɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. Ʉɪɢɬɟ-

ɪɢɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪ-

ɜɭɚɪ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɜ ɧɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ, ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ

ɜɟɫɚɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ

ɩɨɪɨɞ. ɋɥɚɛɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɷɬɭ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ.

ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

1. Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞ-

ɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ (

ɪɢɫ. 5.2).

2. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ – ɬɨɥɳɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞ-

ɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.3). Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,

ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ, ɩɟɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵɯ

ɝɥɢɧɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ,

Ɋɢɫ. 5.1 ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ:

1 – ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ (ɩɟɫɨɤ);

2 – ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ

(ɝɥɢɧɵ)

Ɋɢɫ. 5.3 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.2 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ

ɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɮɬɢ) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢ-

ɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ

ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɪɢɫ. 5.4). ȼ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ

ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ

ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ

ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ

ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢ

ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɥɢ-

ɛɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɚɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

Ʉ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚɦ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ

ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɵ-

ɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɟ

ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-

ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ.

Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɛɵɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪ-

ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ

ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ

ɪɹɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ: ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ),

ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ

ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ (ɩɨɤɪɵɲɟɤ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɨɩɚɜ ɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤɟ (ɥɨɜɭɲɤɟ).

Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɚ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɦ, ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ

ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ƚɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ,

ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɚɦ.

Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ ɫ ɡɚ-

ɫɬɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɟɪ-

ɜɭɚɪɚ ɜɨɞɚ

ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɥɨɜɭɲɟɤ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɦ, ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ-

ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 5.5.

ȼ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚɯ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.5, Ȼ, Ƚ, ȿ) ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ

ɪɢɮɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɜɨɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɪɢɫ.

5.5, ɀ); ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ (ɥɢɧɡɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ) ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ

ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ

ɫɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ȼ).

Ɋɢɫ. 5.4 Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨ-

ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢ-

ɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ

Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ 5.5, ɨɛɴɟɦ

ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ȿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟ-

ɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɦ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɬɨɜ,

ɚ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɝɥɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ

ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɤɢ: ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨ-

ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ

ɍȼ (ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ),

ɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɯ (ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ

ɜ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɬɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɪɟ-

ɳɢɧ).

ɉɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ:

x ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ (ɫɜɨɞɨɜɵɟ) –

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ

ɫɥɨɟɜ (ɪɢɫ. 5.5, Ȼ, Ƚ, ȿ) ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɪɚɡ-

ɪɵɜɚ ɢɯ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ;

x ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɪɢɫ.

5.5, Ⱥ) – ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-

ɬɚɬɟ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨ

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞ-

ɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢ-

ɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,

ɬɨɥɳɢ

ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ, ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ.

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɥɳɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɥɳ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɧɚɡɵ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ;

x ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɨɛɪɵɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɜ

ɦɟɫɬɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-

ɦɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ

ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ;

x ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ-

ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ȼ, Ⱦ);

x ɪɢɮɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ – ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚ-

ɧɢɡɦɨɜ-ɪɢɮɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɤɨɪɚɥɥɨɜ, ɦɲɚɧɨɤ), ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ

ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɢɮɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ɀ) ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟ-

ɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 5.5 Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ

ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ (Ⱥ, Ȼ, Ƚ), ɦɚɫ-

ɫɢɜɧɵɯ (ȿ, ɀ) ɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

(ȼ, Ⱦ) ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚɯ:

ɉɨɪɨɞɵ: 1 – ɬɟɪɪɢɝɟɧɧɵɟ; 2 – ɯɟɦɨ-

ɝɟɧɧɵɟ; 3 – ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ; 4 – ɥɨ-

ɜɭɲɤɢ; 5 – ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɢ-

ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ

Ɉɤɨɥɨ 80 % ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.

ɋɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɪɟ-

ɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜ

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɡɚɥɟɠɶɸ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɤɢɪɨɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ-

ɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ. Ʉ

ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ,

ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ – ɫɜɨɞɨɜɵɟ (ɪɢɫ.

5.6, ɚ), ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɛ) ɢ ɩɪɢɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ.

5.6, ɜ).

ɋɜɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.

Ɍɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ: ɧɚ ɫɜɨɞɟ,

ɤɪɵɥɶɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɧɚɥɹɯ.

ɉɪɢɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ, ɤɨɧ-

ɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɵɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ, ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɩɢɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɨ-

ɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɝ) ɢ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ (

ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɞ).

Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ

ɜɵɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ.

Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ ɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɭɫɟɥ ɩɚɥɟɨɪɟɤ (ɲɧɭɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɨɨɛɪɚɡ-

ɧɵɟ), ɤ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɤ

ɝɧɟɡɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɥɚɛɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɪɢɮɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɟ). Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ

ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɪɢɮɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɠ). Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ, ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɪɟ-

ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢ-

ɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɤɥɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɤɭɩɨɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨ-

ɧɨɤɥɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ

. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ

ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɮɭɧ-

ɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ.

ɉɨɞ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɟ-

ɠɟɣ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ

ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ

ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɨɞɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ-

ɬɚɯ) ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨ-

ɝɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ.

ɉɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɍȼ ɫɨɟɞɢ-

ɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ.

Ʉ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

ɚ) ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-

ɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɚɡɨɦ;

Ɋɢɫ. 5.6. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ:

ɚ) ɫɜɨɞɨɜɚɹ; ɛ) ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ; ɜ) ɩɪɢɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ;

ɝ) ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ; ɞ) ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ;

ɟ) ɪɢɮɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ; ɠ) ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ; 1- ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ;

2 - ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ; 3 - ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɢ; 4 - ɝɥɢɧɵ; 5 – ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɲɬɨɤ;

6 - ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ; 7 - ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ

ɛ) ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 90 % ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ) ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧ-

ɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ

ɝɚɡ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɦ.

Ʉ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɚɦ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-

ɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ (ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɡɚ-

ɥɟɠɶ

ɫ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɨɬɨɪɨɱɤɨɣ). ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ

ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ.

ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ

ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ (

ɝɧ



) ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ:

ɚ) ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɨɣ (

> 0,75);

ɛ) ɝɚɡɨ- ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ (0,50 <

 0,75);

ɜ) ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ (0,25<

 0,50);

ɝ) ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɨɬɨɪɨɱɤɨɣ

(

 0,25).

Ʉ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ – ɤɨɧɞɟɧ-

ɫɚɬ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɸɬ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɤɫ-

ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɫɵ-

ɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɪɢɫ. 5.7).

ɉɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ:

x ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ

ɤ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢ ɧɟɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ

ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤ-

ɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɭ;

x ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɟɜɵ-

ɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ

ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ

ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɥɹɳɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɥɨ

ɤɢ;

x ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ

ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟ-

ɧɢɣ, ɞɟɥɹɳɢɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɬɨɥɳɢɧ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ

ɷɬɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. Ʉ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɶ

ɜ ɩɨɞɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɧɟɮɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɨɬɨɪɨɱɤɚɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ.

5.1.2. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ (ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ)

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ – ɢɯ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ

(ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ), ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɫɧɢɡɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɨɣ, ɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ – ɤɪɨɜɥɟɣ [14].

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ-

ɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢ

ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ

ɤɪɨɜɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡ-

ɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.

ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ

ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ, ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɡɚɥɟ-

ɠɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ

ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ

ɜɫɟɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɦ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ (ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣ)

ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚ-

ɞɚɸɬ. Ɂɚ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɝɚɡɚ) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.7. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɩɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ

ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɚɹ

ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ

ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ

ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.8. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ

ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟ

ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɲ-

ɜɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɝɨ-

ɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ. ȼɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ

ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ.

Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ

ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ (ɢɡɨɝɢɩɫ) ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢɡɨ-

ɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢ

ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ).

ɋɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɨɝɢɩɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɨɬ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫ-

ɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɨɝɢɩɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ – ɭɝɥɵ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢ

ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚ-

ɧɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫɦɟ-

ɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫ-

ɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.8).

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬ-

ɤɢ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ (ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨ-

ɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ: ɚɥɶɬɢɬɭɞɭ Ⱥ

ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ; ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ L, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ

ɫɬɜɨɥ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɬ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ; ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ǻL ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɇ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.

2.8) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:



L-LAH '

(5.1)

ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ

ɢɡɨɝɢɩɫ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5.9).

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ

ɤɚɪɬ: ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟ-

ɦɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɟɧɚɪɭ-

ɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ

ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢ.