Pavlidis I. (ed.) Human-Computer Interaction

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Human-Computer Interaction

Human-Co mputer Intera c tion

Edited by

Ioannis Pavlidis

In-Tech

Published by In-Tech

Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and

opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of

the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the

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First published October 2008

Printed in Croatia

A catalogue record for this book is available from the University Library Rijeka under no. 120102043

Human-Computer Interaction, Edited by Ioannis Pavlidis

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-7619-19-0

1. Human-Computer. 2. Interaction I. Ioannis Pavlidis

Preface

This book is an assembly of essays on state of the art concepts, methodologies, and sys-

tems in the fast moving field of humancomputer interaction. Twentyone chapters describe

either progress in main themes or introduce totally new themes, never conceived before.

As the use of mobile devices proliferates, a major challenge is how to present effectively

visual information on a limited realestate. K.B. Lee introduces Zoomable User Interfaces

(ZUI) to address this problem.

R. Michalski examines the effect of graphical panel’s characteristics on usability. He fur-

ther connects this to gender differences.

N. Juristo et al. argue that particular usability issues have a significant impact on soft-

ware design and thus, need to be considered early in the development cycle, stating with the

requirements formulation.

F. Naya et al. introduce Computer Aided Sketching (CASk) as a means to bridge the dis-

connect between CAD and the initial design stages of a product.

S. Nilsson provides a detailed account of Augmented Reality (AR) as the technology that

aims to merge the real and virtual world. AR is seen not only as a productivity enhancing

tool but also as an entertaining spice to the daily routine.

R. de Oliveira and H.V. da Rocha, propose multidevice design via the maintenance of a

Consistency Priorities hierarchy defined in three levels. The first two levels give support to

the user’s expectation, while the third level provides task personalization.

M. Ferre et al. introduce MasterFinger2, a novel twofinger haptic interface that im-

proves haptic interaction. The interface is based on an open architecture, which allows the

control of each finger independently via Ethernet.

J. Park and S.H. Park address the issue of effective visual interfaces in vehicle information

systems and aircraft cockpits. The aim is to reduce cognitive workload, which is paramount

to safety in vehicular and avionic applications.

D. Shastri et al. describe a new contactfree methodology to measure the cognitive load

arising when the vehicle driver speaks at the same time over the cell phone. This technol-

ogy opens the way for objective usability measurements in vehicular applications and more.

S. Rangarajan et al. describe a novel multimodal system combining a pressure sensing

floor and a visual motion capture system.

X. Ren et al. introduces the Adaptive Hybrid Cursor technique that takes advantage of

pressuresensitive input devices. In fact, pressure is used to control the zoom ratio of inter-

face contents.

U. Seifert and J.H. Kim delve into cognitive musicology as a novel approach to hu-

manrobot interaction in artistic contexts.

B. Sener and O. Pedgley address the inadequacies of 3D CAD systems in the early (and

most creative) stages of industrial design.

Y. Lu and S. Smith present a new type of ecommerce system, AR ecommerce, which

visually brings virtual products into real physical environments for user interaction.

A. Song, on one chapter, focuses on the design of multidimensional force sensors for

haptic human computer interaction. He pays particular attention on the design principles

of a novel 4 DOF force/torque sensor. On another chapter, he focuses on the design of soft

haptic display devices for humancomputer interaction.

F. Steinicke et al. introduce new collaborative 3D user interface concepts for everyday

working environments. They describe a system that allows displaying and interacting with

both mono as well as stereoscopic content in parallel.

Y. Suh et al. present a ContextAware Augmented Reality (CAMAR) system that sup-

ports two main functionalities. One is the intuitive and personalized control of smart appli-

ances. The other is enabling media contents to be shared selectively an interactively among

a group of people.

J. Takatalo et al. concentrate on the psychological analysis of the user experience in digital

games. They present three different psychological frameworks that have been used in the

study of complex environments.

E.V. Mora et al. introduce a new model to improve the quality of life of people who live

with chronic diseases following Ambient Intelligence principles. The model is validated in a

solution to assess heart failure patients remotely.

T. Yamaguchi et al. present “SharedWell,” a collaborative public and private, interactive

display, suited for strategic cooperative tasks. The display enables users to dynamically

choose negotiation partners, create cooperative relationships and strategically control the in-

formation they share and conceal.

Editor

Ioannis Pavlidis

Eckhard Pfeiffer Professor

Director, Computational Physiology Lab

Department of Computer Science

Email: ipavlidis@uh.edu

Houston, TX

USA



VII

Contents

Preface

1. Using Zooming Applications for Mobile Devices 001

Kwang B. Lee

2. The effects of panel location, target size, and gender on efficiency in sim-

ple direct manipulation tasks

011

Rafal Michalski

3. Moving usability forward to the beginning of the software development

process

023

Natalia Juristo, Ana Moreno and Maria-Isabel Sanchez-Segura

4. Sketch-Based Interfaces for Parametric Modelling 043

Ferran Naya, Manuel Contero, Nuria Aleixos, Joaquim A. Jorge and Pedro Company

5. Having Fun at Work: Using Augmented Reality in Work Realated Tasks 057

Susanna Nilsson

6. Multi-Device Desing in Contexts of Interchange and Task Migration 075

Rodrigo de Oliveira and Heloisa Vieira da Rocha

7. Multifinger Haptic Interfacesfor Collaborative Enviroments 101

Manuel Ferre, Maria Oyarzá, Alexandre Campos and Mary Monroy

8. Visual Information Presentation in Continuous Control Systems using

Visual Enhancements

113

Jaekyu Park and Sung Ha park

9. Contact-free Stress Monitoring for Users Divided Attention 127

Dvijesh Shastri, Avinash Wesley and Ioannis Pavlidis

10. Design Optimization of Pressure Sensing Floor for Multimodal Human-

Computer Interaction

135

Sankar Rangarajan, Assegid Kidané, Gang Qian and Stjepan Rajko

11. Improving Target Acquisitions through Utilizing Pen Pressure 163

Xiangshi Ren, Jibin Yin, Shengdong Zhao and Yang Li

12. Towards a Conceptual Framework and an Empirical Methodology in Re-

search on Artistic Human-Robot Interaction

177

Uwe Seifert and Jin Hyun Kim

VIII

13. Novel Multimodal Interaction for Industrial Design 195

Bahar Sener and Owain Pedgley

14. Augmented Reality E-Commerce: How the Technology benefits Peoples

Lives

215

Yuzhu Lu and Shana Smith

15. Multi-Dimensional Force Sensor Design for Haptic Human-Computer Inter-

action

239

Aiguo Song

16. Softness Haptic Display Device for Human-Computer Interaction 257

Aiguo Song, Jia Liu and Juan Wu

17. 3D User Interfaces for Collaborative Work 279

Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Klaus Hinrichs, Timo Ropinski and Marco Lopes

18. Context-aware Mobile AR system for Personalization, Selective Sharing,

and Interaction of Contents in Ubiquitous Computing Environments

295

Youngjung Suh, Youngmin Park, Hyoseok Yoon and Woontack Woo

19. User Experience in Digital Games 315

Jari Takatalo, Jukka Hakkinen, Jyrki Kaistinen and Gote Nyman

20. Iterative user interaction design for wearable and mobile solutions to as-

sess cardiovascular chronic diseases

335

Elena Villalba Mora, Dario Salvi, Manuel Ottaviano, Ignacio Peinado and Maria Te-

resa Arredondo Waldmeyer

21. Strategic Negotiations in Tabletop 355

Tokuo Yamaguchi, Sriram Subramanian, Yoshifumi Kitamura and Fumio Kishino

Using Zooming Applications for Mobile Devices

Kwang B. Lee

Department of Computer Science

University of Northern Virginia

U.S.A.

1. Introduction

Although mobile devices, cellular phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and other

handheld devices have hardware constraints such as small screen, small storage, low CPU

speed, and low resolution, their popularity has been enormously increasing. This is

enhancing the opportunities for researchers to overcome those open problems caused of

small size hardware constraints. However, still the biggest difficulty is that these devices are

too difficult to load today’s visual information because most current information is based on

a large visual documentation. How do we present information effectively on mobile

devices? This is a main challenge for mobile interface developers since viewing is becoming

more and more crucial point in our daily lives.

One of the methods is to build a Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs) by using several zooming

tools so that the amount of information, which needs to be handled by users, can be shown

on a small screen unlimitedly. Smooth zooming technology helps users to interact with their

sense of the focus-and-context by shifting the cognitive load to the human visual system,

and it can provide a possible solution that satisfies the above demands by means of

increasing the effectiveness for using the small screen. Thus supporting zooming tools on

mobile devices is a necessary item with enabling users to effectively control the zooming

methods.

The goal of this paper is to increase the performance of user interfaces by developing

zooming tools on mobile devices. Three zooming approaches will be introduced in this

paper. First, focus zooming tools, which consists of the magnifying glass that was

introduced from a “Bifocal Display” (Apperley, Tzavaras, and Spence, 1982), the gray

scaling and blurring lens that was introduced from a “Focus+Context Visualization” (Giller,

Tscheligim, Schrammel, Fröhlich, and Rabl, 2001), will be proposed. Second, file zooming

tools including zoom-in and zoom-out functions to enlarge or reduce data and images based

on the geometric zooming technology will be proposed. Finally, search zooming tools,

which have two functions support a popup zooming and a shadow zooming functions to

assist user easy to control for seeing many files on the device, will be introduced.

Furthermore, the paper addresses a new usability testing method which combines heuristic,

scenarios, and questionnaire approaches in order to effectively take experimental results

from users. Its testing methods and procedures will be introduced by conducting usability

test with user.

Human–Computer Interaction

In this paper, we first describe the basic zooming technique and prototype on a PDA in

section 2. In section 3, we introduce a new mobile usability testing method, and conduct

usability testing and show the results in section 4. Finally, we conclude by describing some

of our experiences in building the system and outlining future work.

2. Basic Zooming Structure

In this section, we discuss the theoretical background for basic zooming techniques on

mobile devices, and mention the necessary concept needed to support our approaches.

2.1 Magnifying Process

The magnifying processes transfer pixels from a specified source pan to a specified

destination pan, which is the magnifying glass, altering the pixels according to the selected

raster operation code. To magnify data, a source pan containing source data on the original

screen is smaller than the magnifying glass pan, as seen in Figure 1 (a). Thus, the ratio to

magnify data will be decided by comparing the size of two pans, a source pan and a

magnifying glass pan.

: The size of source pan, (x

×y

)

: The size of the magnifying glass pan, (x

×y

)

, R

: Magnifying ratio

, L

: Data loss area

H: Height

(a) Magnifying process (b) Zoom-in and zoom-out process

Fig. 1. Zooming process on a PDA screen

A degree of interest (DOI) function map which was introduced by Furnas (Furnas, 1986)

indicates the level of interest in the item and it can be used to control how available space is

allocated amongst items. The DOI concept has been changed over time according to the

change of user interaction such as searching process and the moving focus. So, instead of

using DOI, we suggest another approach to calculate how much data is magnified and how

much data is lost.

In the magnifying glass, the technique allows user to determine the glass size and

magnifying ratio based on the varying interest levels of parts. To calculate the magnifying