Patrick F. Dunn, Measurement, Data Analysis, and Sensor Fundamentals for Engineering and Science, 2nd Edition

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Bibliography

[1] W. Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White. 2008. The Elements of Style: 50th An-

niversary Edition. New York: Pearson/Longman.

[2] S. Baker. 1984. The Complete Stylist and Handbook. New York: Harper

and Row.

[3] http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/cover.html.

[4] E.R. Tufte. 1998. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. 2nd ed.

Cheshire: Graphics Press.

[5] 2003. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of

Chicago Press.

[6] http://www.aiaa.org/education/index.hfm?edu=13#j.

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Glossary

absolute quantization error one-half the instrument resolution

absolute sensitivity coeﬃcient change in a result due to an incremental

change in a particular variable

absolute uncertainty uncertainty in a particular variable

accuracy closeness of agreement between a measured and true value

active requiring no external power supply to produce a voltage or current

active ﬁlter ﬁlter composed of operational ampliﬁers, resistors, and capaci-

tors

aleatory caused by inherent randomness and/or ﬁnite sampling

aliasing false lower frequencies created by a sampling rate less than twice

the highest frequency of interest

almost-periodic comprised of two or more sinusoids of arbitrary frequencies

alternating current (AC) current varying cyclically in time

amplitude magnitude or size

amplitude ambiguity false amplitudes occurring in the amplitude spec-

trum at the fundamental and adjacent frequencies

amplitude spectrum plot of a signal’s amplitude versus frequency

analog continuous in time and magnitude

anode positively charged terminal that loses electrons

anti-alias ﬁlter ﬁlter that prevents signal aliasing

autocorrelation correlation of a signal with itself at various time delays

autocorrelation coeﬃcient number between −1 and 1 that characterizes

the extent of autocorrelation

autocorrelation function function used to determine the autocorrelation

459

460 Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science

balanced bridge Wheatstone bridge when the products of the cross-bridge

resistances are equal

bandpass ﬁlter ﬁlter passing a signal’s amplitude over a range of frequen-

cies, but neither above nor below that range

base center element of a transistor

base units dimensionally independent units

beat frequency relatively low frequency equal to one-half the diﬀerence in

two nearly equal frequencies

bias error see systematic error

binomial distribution discrete distribution describing the probability of

one of two possible outcomes

calibration process of comparing the response of an instrument to a standard

input over some range

calibration curve plot of a calibration’s input versus output data

capacitance ratio of the charge on one of a pair of conductors to the electrical

potential diﬀerence between them

cathode negatively charged terminal that gains electrons

central moments statistical moments calculated with respect to the cen-

troid or mean

central tendency tendency to scatter about an average value

charge electrical quantity representative of the excess or deﬁciency of elec-

trons

coeﬃcient of determination square of the sample correlation coeﬃcient

coherent no numerical factors other than 1 occur in all unit equations

collector one of the end elements of a transistor

combination the number of possible ways that members of a set can be

arranged irrespective of their order

combined estimated variance see combined uncertainty

combined standard uncertainty combination of all individual uncertain-

ties

complement see null set

complex having more than one period

Glossary 461

complex conjugate complex number with a complex part that is opposite

in sign to its complex number counterpart

conditional probability the probability of an event given that speciﬁed

events have occurred previously

consistent no numerical factors other than 1 occur for all unit equations in

a system of units

continuous without a break or cessation

control experiment an experiment in which all variables are identiﬁed and

can be controlled

conventional current ﬂow current ﬂow from anode to cathode

conventionalism process in which experiments are performed to illustrate

an aspect of nature

correlation analysis process of calculating the correlation coeﬃcient

correlation coeﬃcient number between −1 and 1 that characterizes the

amount of correlation

covariance mathematical function that characterizes the relationship be-

tween two random variables

coverage factor number representing an assured probability of occurrence

that multiplies the combined standard uncertainty to determine the

overall uncertainty

critically damped having a damping ratio of unity

cross-correlation correlation between two variables

cross-correlation coeﬃcient number between −1 and 1 that characterizes

the extent of cross-correlation

cumulative probability distribution function see probability distribu-

tion function

current charge per unit time

cutoﬀ frequency the frequency at which a signal’s amplitude is attenuated

damping ratio nondimensional parameter characterizing a second-order

system

decade frequency ratio of 10:1

deﬂection method method using a balanced Wheatstone bridge to achieve

an output voltage proportional to a change in resistance

462 Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science

dependent aﬀected by changes in an independent variable

degrees of freedom number of data points minus the number of constraints

used for the required calculations

derived type of unit composed of base and supplementary units

detailed uncertainty analysis uncertainty analysis that identiﬁes the sys-

tematic and random errors contributing to each measurand’s overall

uncertainty and then propagates them into the ﬁnal result

deterministic signal signal that is predictable in time or space, such as a

sine wave or a ramp function

digital having discrete values at discrete times or locations

dimension measure of spatial extent

direct current (DC) current constant in time

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) discrete representation of the Fourier

transform

discrete having values at distinct times or locations

discrete Fourier series discrete representation of a Fourier series

dynamic varying in time

dynamic calibration calibration using a time-dependent input

dynamic error error related to the amplitude diﬀerence between a system’s

input and output

electric ﬁeld electric force acting on a positive charge divided by the mag-

nitude of the charge

electric potential potential energy per unit charge

electric power electric energy transferred per unit time

electric resistivity material property related to its resistance

emitter electrode in a transistor where electrons originate

ensemble collection of time history records

epistemic caused by a lack of knowledge

ergodic ensemble-averaged values equal the corresponding average values

computed over time from an arbitrary, single time history in the en-

semble

Glossary 463

even function function symmetric about the ordinate

event outcome

exhaustive space spanned by a set and its complement

expectation see expected value

expected value probabilistic average value

experiment act in which one physically intervenes with the process under

investigation and records the results

explorational conducted to explore an idea or possible theory

extraneous variable that cannot be controlled

fallibilism process in which experiments are performed to test the validity

of a conjecture

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method that recursively divides the sam-

ple points in one-half down to two-point samples before it performs the

Fourier transform

ﬁnite bounded or limited in magnitude or in spatial or temporal extent

ﬁrst central moment mean

ﬁrst-order replication level level that considers the additional random er-

ror resulting from small uncontrolled factors

Fourier analysis procedure that identiﬁes the Fourier amplitudes of a signal

Fourier coeﬃcients coeﬃcients in a Fourier series

Fourier series series represented by sines and cosines of diﬀerent periods

and amplitudes that are added together to form an inﬁnite series

Fourier synthesis procedure that constructs a signal representation from a

series of appropriately weighted sines and cosines

Fourier transform mathematical transformation of a signal that gives the

signal’s amplitude versus frequency

Fourier transform pairs pair of equations consisting of the Fourier trans-

form and the inverse Fourier transform

fourth central moment see kurtosis

fractional uncertainty uncertainty in a result divided by the value of the

result

464 Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science

frequency distribution plot of the number of occurrences of a certain value

divided by the total number of occurrences versus the value of the oc-

currence

frequency measure of a signal’s temporal variation

fundamental dimensions length, mass, time, temperature, electrical cur-

rent, amount of substance, and luminous intensity

Gaussian distribution see normal distribution

general uncertainty analysis simpliﬁed approach to uncertainty analysis

that considers each measurand’s overall uncertainty and its propagation

into the ﬁnal result

high-pass ﬁlter ﬁlter that passes a signal’s amplitude above but not below

a speciﬁc frequency

histogram literally means picture of cells; plot of the number of occurrences

of a certain value versus the value of the occurrence

hysteresis diﬀerence in the indicated value obtained when approaching a

particular input value in increasing versus decreasing directions

impedance electrical resistance of a circuit containing linear passive compo-

nents (resistors, capacitors, and inductors)

impulse rapid change of a variable in time

independent not dependent upon another variable

inductivism process arriving at the laws and theories of nature based upon

facts gained from experiments

infer estimate statistically

instrument error sum of an instrument’s elemental errors identiﬁed

through calibration

intersection set of all members common to both sets

intrinsically linear variables variables in a higher-order equation that can

be transformed to yield a linear expression

inverse Fourier transform inverse of the Fourier transform that gives the

signal’s amplitude versus time

kurtosis fourth central moment normalized by the square of the variance

least signiﬁcant digit rightmost nonzero digit

level of signiﬁcance one minus the χ

probability

Glossary 465

linear device device in which the output amplitude is linearly proportional

to its input amplitude

lognormal distribution continuous distribution of the logarithm of a nor-

mally distributed variable

loop closed path in a circuit going from one node back to itself without

passing through any intermediate node more than once

low-pass ﬁlter ﬁlter that passes a signal’s amplitude below but not above a

speciﬁc frequency

magnitude extent of dimension; size

magnitude ratio ratio of a dynamic system’s output amplitude to its input

amplitude

measure see magnitude

measurand measured variable

measurement error true, unknown diﬀerence between measured value and

true value

measurement uncertainty estimate of the error in a measurement

mode most frequently occurring value

modulus absolute value of a complex number

most signiﬁcant digit leftmost nonzero digit

mutually exclusive two sets not sharing any common members

mutually orthogonal set in which each pair of functions is orthogonal

node point in a circuit where two or more elements meet

nondeterministic random

nonstationary not stationary (see stationary)

normal continuous distribution caused by a very large number of small, un-

controllable factors that inﬂuence the outcome

normal equations equations resulting from the method of least squares

normalized z-variable a nondimensional variable indicating the number of

standard deviations that a speciﬁc value deviates from the mean value

notch ﬁlter ﬁlter that passes a signal’s amplitude over a range of frequencies

above and below a speciﬁed range