Novak P. Developments in hydraulic engineering - Vol. 5
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INDEX
Abandoned streambed, protection measures for, 46
Aesthetical aspects, 88–9
Alluvial rivers, 50
Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method, 156, 159, 160
Annual discharge duration curve, 7
Annual utilization hours, 56–7
Anthropogenic influences, 8
Axial turbines, 83–5
basic principles of operation, 65–6
efficiency curves of, 67
hydromechanical principles and operational characteristics, 65–73
operational, specific, synchronous and runaway speed, 69–71
theory of operation, 66
Axial turbines, 83–5
Backwater elevations, 42
Backwater ponds, 58
Backwater profiles, 59
Base-load plants, 20–1
Battjes relation, 170
Benefit-cost analysis, 93
Benefit-cost ratio, 90
Bernoulli theorem, 67
Bottom friction, 180, 181
Bottom topography, 165
Boundary-value problems, 164
Broken ice at intakes, 123–4
Bubbler system, 130
Bulb generator sets, 32, 61, 85–6
Bulb-type tubular aggregates, 26
Buoy Power Converter, 17
Canal flow, 42
Canal headwork, 39
Capacities, 19
Caustic waves, 169–70
Cavitation, 67, 70
Cavitation coefficient, 71
Cavitational limit, 51
Chain operation, 57–8
Chezy coefficient, 110, 155
Cockerell Raft, 17
Coles’ law, 182
Collection efficiency, 122
Conservation
constituents, of, 155
mass of water, of, 155
momentum, of, 155
Control, 82
Cooperating plants, 20
Coriolis coefficient, 155
Courant number, 156–9
Crest control gates, 30
Critical head, 51
Cross-flow turbines, 61, 64, 65
Dams, 10
world’s highest, 11
Dead Sea depression scheme, 18
Density gradients, 142
Depression (solar) schemes, 17–18
Depth-averaged conservation equation, 182
Dériaz turbine, 59
Design
discharge, 51
flow, 44
plant, 8
Diffractive gravity waves, 169–70
Dikes
along canals or inland waters, 224
design principles, 222–3
river, 224
sea, 223
Discharge duration curve, 53
Discrimination equation, 124
Distributed Array Processors, 160, 189
Diversion type projects, 37–46
Dynamic draft head, 69
Economic evaluation, 89–97
methods for, 89–93
ranges of amortization periods for, 92
Economic feasibility, 3
Efficiency-hill diagram, 72–3
Electric compactness factor, 80
Electical equipment, 78–82
Emergency outfit, 82
Energy
Index 210
dissipation, 4
production costs, 93–7
diagram, 53–6
English Channel, 158
Environmental aspects, 1, 2, 15, 42, 88–9, 227
Estuary/coastal interfaces, 139–94
calibration and verification of models, 150
modelling methods, 148–50
numerical analysis, 152–4
Field measurement methods, 151
Fire protection, 82
Fixed-blade (propeller) turbines, 66
Flevoland polders, 199
Flood
analysis, 49
control, 221–5
level, 55
protection, 205, 221–5
Flood-discharging capacity, 22
Flood-routing, 58
Floods, 7, 49, 50, 199
Flow
developers, 130
rate, 18, 142
regime, 49
velocity, 41
Flowing water, 6–8
Flywheel effect, 74–6
Francis turbines, 20, 59, 64
Frazil ice, 110–12, 117–18
at intakes, 120–3
Freeze-up conditions, 109–10
Generating sets, 58–81
main parts of, 78
Geodesical measurements, 6–7
GK type models, 181
Governors, 74–8
principles of regulation and components, 76
speed adjustment, speed droop and load sharing, 76–8
Grand Canal d’Alsace, 26
Gross river power potential, 7
Haringvliet sluices, 175
Head
available, 8, 50
losses, 39, 41, 122, 123
variation, 72–3
water level (HWL), 50, 51, 55, 56, 58, 69, 78, 83
Heat transfer coefficient, 112
Index 211
High-head plants, 19, 20
Horsepower, units, 4
Hydraulic models, 115
Hydrodynamic modelling, 161
Hydrological measurements, 6–7
Hydropower
exploitation, 9
plants, 1, 2
capacity installable, 10
world’s largest-capacity, 13
world’s theoretical capacity, 10
projects, classification of, 18–20
resources, capacity harnessed, 12
utilization, classification of, 10–21
Ice
accumulation, 114
behaviour at intakes, 120–4
blocks in submerged outlet, 124
boom features, 127
break-up, 144–15
conditions
counter measures, 125–33
intake design for, 107–38
lakes, 115–19
monitoring, 132–3
ocean coastal, 120
rivers, 109–15
formation
dynamic, 116–17
primary, 117
secondary, 118
shoreline, 117–19
static, 115–16
problems
hydraulic methods to alleviate, 131–2
lake intakes, 134–5
mechanical methods to alleviate, 131
river intakes, 133–4
thermal methods to alleviate, 128–30
regime, changing, 125–8
sheet, thermal growth of, 112–13
IJmuiden harbour, 162
IJsselmeerpolders, 201, 217
Intake structure, 40
design for ice conditions, 107–38
Investment costs, 93–7
Iribarren number, 180
Irrigation systems, 199, 203–4, 221
Isolated plants, 20
Index 212
Kaplan turbines, 22, 26, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 44, 61, 66, 67, 70–2, 80
Kinematic conservation equation, 169, 178
La Canche estuary, 158, 159
Lakes
ice conditions in, 115–19
intake ice problems, 134–5
Lancaster Flexible Bag, 17
Lawamünd pier-head station, 35
Leasowe Bay, 172, 174
Lech River development, 88
Limit design, 71
Liverpool Bay, 171, 190
Low floods, 49
Low-head plants, 19, 20, 61–5
Low-head river developments, 21–50
Markerwaard polder, 216–21
design boundary conditions, 217
hydraulic transport system, 220
main drainage sytem, 216–21
main polder sections, 218
Mechanical energy sources, 3–10
Mersey estuary, 144–6, 189
Mild-slope equation, 167–9, 171–7, 176
Modelling
estuary/coastal interfaces, 148–50
methods used, 148–50
nearshore waves and currents, 170–81
numerical, 148
physical, 148
tidal currents, 158–63
tidal flows, 154–8
wave diffraction and refraction, 165–7
waves, 163–70
methods used, 163–5
Monitoring, ice conditions, 132–3
Navigation locks, 50
Nearshore waves and currents, 170–81
Net head, 51
duration curve, 53
Network frequency, 51
Nuclear power, 1
Numerical analysis, 151–4
Numerical models, 148
ODYSEE model, 162
Oil prices, 1, 12
OMR (operation, maintenance and repair) expenditure, 90–7
Index 213
Open-air plant, 19
Operational speed, 71
Oscillating Water Column, 17
Overall plant efficiency, 52–3
Overflow jet, 26
Overflow weirs, 44
Overhead transmission lines, 82
Paiton power station, 161
Peak flows, 7
Peak operation, 44, 58
Peak-load plants, 20–1
Pelton wheels, 20
Physical modelling, 148
Pier-head layout, 28–9
Planning criteria, 46–50
Plant
capacity factor, 57
design flow, 8, 52, 55
discharge capacity, 8, 52, 54
load factor, 56–7
parameters, 50–2
potential, 50–6
Polders, 195–228
characteristic aspects of, 198
definitions, 196–8
description of, 195–9
discharge capacity of subsurface drains, 214–15
drainage system, 203, 211–12, 221
layout of, 213–14
environmental aspects, 227
flood control, 221–5
flood protection, 221–5
future, 226–7
geohydrology, 209
groups of, 198
history, 196
hydraulic transport system, 203
design, 215
layout and discharge capacity, 215–16
influences on existing hydrological regime, 225
inlet structure, 204
irrigation system, 199, 203–4, 221
land drainage system, 201, 203, 212–13
land use, 199, 205–8
leaching, 201
level of protection, 198
management of outside water, 204–5
meteorological conditions, 204
outlet structure, 203
potential types, 226–7
Index 214
pumping stations, 216
reclamation, 195, 200–1, 208–9, 227
sluices, 216
socio-economic aspects, 226
soil improvement, 201
soil types, 200–2, 208
water balance equation, 219
water management system, 198, 199, 202–25
water quality role, 209–11
Political pressure, 2
Pondage, 19
Potential power, 6, 7
Power canal, 37–44
Power curves, 53–6
Power estimates, 8
Power resources, 6
Power station, 38, 44–6
Power supply systems, 20–1
Preliminary planning, 83–6
Preliminary studies, 46–50
Protection measures for abandoned streambed, 46
Pumped storage plant, 13–15, 20
environmental effects, 15
multi-purpose schemes, 15
overground arrangement, 14
underground arrangement, 14
Pungue estuary, 144, 189
Pungue river, 188
Qattara depression plant, 18
Rack and rack-cleaning devices, 85
Rack loss, 39, 41, 52
Radial-inflow turbines, 59
Radiation stresses, 178
Rated discharge, 51
Rated speed, 69–70
Rayleigh distribution, 178
Relative wave group celerity, 177
Release conduits, 45
Relief conduits, 43
Relief orifices, 43
Reservoirs
characterization, 10
energy capacity of, 8–10
world’s largest-capacity, 12
Rhine delta, 175
Ridging, 119
Rim-generatory turbines, 33, 36, 62, 86
River-canalization, 58
River channel projects, 21–37
Index 215
twin arrangement, 21–2
types of general layout, 21
unit-block arrangement, 21–2
River dikes, 224
Rivers
ice conditions in, 109–15
ice problems at intakes, 133–4
theoretical annual energy content, 10–11
Runaway speed, 71
Runner diameter, 71–2
Run-of-river plant, 19
Russel Rectifier, 17
S-type turbines, 27, 34
Salter’s Duck, 17
Santos estuary, Brazil, 144
Scale model tests, 43
Scouring, 119
Sea-bed stresses, 181–5
Sea Clam, 17
Sea dikes, 223
Sediment transport, 39, 147, 181–5
Seepage control, 42
Siphon setting, 25
Small size hydropower plants, 19, 87
Solar projects, 18
Specific speed, 70
Speed-droop diagrams, 77
Spillway
conduits, 25
deep-located, 25
elevated, 25
design, 45
gates, 44
Static draft (suction) head, 67–9
Stop-log closure, 84
STRAFLO turbines, 27, 33, 62, 64
STRAFLO-Kaplan turbines, 64
Submersible power stations, 29–32, 36, 37
Surf zone parameter, 180
Surge control, 44
Surge waves, 42
Switchgears, 82
Synchronous speed, 71
Tailwater depression, 31
Tailwater level (TWL), 50, 51, 68, 83, 85
Tidal action, 142
Tidal currents, 142, 147
modelling, 158–63
Tidal flows, modelling, 154–8
Index 216
Tidal power generation, 15
Tidal schemes, 20
Time-averaged conservation equation, 182
Transformers, 81–2
Trashracks, 132
Tubular turbines, 27, 64, 72, 85–6
Turbine
discharge capacity, 51
rated speed, 52
(wheel) types, 58–61
Twin arrangement, 22, 25
Ultrasonic methods, 151
Underground plant, 19, 32–8
Unit discharge, 73
Unit power, 73
Unit speed, 73
Units, 4–5
Upper Rhine Development, 46, 58
Vapour pressure head, 69
Water
balance equation, 219
hammer, 131
power
development, 1–105
utilization
physical principles, 3–4
progress in degree of, 9
rheostat, 43
Watercourses, 6
harnessing of, 10–13
Wave
action, 142, 144
amplitudes, 175
breaking criterion, 180
diffraction, 142, 147
energy conversion, 16–17
main categories of, 16–17
height, 142
models, summary of properties, 187
profiles, 169
ray
method, 177
models, 177–81
rays, 165–6
analysis of diffraction using, 169–70
Index 217
refraction, 144, 147
modelling of, 165–6
spray, 119
Wave/current interactions, 171
Waves, 142
modelling of, 163–70
Index 218