Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies

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surface of the liquid to the center line of the suction end of a pump plus velocity

head and entrance and friction losses. Internal pump losses are not added.

E. coli - Escherichia coli is one of the nonpathogenic coliform organisms used to

indicate the presence of pathogenic bacteria in water.

Ecology - The study of the relationships between all living organisms and the

environment, especially the totality or pattern of interactions; a view that includes all

plant and animal species and their unique contributions to a particular habitat.

Eccentric Disc - A disc with an axis that is offset from its true center so that it is

capable of imparting a reciprocating motion when it revolves.

E-Field (Electric Field) - The dominant component of a high impedance

electromagnetic field produced by a near field source such as a short diapole, or the

electric component of a far-field plane wave. Expressed in V/m.

Eccentric Reducer - A pipe fitting with two different sized flanges at each end that

is used to join two pipes of different sizes. These circular flanges are offset

eccentrically (i.e., they share a common invert).

Ecology -The study of all aspects of how organisms interact with each other and/or

their environment.

Ecosystem - Groupings of various organisms interacting with each other and their

environment.

Eductor - (1) A device for mixing air with water. (2) A liquid pump operating

under a jet principle, using liquid under pressure as the operating medium to entrain

air in the liquid. See ejector.

Effective Area - The total area of the porous medium exposed to flow in a filter

element.

Effective Size - The diameter of the particles of a hypothetical sample of granular

material-composed of particles that are spherical in shape, equal in size, and

arranged in a given manner-that would have the same transmission constant as the

actual material under consideration.

Effervescence - The vigorous escape of small gas bubbles from a liquid, especially

as a result of chemical action.

Efficiency - The ratio of the useful energy delivered by a dynamic system to the

energy supplied to it.

Effluent - Wastewater or other liquid, partially or completely treated or in its

natural state, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, treatment plant, or industrial

treatment plant, or part

thereof.

Effluent Guidelines - Technical documents developed by EPA which set discharge

limits for particular types of industries and specific pollutants.

Effluent Limitations - Limits on the amounts of pollutants which may be discharged

by a facility; these limits are calculated so that water quality standards will not be

violated even at low stream flows.

Effluent Quality - The physical, biological, and chemical characteristics of a

wastewater or other liquid flowing out of a basin, reservoir, pipe, or treatment plant.

EGL - Energy Grade Line. A line that represents the elevation of energy head in

feet of water flowing in a pipe, conduit, or channel.

Ejector - A device for moving a fluid or solid by entraining it in a high-velocity

stream of air or water.

Elbow - A pipe fitting that connects two pipes at an angle. The angle is always 90

degrees unless another angle is stated. Also called an ell.

Electrodialysis - A process which utilizes direct current and an arrangement of

permeable-active membranes to achieve separation of the soluble minerals from the

water.

Electrolysis - This is simply passing a high electrical current through the effluent,

producing by electrolysis hydrogen, oxygen, and heat. This method certainly

sterilizes very well, but partly so because of the chlorine produced from saline

water.

Electrolytic Process - A process that causes the decomposition of a chemical

compound by the use of electricity.

Electromagnetic Capability (EMC) - The capability of electronic equipment of

systems to be operated in the intended operational electromagnetic environment at

designed levels of efficiency.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) - Electromagnetic energy that causes

interference in the operation of electronic equipment. Can be conducted, coupled or

radiated. Can be natural or man-made.

Elevation Head - The energy possessed per unit weight of a fluid because of its

elevation above some point. Also called position head or potential

head,

Elution - The process of extracting one solid from another. Often used incorrectly to

describe the regeneration of an ion exchanger.

Elutriation - (1) A waste treatment term. The washing of sludge to remove soluble

materials, which may inhibit coagulation and compacting which, reduces the final

volume of sludge. (2) The process of separating lighter particles of a powder from

the heavier ones by means of an upward directed stream of fluid (gas or liquid).

Emergency Broadcasting System (EBS) - Used to inform the public about an

emergency and the protective actions to take. The EBS is a service of local radio and

television stations, activated as needed and approved by a local emergency

management agency.

Emergency and Hazardous Chemical Inventory - An annual report by facilities

having one or more extremely hazardous substances or hazardous chemicals above

certain weight limits, as specified in Section 311 and 312 of EPCRA.

Emergency Lighting - Battery-operated lighting units to provide illumination in the

event of a power failure.

Emergency Preparedness Coordinator - The local government official designated

to be notified immediately of chemical emergencies (e.g., spills, chemical releases,

explosions, or fires) under EPCRA.

Emission - Discharge of a liquid, solid, or gaseous material.

Emission Standards - Government standards that establish limits on discharges of

pollutants into the environment (usually in reference to air).

Emulsifying Agent - An agent capable of modifying the surface tension of emulsion

droplets to prevent coalescence. Examples are soap and other surface-active agents,

certain proteins and gums, water-soluble cellulose derivatives, and polyhydric

alcohol esters and ethers.

Emulsion - A heterogeneous liquid mixture of two or more liquids not typically

dissolved in one another, but held in suspension by forceful agitation or by

emulsifiers that modify the surface tension of the droplets to prevent coalescence.

Endangered Species - Animals, plants, birds, fish, or other living organisms

threatened with extinction by man-made or natural changes in the environment.

End Suction Pump - A type of horizontal centrifugal pump that has an intake

located on the side of the pump parallel to the pump shaft.

Endogenous Respiration - Autooxidation by organisms in biological processes.

Endotoxin - A toxin produced by bacteria. The toxin is present in the environment

only after death of the bacteria.

Energy Recovery - To capture energy from waste through any of a variety of

processes (e.g., burning). Many new technology incinerators are waste-to-energy

recovery units.

Enhanced Primary Treatment - In addition to normal primary treatment, enhanced

primary treatment removes some of the lighter organic material and some

phosphorus, and includes disinfection to reduce bacteria levels.

Enteric - Of intestinal origin, especially applied to wastes or bacteria.

Enterococci - A group of cocci that normally inhabit the intestines of man and

animals. Not to be confused with fecal streptococci.

Entrainment - The trapping of bubbles in a liquid produced either mechanically

through turbulence or chemically through a reaction.

Environment - The sum of all external influences and conditions affecting the life

and development of an organism. Total environment is a redundant term used to

emphasize the effect of slight and often momentary changes usually induced by man.

Environmental Assessment (EA) - A preliminary, written, environmental analysis

required by NEPA (see the Federal Law section) to determine whether a federal

activity such as building airports or highways would significantly affect the

environment; may require preparation of a more detailed Environmental Impact

Statement.

Environmental Audit - An independent assessment (not conducted by EPA) of a

facility's compliance policies, practices, and controls. Many pollution prevention

initiatives require an audit to determine where wastes may be reduced or eliminated

or energy conserved. Many supplemental environmental projects that offset a

penalty use audits to identify ways to reduce the harmful effects of a violation.

Environmental Equity - Equal protection from environmental hazards for

individuals, groups, or communities regardless of race, ethnicity, or economic

status.

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) - A document prepared by or for EPA

which identifies and analyzes, in detail, environmental impacts of a proposed action.

As a tool for decision-making, the EIS describes positive and negative effects and

lists alternatives for an undertaking, such as development of a wilderness area.

Environmental Justice - The fair treatment of people of all races, cultures,

incomes, and educational levels with respect to the development and enforcement of

environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment implies that no

population should be forced to shoulder a disproportionate share of exposure to the

negative effects of pollution because of lack of political or economic strength.

Environmental Resistance - All biotic and abiotic factors combining to limit

explosion.

Environmental Response Team (ERT) - EPA's group of highly trained scientists

and engineers based in Edison, NJ and Cincinnati, OH who back up the federal On-

Scene Coordinator. The ERT's capabilities include multimedia sampling and

analysis, hazard assessment, hazardous substance and oil spill cleanup techniques,

and technical support.

Enzyme - Organic substances (proteins) produced by living organisms that act as

catalysts to speed up chemical changes.

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency. Formed in 1970. Administers nine

Federal Environmental Laws: CAA - Clean Air Act, CWA - Clean Water Act,

SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act, CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental

Response Compensation and Liability Act (SUPERFUND); RCRA - Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act; FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide &

Rodenticide Act; MPRSA - Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act,

UMTRCA - Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act, TSCA -Toxic Substances

Control Act.

Epidemic - A disease that occurs simultaneously in a large fraction of the

community.

Epidemiologist - A medical scientist who studies the various factors involved in the

incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.

Equalization - In wastewater systems, the storage and controlled release of

wastewater to treatment processes at a rate determined by the capacity of the

processes, or at a rate proportional to the flow in the receiving stream; used to

smooth out variations in temperature and composition, and flow.

Equalizing Basin - A holding basin in which variations in flow and composition of a

liquid are averaged. Such basins are used to provide a flow of reasonably uniform

volume and composition to a treatment unit. Also called balancing reservoir.

Equilibrium Constant - A value that describes the quantitative relationship between

chemical species in a system at equilibrium.

Equivalent Calcium Carbonate - A common form of expressing the hardness,

acidity, total alkalinity, carbon dioxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, noncarbonate, or

hydroxide content of water expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/1). It is calculated

by multiplying the number of chemical equivalents of any of these constituents

present in 1 liter by 50, the equivalent weight of calcium carbonate. See chemical

equivalent.

Essential Nutrients - Inorganic substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron

that are required in small quantities for biological processes to occur.

Estuaries - Bodies of water which are located at the lower end of a river and are

subject to tidal fluctuations.

Euglena - A motile unicellular freshwater autotrophic organism traditionally

classified as a plantlike member of the kingdom Protista (algae).

Eurythermal - Bodies of water which are located at the lower end of a river and are

subject to tidal fluctuations.

Eutrophication - Nutrient enrichment of a lake or other water body, typically

characterized by increased growth of planktonic algae and rooted plants. It can be

accelerated by wastewater discharges and polluted

runoff.

Evaporation - (1) The process by which water becomes a vapor. (2) The

concentration of dissolved solids by driving off water through the application of

heat.

Evaporation Opportunity - The ratio of the rate of evaporation from a land or

water surface in contact with the atmosphere to evaporation under existing

atmospheric conditions; that is, the ratio of the actual to the potential rate of

evaporation. Also called relative evaporation.

Evaporation Rate - The quantity of water, expressed in terms of depth of liquid

water, evaporated from a given water surface per unit of time. It is typically

expressed in inches or millimeters per day, month, or year.

Evapotranspiration - Water withdrawn from soil by evaporation or plant

transpiration; considered synonymous with consumptive use.

Evapotranspiration Potential - Water loss that would occur if there was never a

deficiency of water in the soil for use by vegetation.

Exceptional Value Waters - A stream or watershed which constitutes an

outstanding national, state, regional or local resource, such as waters of national,

state,

or county parks or forests, or waters which are used as a source of unfiltered

potable water supply, or waters of wildlife refuges or state game lands, or waters

which have been characterized by the Fish Commission as "Wilderness Trout

Streams," and other waters of substantial recreational or ecological significance.

Explosimeter - A device for measuring the concentration of potentially explosive

fumes. Also called a combustible-gas indicator.

Explosive Gases or Vapors - Ignitable or flammable gases or vapors (e.g.,

acetylene, hydrogen, gasoline, and ethylene).

Explosive Limits (chemical) - The amounts of vapor in air that form explosive

mixtures. These limits are expressed as lower and upper values and give the range

of vapor concentrations in air that will explode if an ignition source is present.

Exponential Growth Phase - A phase of microbial population growth rate where

the number of cells doubles during a certain period of time. Environmental

conditions are ideal (ample food, suitable temperature, etc) for exponential growth

to occur.

Exposure - Radiation or pollutants that come into contact with the body and present

a potential health threat. The most common routes of exposure are through the skin,

mouth, or by inhalation.

Extended Aeration - A modification of the activated-sludge process using long

aeration periods to promote aerobic digestion of the biological mass by endogenous

respiration. The process includes stabilization of organic matter under aerobic

conditions and disposal of the gaseous end products into the air. Effluent contains

finely divided suspended matter and soluble matter.

Extractables - Substances that can be leached from a filter during the filtration

process or under other specified conditions.

Extraction - The process of dissolving and separating out particular constituents of a

liquid by treatment with solvents specific for those constituents.

Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) - Any of approximately 366 chemicals or

hazardous substances identified by EPA on the basis of hazard or toxicity and listed

under EPCRA. The list is periodically revised.

F - Food. Represents BOD in the F/M ratio. Expressed in pounds.

F/M - A ratio of the amount of food to the amount of organisms. Used to control an

activated sludge process.

Facultative - Having the ability to live under different conditions, such as with or

without free oxygen.

Facultative Anaerobe - A bacterium capable of growing under aerobic conditions

or anaerobic conditions in the presence of an inorganic ion, i.e., SO

, NO

Facultative Bacteria - Bacteria that can grow and metabolize in the presence and

absence of dissolved oxygen.

Facultative Pond - The most common type of pond in current use. The upper

portion (supernatant) is aerobic, while the bottom layer is anaerobic. Algae supply

most of the oxygen to the supernatant.

Fahrenheit - A temperature scale in which water freezes at O

C (32°F) and boils at

100

C (212

F) at atmospheric pressure.

Fallow, Fallow Land - Land is considered fallow if it is kept free of growing plants

during the growing season (March to October) using cultivation. The process is

called fallowing.

Faraday Cage - A spherical cage made of conductive material. Static fields and

discharges do not pass through it. Electromagnetic energy passing through the skin

or shield is attenuated to varying degrees.

Fat - Basically insoluble animal fat.

Fats (Wastes) - Triglyceride esters of fatty acids. The term is erroneously used as a

synonym for grease.

Fauna - The entire animal life of a specific region.

FDA - Food and Drug Administration.

Fecal Coliform Bacteria - Aerobic and facultative, Gram-negative, non-spore-

forming, rod-shaped bacteria capable of growth at 44.5°C (112°F) and associated

with fecal matter of warm-blooded animals. Their presence in water or sludge is an

indicator of pollution and possible contamination by pathogens.

Fecal Indicators - Fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, and other bacterial groups

originating in human or other warm-blooded animals, indicating contamination by

fecal matter.

Fecal Streptococci - The subgroup of enterococci that is of particular concern in

water and waste water.

Feed - The material entering a filter processing unit for treatment.

Feedstock - Raw material supplied to a machine or processing plant from which

other products can be made. For example, poly vinyl chloride and polyethylene are

raw chemicals used to produce plastic tiles, mats, fenders, cushions, and traffic

cones.

Fermentation - A type of heterotrophic metabolism in which an organic compound

rather than oxygen is the terminal electron (or hydrogen) acceptor. Less energy is

generated from this incomplete form of glucose oxidation than is generated by

respiration, but the process supports anaerobic growth.

Ferric Chloride (FeCl

) - A soluble iron salt often used as a sludge conditioner to

enhance precipitation or bind up sulfur compounds in wastewater treatment. See

coagulant.

Ferric Hydroxide - The end product and floe former resulting from the use of ferric

iron coagulants. In natural water the floe is composed of complex chemicals

including ferric hydroxide, but the chemical characteristics are analogous. Ferric

hydroxide is insoluble at all normal pH values encountered in water and waste

treatment since it is nonamphoteric.

Ferric Sulfate (Fe

(SO

) - A water-soluble iron salt formed by reaction of ferric

hydroxide and sulfuric acid or by reaction of iron and hot concentrated sulfuric acid.

Also obtainable in solution by reaction of chlorine and ferrous sulfate. Used in

conjunction with lime as a sludge conditioner to enhance precipitation.

Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO

O) - A water-soluble iron salt, sometimes called

copperas; used in conjunction with lime as a sludge conditioner to enhance

precipitation.

FFDCA - Federal Food and Drug and Cosmetics Act. Responsible for pesticides in

food.

Filamentous Growth - Intertwined, threadlike biological growths characteristic of

some species of bacteria, fungi, and algae. Such growths reduce sludge settleability

and dewaterability.

Filamentous Organisms - Organisms that grow in a thread or filamentous form.

Common types are Thiothrix Actinomycetes and Cyanobacteria (aka blue-green

algae).

This is a common cause of sludge bulking in the activated sludge process.

Variously known as "pond scum," "blue-green algae," or "moss" when it appears in

a pond/lake, and confused with algae because it looks much like algae.

Cyanobacteria form a symbiotic relationship with some varieties of algae, making

the combination very difficult to combat in lakes and ponds. Filamentous organisms

and Actinomycetes will naturally stick to solid surfaces. Common types of

Cyanobacteria are Oscillatoria Anabaen and Synechococcus. Other filament formers

include Spirogyra Cladophora Rhizoclonium Mougeotia Zygnema, and

Hydrodictyon. Nocardia is another filament former, which causes foaming and

interferes with flocculation in a waste treatment plant.