Mwanasimba - Учебник языка суахили на английском языке
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Possessive adjectives and pronouns agree in class with the noun of the possessed object / person. The class
prefixes, identical to those of the connective particle, are affixed to the following possessive markers :
-ANGU my mine
-AKO your yours
-AKE his, her his, hers
-ETU our ours
-ENU your yours
-AO their theirs
NOTE :
When the possessor is not a human being but a thing, we use the marker -AKE, both in
singular and plural :
Nyumba na mlango wake The house and its door
Gari na milango yake The car and its doors
Mti na matunda yake The tree and its fruit
Miti na matunda yake The trees and their fruit
1. WITH NOUNS OF THE M-/WA- GENDER (Classes 1 / 2) :
Mwana wangu my child Wana wangu my children
Mwana wako your child Wana wako your children
Mwana wake his / her child Wana wake his / her children
Mwana wetu our child Wana wetu our children
Mwana wenu your child Wana wenu your children
Mwana wao their child Wana wao their children
2. WITH NOUNS OF THE M-/MI- GENDER (Classes 3 / 4) :
Mti wangu my tree Miti yangu my trees
Mti wako your tree Miti yako your trees
Mti wake his / her tree Miti yake his / her trees
Mti wetu our tree Miti yetu our trees
Mti wenu your tree (plur) Miti yenu your trees (plur)
Mti wao their tree Miti yao their trees
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3. WITH NOUNS OF THE JI-/MA- GENDER (Classes 5 / 6) :
Gari langu my car Magari yangu my cars
Gari lako your car Magari yako you cars
Gari lake his / her car Magari yake his / her cars
Gari letu our car Magari yetu our cars
Gari lenu your car (plur) Magari yenu your cars (plur)
Gari lao their car Magari yao their cars
4. WITH NOUNS OF THE KI-/VI- GENDER (Classes 7 / 8) :
Kiti changu my chair Viti vyangu my chairs
Kiti chako your chair Viti vyako your chairs
Kiti chake his / her chair Viti vyake his / her chairs
Kiti chetu our chair Viti vyetu our chairs
Kiti chenu your chair (plur) Viti vyenu your chairs (plur)
Kiti chao their chair Viti vyao their chairs
5. WITH NOUNS OF THE N- GENDER (Classes 9 / 10) :
Nguo yangu my garment Nguo zangu my clothes
Nguo yako your garment Nguo zako your clothes
Nguo yake his / her garment Nguo zake his / her clothes
Nguo yetu our garment Nguo zetu our clothes
Nguo yenu your garment (plur) Nguo zenu your clothes (plur)
Nguo yao their garment Nguo zao their clothes
6. WITH NOUNS OF THE U- GENDER (Classes 11, 14 / 10) :
Uso wangu my face Nyuso zangu my faces
Uso wako your face Nyuso zako your faces
Uso wake his / her face Nyuso zake his / her faces
Uso wetu our face Nyuso zetu our faces
Uso wenu your face Nyuso zenu your faces
Uso wao their face Nyuso zao their faces
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3. CONTRACTED FORMS : PERSON + POSSESSIVE ADJ. :
Baba yangu -> Babangu = my father
Baba yako -> Babako = your father
Baba yake -> Babake = his / her father
Mama yangu -> Mamangu = my mother
Mama yako -> Mamako = your mother
Mama yake -> Mamake = his / her mother
Mke wako -> Mkeo = your wife
Mke wake -> Mkewe = his wife
Mume wako -> Mumeo = your husband
Mume wake -> Mumewe = her husband
Mwana wangu -> Mwanangu = my child
Mwana wako -> Mwanao = your child
Mwana wake -> Mwanawe = his / her child
Mwenzi wangu -> Mwenzangu = my comrade
Mwenzi wako -> Mwenzako / -zio = your comrade
Mwenzi wake -> Mwenzake / -zie = his / her comrade
Mwenzi wetu -> Mwenzetu = our comrade
Mwenzi wenu -> Mwenzenu = your comrade (plur)
Mwenzi wao -> Mwenzao = their comrade
Likewise in plural : -> Wenzangu
-> Wenzako / -zio
-> Wenzake / -zie
-> Wenzetu
-> Wenzenu
-> Wenzao
= my comrades
= your comrades
= his / her comrades
= our comrades
= your comrades (plur)
= their comrades
Ndugu yako -> Nduguyo = your friend
Ndugu yake -> Nduguye = his / her friend
Ndugu zako -> Nduguzo = your friends
Ndugu zake -> Nduguze = their friends
4. TWO PARTICULAR POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES / PRONOUNS :
The connective particle ZA- linked to possessive markers conveys the meaning "away" and produces the
following series of possessive pronouns :
1.
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Ninakwenda ZANGU I go away
Unakwenda ZAKO
You go away
Anakwenda ZAKE
He / she goes away
Tunakwenda ZETU
We go away
Mnakwenda ZENU
You go away (plur)
Wanakwenda ZAO
They go away
The locative particles PA-, KU-, MU- linked to possessive markers convey the meaning "at home" and produce
the following series of possessive adjectives / pronouns :
PANGU KWANGU MWANGU at my home
PAKO KWAKO MWAKO at your home
PAKE KWAKE MWAKE at his / her home
PETU KWETU MWETU at our home
PENU KWENU MWENU at your home (plur)
PAO KWAO MWAO at their home
2.
NOTE 1 :
These are the possessives we use after nouns suffixed in -NI (= at, in, on, by) which, in a
way, have left their native noun class to join the locative classes :
Nyumbani kwangu at my home Nyumbani kwetu at our home
Nyumbani kwako at your home Nyumbani kwenu at your home (plur)
Nyumbani kwake at his / her home Nyumbani kwao at their home
EXAMPLES :
Bwana hayumo chumbani mwake The master is not in his room
Anarudi kisiwani kwake katika ziwa He goes back to his island on the lac
Wamo nyumbani mwao They are in their house
Kwenu ku wapi ? Where is your place ?
Wamekwenda zao They have gone away
Kwetu hakuna mahindi mengi At our place there is not much corn
Mkoba huu ni wa nani ? - Ni wa kwangu Whose bag is it ? - It's (of) mine
NOTE 2 :
The plural KWAO (= their) is most often used for a collective place (like a house, an office,
etc.), even when the possessor is singular :
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EXAMPLES :
Mtoto hayuko skuli, amekwenda kwao The child is not at school, he has gone back
home (to their place)
Maskini hana kwao The poor man has no home (at their's)
Ngoja niulize ofisini kwao Wait that I ask at his office (at their office)
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Translate into Swahili :
Father's child, Mother's children, my mother's bag, my parents' house, the child's ball, the children's plates, my
sister's ustensils, my brother's garment, the pupils' food, his father's car, my mother's drugs, my comrade's
face, my comrades' faces, a village of fishermen, a charcoal bag, a 4 gallon can of onions, a kilo of meat, the
way to the house, the well of the village, Swahili lessons.
a.
My child, my children, my car, my house, my work, your village, your uncle, your friends, your father, your bag,
your dog, her husband, his wife, her comrades, his shop, his money, our comrades, our house, our school, our
city, our ministers, your country (plur), your car (plur), your children (plur), your songs (plur), your pupils (plur),
their clothes, their house, their faces, their comrades.
b.
Mine (bag), mine (mother), yours (ball), mine (pupils), his (field), yours (chickens), ours (car), hers (sheets),
ours (clothes), yours (village), yours (plur) (cows), theirs (hospital), theirs (crops), his (blanket), hers (cups).
c.
EXERCISE 2 :
Translate into English :
Ninakwenda zangu.1.
Mama hayumo jikoni mwake.2.
Kwenu ku wapi ?3.
Mtoto hayuko skuli, amerudi kwao.4.
Mtu huyo mkorofi amechukua mkoba wangu.5.
Kwetu kuna mahindi mengi.6.
Mkoba huo wa nani ? - Ni wa kwangu.7.
Twende zetu haraka !8.
Huyo maskini hana kwao.9.
Uko peke yako ? - Ndiyo, wenzangu wamekwenda zao.10.
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Chapter 30 - Object Infixes
There is no autonomous pronoun object or pronoun attribute in Swahili. The same way as the pronoun subject is
integrated into the verbal construction as a subject prefix, the pronoun object or pronoun attribute is inserted into the
verb as an object infix. It is located right before the verbal root.
First, here are a few examples, to help understand better this phenomenon :
1. U-NA-NI
-ONA -> Unaniona = you see me. Pronoun object
2. NA-KU
-AMBIA -> Nakuambia = I tell you. Pronoun attribute
3. A-NA-M
-PIGA -> Anampiga = he / she hits him / her. Pronoun object
Pronoun object infixes exist for all nominal classes, with a special series of infixes for the M-/WA- gender. They serve
indifferently as pronoun object or pronoun attribute.
1. ANIMATE AND INANIMATE PRONOUN OBJECT INFIXES :
GENDER / Classes SINGULAR Equivalent PLURAL Equivalent
1
2
M-/WA- (Cl 1 / 2) 3
-NI-
-KU-
-M- / -MW-
me
you
him, her
-TU-
-WA- ... (-NI)
-WA-
us
you
them
M-/MI- (Cl 3 / 4) -U- it -I- them
JI-/MA- (Cl 5 / 6) -LI- it -YA- them
KI-/VI- (Cl 7 / 8) -KI- it -VI- them
N- (Cl 9 / 10) -I- it -ZI- them
U- (Cl 11, 14 / 10) -U- it -ZI- them
You may notice the risk of confusion between the object infix of the 2
nd
person plural and that of the 3
rd
person plural
which are both -WA-.
Thus : Nawaambia can mean : "I tell you" or "I tell them".
To avoid this risk of confusion, we usually add the plural termination -NI at the end of the verb when dealing with the
object infix of the 2
nd
person plural. The termination -A of Bantu verbs changes into -E. Another possibility is to use
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the object infix of the 2
nd
person singular, together with the plural termination -NI.
EXAMPLES :
Nawaambia
Nawaambieni
Nakuambieni
= I tell you Nawaambia = I tell them
Nawaomba
Nawa
ombeni
Nakuombeni
= I ask you Nawaomba = I ask them
2. USE OF THE OBJECT INFIX :
The object infix replaces or reinforces, either a noun object or a noun attribute. Just as the subject prefix is present in
the sentence together with the noun subject, the object infix keeps inserted in the verbal construction, even when the
noun object or attribute is present in the sentence. It then reinforces that one.
EXAMPLES :
Mwite ! Call him / her !
Mw
ite daktari ! Call (him / her) the doctor !
Ni
pe kilo mbili za vitunguu ! Give me two kilos of onions !
Mwanangu
yuko wapi ? - Sikumwona Where is my child ? - I didn't see him / her
Je, umesoma kitabu hiki ? - Nilikisoma I say, have you read that book ? - I have read it
Je, umeleta mizigo yangu ? - Ndiyo, Nimeiweka
chumbani mwako
I say, have you brought my luggage ? - Yes, I put it in
your bedroom
3. NOTES :
In the IMPERATIVE, the presence of an object infix involves a modification of the final vowel -A into -E. Thus :
Nunua ! = buy ! -> Ni
nunue ! = buy (for) me !
Saidia ! = help ! -> Wa
saidie ! = help them !
Angalia ! = look ! -> Zi
ngalie ! = look at them !
However, verbs of Arabic origin do not change their final vowel, hence a slight risk of confusion :
Bariki ! = bless ! -> Tu
bariki !
-> Wabariki !
= bless us !
= bless them !
(Not : let's bless !)
(Not : Let them bless !)
1.
Swahili accepts ONLY ONE object infix in the verbal construction. Thus :2.
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Unacho kitabu changu ? - Ndiyo, Nitakurudisha kesho.
Have you got my book ? - yes, I will give (it) back to you
tomorrow.
In this example, the pronoun attribute -KU- (= you) holds the slot of the object infix, the pronoun object
corresponding to "it" (= the book) is implicit. The attribute has always precedence over the object for insertion
inside the verbal construction.
NOW, LEARN THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF TANZANIA :
Mungu ibariki Afrika
wabariki viongozi wake
Hekima, umoja na amani
Hizi ni ngao zetu
Afrika na watu wake
VOCABULARY
Ku-agiza to order Ku-pa to give
Ku-ambia to tell Ku-pokea to receive
Ku-elewa to understand Ku-salimu to greet
Ku-ita to call Ku-shiba to be statisfied / satiated
Ku-kataza to refuse, to forbid Ku-sukuma to push
Ku-kuta to meet Ku-zuia to prevent
Cross Word Puzzle
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Translate into Swahili :
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Call him ! Help me ! Look at them (the children) ! Look at them (things) ! Give me ! Tell me ! Tell us ! I
saw you, He saw her, I saw you (plur), they told us, he told me, I told you, I gave it to you, he called me,
I called them (the children), I read it (the book), Have you read it (the book) ? Did she take it (the book)
? Did she take them (the books) ?
EXERCISE 2 :
Translate into English :
Nakuambia.1.
Sikuelewi.2.
Kisu changu kiko wapi ? - Nimekiweka mezani.3.
Mizigo yangu yako wapi ? - Yako nyumbani.4.
Nimwite nani ? - Mwite Ali !5.
Bwana yupo wapi ? - Nilimkutana kazini.6.
Nisaidie na mizigo yangu !7.
Sema polepole kwa sababu Sikuelewi !8.
Mtoto mdogo anamwogopa kaka yake.9.
Usinipe mkate wa jana. Nipe wa leo !10.
Previous Chapter Next Chapter Table of Contents
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Chapter 31 - The Suffix "-O" of Reference
The "-O" of reference is used in many different ways, the common denominator point between all these uses being
that it always refers to a noun implicitly present in the speech.
It helps to form the demonstrative of reference. (See : Chapter 15.)
It helps to form the emphatics of NDIYO and SIYO type. (See : Chapter 27.)
It can be affixed to the associative particle NA (= and, with).
It plays the role of pronoun object with the verb KUWA NA.
It can be affixed to the adjective -INGINE (= other).
It constitutes the first element in the expression -O -OTE.
It helps to form locative prepositions and clauses. (See : Chapter 45.)
"-O" affixed to a verb corresponds to a relative pronoun. (See : Chapter 52.)
The suffix "-O" of reference agrees in class with the noun it refers to, using the series of pronominal prefixes. One
exception : the suffix of reference for class 1 = -YE.
GENDER / Classes SINGULAR PLURAL
M-/WA- (Cl 1/2) -YE WA+O -(W)O
M-/MI- (Cl 3/4) U+O -(W)O I+O -YO
JI-/MA- (Cl 5/6) LI+O -LO YA+O -YO
KI-/VI- (Cl 7/8) KI+O -CHO VI+O -VYO
N- (Cl 9/10) I+O -YO ZI+O -ZO
U- (Cl 11, 14 /10) U+O -(W)O ZI+O -ZO
KU- (Cl 15) KU+O -KO
Locative Classes
PA+O
KU+O
M(U)+O
-PO
-KO
-MO
1. The "-O" of reference affixed to "NA" :
The "-O" of reference clings to the particle NA, respecting noun class agreements.
EXAMPLES :
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