Mises, Ludwig von. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

904

Human

Action

Prelogical &dung, 34-38

Preromantic age, land and, 641

Present, praxeological concept of,

100-101

Pressure groups, 269, 3 14-3 15,

865466,870

see also, Interventionism

Prices, ch. 16, pp. 324-394

booms and, 550

catallactics and, 329, 375

ceilings, 757

changeability of, 2 18-220,294

classical theory of, 62

competitive, 354,358

connexity of, 388-389

control, 336,752,756763,822

costs and, 97, 349

determination of, 270, 33 1,394,

423,701

discrimination, 3 27n,

3

85-3 88

economic progress and, 466

equilibrium, 248, 326,707

final, 246-247

foreign exchange and, 5 16

for government services, 7

3

8

formation of, 62-64,2 13,388

income and, 390-39 1

interference with, ch. 30, pp.

752-773

just, 721, 722

labor, 602

land, 390,523,633,639-640

level of, 223,395-396,410

market and, 246,335,390,756

maximum and minimum, 753,757

money, 202,206,2 16

monopoly, 278,354376,381-384,

676,760-761

nonmarket, 392-394

of goods of higher order, 3 3 0-3

3

5

parity, 445,457,781

premium, 428,467,538-542,545,

548-549

processing, 3 24-3 28

production and, 391-392,632

rise in, 299,408,420,466, 55 1

statistics, 326328, 347-349

theory of, 245

value and, 97,202-206,390,632

wages and, 690,72 1,722

see

also,

Consumers; Entrepreneurs;

Socialism, economic calculation

under

Primitive man, 3 638,145,600

Private property, 264, 308-309,

650451,678-680,719

Privileges

economic effects of, 80,8 1,

3 12-3 13,658-659,742

restriction of, 741-749

Probability

case, 110-1 15

class, 107-1 10

meaning of, 106107

numerical evaluation of, 1 13-1 1 5

Producers' goods, 93-94

Producers' policy, 3 12-3 13,

3

15

Production

anarchy of, 240,256,579-580

big-scale,

3

38, 367

businessman and, 489

consumption and, 354,427,736

cost of, 340, 367

direction of, 140-142,259,297

diverted by tariffs, 737

expansion of, 298,554

factors of

booms and, 566,576-578

labor and, 589,610

original, ch. 22, pp. 63 1441

prices, 331, 336,522,694,757

produced, see, Goods, capital

utilization of, 93, 338, 391, 576

for use, 297

good will and, 376-380

government ownership of, 259,736

improvement in methods of, 9,613

interventionism and, 655,736,800

labor and, 136,605,606,674,675n

market economy and, 488

Marxians and, 141

mass, 384, 587, 616

means of, 207,705

nonhuman original factors of,

ch.

22,

pp. 63 1-641

period of, 476,484,485,487,

490496,526,544

prices and, 391-392,612

process of, 288,292,478,488,499

Index

restriction of, ch. 29, pp. 736751

taxation and, 800

transition of, 6 13n

war, 82 1

see also, Capital; Saving; Technology;

Wealth

Productive forces, 9

Productive or unproductive activities,

244-245

Productivity theory of interest,

263-264,522-53

1

Profession

economic, 865-866

forecasting, 866-868

see also, Education

Profits and losses

accounting, 2 13,70 1

difference between, 97-98

driving power of, 3,297

entrepreneurial, 286-297,375,

393,514,531,739n

good will and, 3 79

illusory, 42 1,546547

maximization of, 128,241-244

monopoly and, 3 58

psychic, 287

sharing, 8 1 1

source of, 291,633,660-662,868

theory of, 252,343,347,532,

804-807

wartime, 823

Progress

booms and, 573

rising prices and, 466

Progressing economy, 252,292-296,

41 1

Prohibition, American, 728

Proiabor poiicies,

3

i

3-3

i4,

738-741,

746-749

see also, Interventionism

Proletarian, 74, 88

Promonopoly party, 384

Promoters, 255-256,300-107,309,

324,325,333,582

see also, Entrepreneurs

Propaganda

anticapitalist,

5

87

business, 3 16-3 19

Property

legal definition of, 650-651,678

private, 264, 308-309, 650,

678430,719

right, 650-656

social and economic meaning of,

679-680

see also, Government; Investments;

Land;

Ownership;

Production,

factors of

Prosperity, 429,793n

Protectionism, 81-84, 160-161,

3 13-314,361-365,505,738,

742-749

see also, Foreign exchange; Tariff;

Trade

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 186

Provision, period of, 253,478,

490496

Prussian Historical School, 4,603

Pseudo-liberalism, 15 3

Psychoanalysis, 12

Psychology

instinct of, 15

praxeology and, 12, 123-127,

483485

Psychopaths, 12, 185-187,315-316

Psychophysics, 125-126

Public debt, 226229,843-845

Public finance, see, Spending, public;

Taxation

Public opinion, economics and, 537,

859-860

Public ownership, see, Government

Public utilities, 372-373

Public works, 792

Purchasing power

capital accumulation and, 5 18n

changes in, 203,416425,428

measurement of, 22 1

of money, 221,396,399,40541 3,

416419,464,606

parity theory of foreign exchange,

452

stabilization of, 220,416

wage argument, 298-299

see also, Money

Pythagoras, 38,79

Q

Quality of goods, 222

906

Human

Action

Quantitative economics, 55-57, 118, Relevance

347-349 causal, 120

see also, Measurement

judgments of, 50,55,57-58,88

Quantitative prediction, 207

see also, Valuations

Quantity theory of money, 38,55,

Religion

232,402

capitalism and, 671-672, 719, 849

Quasi-market, 701-706 conflicts among, 183-184

individual and, 14, 18, 95

R liberalism and, 155-1 57

Racism, 6,75,84-87, 90

Marxism and, 82

Rappard, William

E.,

684n

Smith, Adam, and, l47n

society and, 145

33, 39, 67, 72, 84, 122,

see

also, Morality; Philosophy

3 16 Rent, 521,63 1-640,759-761

Rationalism, 15, 16, 18,78n,79,89,

Research

102,103-104,146,175,880 praxeological, 18-22,863

see also, Action, human; Irrational-

scientific,

5,

6, 7, 7,

8,

ism

Reserve fund, exhaustion of, 851-854

Rationing, 757,822

Real cost, 393,632

Residual rent, 632

Realism

Rest, state of, 245-251

antagonism of, 42 Restriction

a priori and, 38-41

competitive, 278-279,3 73-374

conceptual, 45,145,s 11

cost of, 737

economics and, 646

economic system of, 749-75 1

mental grasp of, 25, 38, 39,65,86,

nature of, 736737,837

642

of production, ch. 29, pp. 736-751

praxeology and, 39,92,642

privilege of, 741-749

see also, Action, human

prize of, 73 7-741

Realpolitik, 189

see also, Interventionism; Politics

Reasoning Retrogressing economy, 192,252,

age of, 69

2 96-2 97

aprioristic, 3 8, 3 18

Returns, law of, 127-1 3 0,3 3 8-347,

case of, 89-9 1 663

catallactic, 572 Revolution

discursive, 67 ideological, 8, 72-91

experience and, 18,25, 39,65

illegal act of, 284n

human, 50,72,173,177-178 Industrial, 8,613619

methods of, 2 semantic, 268,281,420

mind and, 34

see also, Economics, revolt against

praxeological, 39 Ricardo, David

revolt against, 72-91

gold exchange standard and, 418,

unnatural, 175 780

see also, Action, human

law of association, 158-163, 168, 174

Redemption, 457

philosophy of, 75,79, 147, 174,

see also, Money 49311,602

Redistribution, confiscation and, ch. 32,

rent, 63 1,632,633,636

pp. 800-807

the R. effect, 750n, 767-770

Regression theorem, 40547,423,606 Right

Reichsbank, 549,568 law of, 199

Index

907

moral and natural, 173-174,7 16,

719,835

property, 650-656

to revolt, 284n

to strike, 773

Righteousness, 26, 173-1 74,716,

719-727,835

Risk-taking, 106, 108, 112, 115,

805-807

see also, Entrepreneurs; Profits and

losses; Speculating

Robbins, Lionel Charles, 10311, 529n

Robinson Cmsoe economy, 206

Romanoff dynasty,

1

15

Romanticism, 503

Rome

Church of, 6711-1

fall of, 761-763

price control and, 761-763

Rostovtzeff (Rostovtsev), Mikhail

Ivanovich, 762n

Rotating economy, see, Evenly rotat-

ing economy

Rougier, Louis, 73n

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 165

Routine, 46-47

see

also, Action, human

Rule, 189

see

also, Government

Rumania, 493

Ruml, Beardsley, 570n

Ruritania, 8,747

Ruskin, John, 645

Russia

calculation in, 698699

economy of, 260

I-L.

.d

L7C-

IdUVICl3

Ul,

UI

J11

socialistic pattern of, 7 13

technology of, 5

S

Sadism, 172,586

Salvioli, Guiseppe, 627n

Samuelson, Paul Anthony, 78711,

Santayana, George, 868n

Satisfaction, see, Want-satisfaction

Saving

advantage of, 487-489,s 12-5 14,

840

capitalist, 527, 53 1, 768, 769

forced, 545-547,553-555,573,

842n

investment and, 5 17-520,805

value judgment and, 530

Scale

of needs, 96-97

of value, 94-96, 102-103

Scarcity, 93,236237,525

SchaMe, Albert, 697

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm, 7 17

Scholasticism, medieval, 717

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 28

Schultz, Henry, 349

Schumpeter, Joseph, 354,527n

Schiitz, Alfred, 24n, lOOn

Sciences

aprioristic, 48

definition of, 10,20,65

historical, 47, 59

life and, 877-878

measurement (mathematical), 55,

218,347

natural, 3 1,59, 173-176,207, 634,

664n

psychic, 11

social

criticism of,

8

empirical, 49

see also, Action, human; Economics;

Praxeology; Research

Second International, 152

Security, 612,835, 841,843-844,

847-849

Seignobos, Charles, 50n

Selective process of the market,

3

08-3

1 1

Selfishness, 243,674

Selling

buying and, 324

price discrimination and, 385-388

Semantics, 268,281,420

see also, Metaphors

Serfdom, 197

Serviceableness

duration of, 476

instinct of, 2628

Services, personal, 140-141, 234

Seven Years' War, 6 14n

908

Human

Action

Sexual customs, 663

Shipment costs, 450

Short run, 82-83,294,649,650,744,

787,844

Sickness, 165,833

Silver standard, 456,469

Singularism, methodological, 44-45

Sismondi, Jean Charles, 268

Slaves and slavery, 197,624-63 0,8 17,

835

Smith, Adam

on employers, combinations, 591n

on paper money, 418,780

on religion, 147n

Smith, Vera Constance, 441n

Social cooperation, see, Cooperation,

social

Social engineering, 1 13

see also, Planning

Social gains, 365, 599, 607-613,

739-741,750-751,854

Social justice, 671,719,849-850

Social phenomenon, 157,275,287

Social relations, 168-169

Social sciences

criticisms of, 8

empirical, 49

Social security, 61 3,835, 843-844

Socialism

agrarian, 80 1

British, 812,855

capitalism and, 672-678, 712

champions of, 675n

critics of, 282

depessiorls wider, 563

doctrine of, 689-691

economic calculation under, ch. 26,

pp. 694-7 1 1

failure to refute theories of, 6

German pattern of, 3 19,471, 687,

713-714,752-753,759

guild, 812-813

historical origin of, 685-689

labor and, 137

market and, 335,672,687,701,712

Marxism and, 260, 265,267, 671n,

689-691

policy of, 74, 89, 183, 206, 240,

257,259-260,672-678; Part 5,

pp. 685-71 1; 808

praxeological character of, 691-693

problem of, 90,694499

Russian pattern of, 7 13

taxation and, 733-734

theory of value and, 6,206207

war and, 82 1-828

writings about, 503

see also, Collectivism; Intervention-

ism; Planning

Society

action within, ch. 7, pp. 1 19-142;

Part 2, pp. 143-200

exchange mthin, ch. 10, pp.

195-200

Great, 168-1 69

holistic and metaphysical view of,

1,145-153,397

human, ch.

8,

pp. 143-176

individual within, 143, 164-1 65,

178-179

liberal, 149,283,32 1

place of economics in, Part 7, pp.

858-881

socialist, ch. 25, pp. 685-693

"Utopian," 2, 71,72, 83 1

Sociology

instinct, 15

meaning of, 30n

of knowledge, 5,84,207,584

Soil

conservation, 652-653

myth of, 640-641

see also, Land

Solvay, Ernest, 186

Sombart, Werner, i98n,744n, 837

Sooner or later, 99, 102,480,490,494

Sophocles, 617

Sorel, Georges, 171,645,808

Soul, 26,175

Sovereignty

consumer, 270-272,297,308,724

national, 682

Sozialpolitik, 3 20, 363-3 64, 829

Spann, Othmar, 679

Specialization, 69, 3 1 1, 620, 870

Speculating, 58, 112-1 13,25 1,

253-254,300,324,333,454,582

Index

909

see also, Entrepreneurs; Invest-

ments; Profits and losses;

Risk-taking

Speenhamland system, 600n

Spencer, Herbert, 19811

Spending, public, 22

1,

226229,236,

242n,

734,737,770-771,843-845,

846,85 1; see also, Taxation

Spengler, Oswald, 645

Spinoza, Benedictus, 5

Stabilization, 220-229,416

see also, Currency; Money

Stalin, Josef, 645

Stalinists, 152

Standard of living, 265,3 14,601,665,

739,740,750,860

State of rest

final, 246

plain, 245-246

State and society, 148, 149

Static method, 248-249

Statics, 248, 353

Statism, see, Nationalism

Stationary economy, 2 5 1-2 52,

256-257,292

Statistics

average of, 60

economic, 30n, 2 18

of prices, 326328,347-349

Statolatry, 148,226,827,828

Stirner,

Max,

1 5 1

Stock exchange, 5 14-5 17,790

Strigl, Richard, 262n, 642n

Strike, right to, 773

Subconscious, concept of, 12

Subjectivism, 3, 21, 57, 64,94

Subsidies, 365,60On, 654656,737,

738

Subsistence

supply of, 484

wages and, 600-606

Sulzbach, Walter, 83511

Superiority, racial, 90

Supply

control of,

3

57

demand and, 62,222,241,324,320,

355,375,385-388,398402,756

labor, 136,591,606613

monopoly of,

3

54,280

see also, Money, relation; Money,

supply

Surplus, consumer, 3 85

Surtax, 853

Sweden, prosperity in, 793n

Switzerland

currency devaluation in, 462

monopoly for cereals and, 388

National Bank of, 462,463

"Sycophants," 5,9,268

Synchronism, 102

Syndicalism and corporativism, 305;

ch. 33, pp. 808-816

Synthetics, 826

I

Tariffs

for protectionism, 361-365,738

infant industries argument,

505-507

leather, 742

outcome of, 742-749

prolabor legislation and, 3 13-3 14,

746-749

to divert production, 737

see also, Mercantilism; Nationalism;

Protectionism

Tautology, 3 8

Taxation

ability-to-pay principle and,

731-732

amortization and, 640

burden of, 85 3

classes of, 734-735

cmf

scat=%

802-807

interference by, 227; ch. 28, pp.

730-735; 800

neutral, 73 0-73 1

objectives

fiscal, 733-734

nonfiscal, 73 3-744

price for government services, 738

progressive, 803-805,851-854

socialism and, 733-734

surtax, 853

total, 73 1-73 3

Technicians, 3 00

Technology

backwardness of, 504-505

improvement in, 8,391,465,504,

509,615

influence of, 207,292,503

opportunity of, 526

Rumania and, 493

Russian, 5

task of, 93, 300,345

unemployment and, 136-1 37,768

see also, Entrepreneurs

Teleology, 2 3,2 5

Temple, William, 67 1n

Temporal relation between actions,

102-104

Theocracy, 69,150-1 57

Thinking

acting and, 24,177,584n

method of, 2 30-2 3 1

prelogical and logical, 34-38

satisfaction of, 584n

see also, Action, human

Time, ch. 5, pp. 99-104

action in passing of, ch. 18, pp.

476-520

economization of, 101-102

element of, 247-248

factor of land utilization, 634-636

maturing, 476

past, present, and future, 100-101

praxeological character of, 99-100

preference, 480-487,489n,

496499

relation between actions, 102-1 04

waiting, 479,490-492

working, 476

see also, Interests

Tird-,, Lotkx

Gdieh,

85n

Tooke, Thomas, 443

Tools and machinery, 768

see

also, Technology

Torrens, Robert, 602

Total wealth,

2

18

Totalitarianism, 9, 113, 152-153,265,

280,562-563

see also, Collectivism; Socialism

Trade

agreements, 797

ancient. 761

910

Human

Action

barriers, 274

~

~, -,

cycle, 204; ch. 20, pp. 535-583; 788

domestic and foreign, 322,452453

free, 81-84,743

interest, credit expansion and,

ch.

20, pp. 535-583

international, 160, 392,446, 737,

741,820,824,828

marks, 361, 377

migration and, 622,820,82 1,828

money and, 446,452,455,

473475,498

Swiss, 388

see also, Foreign exchange; Protec-

tionism; Tariffs

Traditionalism, 191-192,3 1 1

Transvaluation of values, 170, 172

Trial and error, 700-701

Trotsky, Leon, 71n, 277n

Trotskyists,

152

Truman Administration, 8 12

Truth, 24,28,467

u

Ultimate given, 17-18,20-2 1,25,28,

49-50

Uncertainty, ch.

6,

pp. 105-1 18; 249

Underconsumption, 298-299,579

Understanding, 49-58, 61,68,87-89,

112,115,118

Unemployment

catallactic, 576577,595-598

effects of, 770

frictional, 597-598

institutional, 364, 598,605,611,

664-772,783-784,786-787

technological, 13 61 3 7, 768

see also, Depress~ons; Maimvest-

ments

Unions, see, Labor, unions

United Nations, 366,683-684,82 1

United States

Civil War, 825

credit expansion and, 568

laborers of, 67.511

lend-lease and, 475

surtax policy of, 853n

war production and, 82 1

Universalism, 42,44-45, 145-1 5 3

Universities. economics and. 868-872

Index

Use-value, 12 1

Utilitarian philosophy, 15,2 1, 148,

175

Utility, marginal, 119-127, 632

"Utopians," 2, 70, 72,83 1

v

Valuation (Value judgments)

appraisement and, 87,96, 328-332

change of, 222

conflicts and, 3 15,686

consumer and, 328

dictators and, 1 1 3, 647

economics and, 2, 10,21, 206, 295,

3 56,485,879-881

equal, 480

history and, 47, 56

market, 384

measuring, 121-122,205

money, 405,406,408,425-427

objective use, 21,120, 127

of wealth, 7 10

philosophical, 14, 18,95

prices and, 97,202-206, 328, 390,

632

saving and,

5

3 0

scale of, 94-96, 102-103

socialism and, 206207

subjective, 3,21,51, 120, 124,243,

328-332,392,632

theory of, 2,63,96, ll9-127,205,

206,351,485,602

time preference and, 480487,

48911,496499

without calculation, ch. 1 1, pp.

201-212

see

also, Action, human; Ideoiogy;

Meaning; Understanding;

World view

Value

flight into real, 547

paradox of, 63,12 1

transvaluation of, 170,172

Vassals, 197,817, 835

Vested interests, 269,276, 334,848

Volkswirtschaft, 3 19-3 2 3, 396, 5 13,

518,633

Voltaire, Francois-Marie, 662

Voting, 76,150,153,193,271,647n

W

Wages

determination of, 271,739,783

iron law of, 2011,601,739

labor and, 589-593,673

purchasing power argument of,

298-299

rates

expansion of production and,

298,768

furing, 81 1-812

gross and net, 598-600

historical explanation and regres-

sion theorem compared, 606

just price and, 620,721, 722

market effect of, 619-620

minimum, 763-773

Prussian Historical School and,

603

real, 364, 546, 605

rise in, 550

subsistence and, 600-606

theory of, 601-606,612,672

work and, ch. 2 1, pp. 584-630

Waiting time, 490-496

Wallace, Henry, 23 6

Walras, LCon, 12 1

Want-satisfaction, 243, 389, 393,408,

415,476,478,481,484,496,525,

672,674

see also, Action, human; Valuation

War

autarky and, 824-826

capitalism and, 824

causes of, 498-499,680,8 19-82 1,

827-828

Civil, American, 825

detrimental, 175

economics of, ch. 34, pp. 817-823

foreign trade and, 175,662, 820,

824,828

futility of, 827-828

history and, 645-646

interventionism and, 82 1

limited, 8 18

loans, 228-229

market economy and, 82 1-824

migration and, 820,821,828

912

Human

Action

peace and, 147-148,680-684

production, 82 1

profits, 823

socialism and, 82 1-828

substitutes, 825

total, 168-169,817-82 1

Wealth

constancy of, 5 1 1

changes in, 5 18n

division of, 293

evaluated, 3 10

income and inequality of, 285-286,

731-732,836-847

total, 2 18

value of, 7 10

see also, Capitalism; Money; Saving

Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 272n,

618,814n

Weber, Max, 3011, 126

Weber-Fechner law of psychophysics,

125-127

West versus East, 84,495, 665, 836

Whately, Richard, 3n, 532n

Wicksell, Knut, 486

Wicksteed, Philip Henry, 103n

Wiese, Leopold, 169n

Wieser, Friedrich, 205, 207n

Wilson, Woodrow, 820

Wirtschaftlicbe Staatswissmscbaf2en, 62,

603,755-756

Work

of animals and slaves, 624-63 1

wages and, ch. 2 1, pp. 584-630

see also, Hours of work; Labor

World Council of Churches, 671n

World government, 682

see also, International organization

World view

ideology and, 178-187

panmechanistic, 25

Wren, Sir Christopher, 850

Welfare principle versus market prin-

ciple, ch. 35, pp. 829-850

Y

Wells, Herbert George, 662n

Young, Allyn, 523n, 734n

We+eibeit, 47-48, 877-880

Young,

Arthur,

6 1 7

This Scholar's Edition of

Human

Action

is

printed on

50

lb. acid-fiee Finch Fine paper;

it

is

set using the Yanson typeface; the case cloth is

Rainbow@ Odyssey, importedfiom the Czech

Republic, a natural-finish, moisture-resistant book

cloth; the endsheets are Rainbow@ antique

soapstone

by

Ecological Fibers; the signatures are

Smythsewn; the foil is non-tarnishing gold fiom

Nakai International; and the book was produced at

R.R. Donnelley in Crawfordsuille, Indiana.