Mises, Ludwig von. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics

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Agreements

barter, 796-799

bilateral exchange, 794-796

clearing, 472, 796

Agriculture

monopoly and, 367

New Deal and, 2 36,3 84

subsidies and, 365,60011, 656

Alter ego, 23-26

American Institutionalism, 4, 755

Amonn, Alfred Otto, 63 1n

Amortization of taxes, 640

Analogies, 1 14

Anarchism, 148-149,191,240,256,

248n, 579-580

Ancestors, 3, 36, 145

Anderson, Benjamin McAlester, 406n

Animals

reaction to purposeful action,

11-13,16

use of, 624

Anteriority and consequence, 99

Anthropomorphism, 69

Antimonopoly party, 383

Apologists, 48

see

also,

Propaganda

A posteriori theory, 3 1,41

Appraisement and valuation, 328-3 32

Apriorism

methodological, 3 5,65

of praxeology, 32-36,64-65,407

reality and, 3 8-41

reasoning of, 38,3

18

science of, 48

Aquinas, Thomas, 723

Arbitration, 770

Arictntle,

704

R4qn

------.--.

--

.)

.*"

Artists, 241n

see

also,

Genius

Asceticism, 28-29,87,178-180

Assisi, St. Francis D', 156

Association

human process of, 147n

Ricardian law of, 158-163, 168, 174

Atheist, 147n

Atomic bomb, 828

Austria

economists of, 4,120,492-493

Post Office Savin~s Service of. 442

884

Human

Action

u

purpose~,'2627

Autarky, 163, 26711, 314, 322,743,

824-826

Authority, importance of, 284,321

Autistic economy, 195-196,244-245

Autocracy, 647,686

Automatic, economic meaning of, 725

Averages, Computation of, 223

B

Backwardness, technological, 504-505

Bailey, Samuel, 220

Baker, John Randall, 496n

Balance of payments, 447449,453455

Balance sheets, 2 13

Balkania, 797

Ballistics, 77

Banking School, 436-437,441

Banknotes, 441-445

Banks and banking

booms and, 559

British, 43 9

cartels of,

444

central, 457,462

currency expansion and, 789n

European, 442

Federal Reserve Act of 1913,566

fiduciary media and, 43 1

free, 440,44145

international, 473

interventionism and, 437,444

liberalism and, 440441

loans, 568

private, 462

Swiss, 462,463

see also,

Credit expansion; Cycle

theory; Malinvestment; Money;

Trade

"Barbarous relics," 468

Barone, Enrico, 697

Barter

agreements, 796799

fiction, of value and prices, 202-206

Bastiat, FrCdCric, 147n, 827

Beard, Charles and Mary, 62511

Behaviorism

animal versus man, 16

conscious versus unconscious, 11

criticism of. 7

Index

885

Bentham, Jeremy, 174, 192-193,670,

827,830

Berdyaew, Nicolas, 67 1n

Bergrnann, Ernst, 204n

Bergson, Henri, 3 3n, 49, 100n

Bernard, Claude, 2 8n

Bernoulli, Daniel

doctrine de mensura sortis, 12 5-1 26

Betting, 115-116

Beveridge, William Henry, 764

Bias, 48, 686

see also, Valuation

Bilateral exchange agreements,

794-796

Bimetallism, 468469,775-776

Birth control, 663

Bismarck, Otto, 363, 364

Bodin, Jean, 232,817

Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen, 12 1,202n,

3

11,477,478,479,484-486,523,

524-525

Bonald, Louis, 860

Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 509,662

Bonar, James, 664n

Bondage, 197,624-630,817,835

Bonds

contractual and hegemonic,

196-199,280,281,497,461,841

government, 226

Bookkeeping, 2 3 1,301

Booms

characteristics of, 550-562

crack up, 424,433

economic progress and, 573,

576-578

end of, 783

generation of, 78%

industry and, 5 57

investments and, 574

see also, Credit expansion; Cycle

theory; Depressions

Bourgeoisie, 9, 74,78, 81, 268,605

Brentano, Lujo, 61 8

Bretton Woods Conference, 475

Bribery, 273

British, see, Great Britain

Briining, Heinrich, 85 5

Brunner, Emil, 671n

Buddhism, 28

Bureaucratic management, 300-307

Burke, Edmund, 860

Business

calculation, 3 01

fluctuations, 583

forecasting, 649,866-868

good will and, 3 76

New Deal plan to control, 81 5

outlays, 242n

production and, 489

propaganda, 3 16-3 19

risk-taking and, 106, 108, 112, 115,

805-807

socialist control of, 2 57

see aho, Entrepreneurs; Interven-

tionism

Caesarism, 182n

Cairnes, John Elliott, 204, 627n

Calculation

business,

3

01

economic, see, Economic calcula-

don in Soviet Russia and Nazi

Germany, 698-699

lack of precision in, 225n

monetary, ch. 13, pp. 230-232

valuation and, 97; ch. 1 1, pp.

201-2 12

see also, Accounting; Mathematics;

Measurement

Cannan, Edwin, 532n

Capacity, unused, 391,576-578

Capital

accounting, 23 1,260-264,468,

488,511,617

accumulation of, 465,487-490,

51 1-514,518n, 840-847

circulating, 5 57

consumption, 261,s 11-5 14,846

convertibility of, 499-502,505,5 10

fixed, 557

flight, 5 15

foreign, 493-495,497499

goods, 263,292,293,487-490,

493,499-502,505,510

income and, 260-261,482

investment, 342,369,378,499

labor and, 637

886

Human

Action

maintenance, 260-264,s 1 1-5 14,

844-845

marginal productivity of, 293,632

market, 543

praxeology and, 482,s 12

stock exchange and, 5 14-5 17

transfer, 5 13

volkswirtschaftliche, 5 18

see also, Money; Production

Capitalism

British, 61 7

campaign against, 2 57,46 1

economic calculation and, 23

1

effects upon, 2 83,664,803

entrepreneurs and,

2

54,461,502

evaluated, 3 10

evolution of, 465

Marxian analysis of, 78,6 12, 64411,

690,860

modern, 587

pacemakers of, 8-9,615

poverty and, 832

production and, 9,495,611

results of, 61 1

saving and, 527,53 1,769

socialism and, 672-678,687, 712

standard of living and, 165,750,833

subsistence and, 601

views of, 264-270

war and, 824

see also, Liberalism; Market econ-

omy

Carlyle, Thomas, 9,645

CarteIs, 362-366,444, 593

Case probability, 110-1 15

Cash holdings

demand for, 378n, 399,414,426,

517,566

neutralization of changes in,

412413

purchasing power and, 408,

412413,423

size and composition of, 44547,

460

Cassel, Gustav, 19511

Cassirer, Ernest, 38n

Caste system, 837

Catallactics

competition, 117,274-277,

278-279,669

defined,

2

3 5,3 24,642

delimitation of, 233-235

functional integration of, 252-256

good will and, 377

impoverishment and, 562,574

inflation and deflation, 420

labor unions and, 585,771-773

land and, 634n

logical versus mathematical,

347-354

money and, 397,430,432,442

or economics of the market, Part 4,

pp. 233684

prices and, 329, 375

problem of, 3,7, 10,203,604

reasoning of, 572

scope and method of, ch. 14, pp.

233-257

unemployment and, 576-577,

595-598

see also, Capitalism; Economics;

Market economy; Rent

Causality, 22-23,25, 99, 106,208

Central Bank of Issue, 442

Cernuschi, Henri, 443

Chamberlin, Edward H., 3 19n

Change

action and, 220

evolutionary, 267

forces behind, 352

goods induced, 41 6-41 9

market situations and, 2 13

measurement of, 223-224

money relations and, 545-547

notion of, 99

purchasing power and, 203,

416-425;

428

see also, Action, human

Charismu and leaders, 150,155

Charity, 242,600, 833

Chasles, Philarste, 192, 193n

Cheyney, Edward Potts, 41n

Child labor, 610,612,615,740-741

Chinese history, 836

Choosing, 3, li, 45,87,94, 120-127,

193,242

see also, Free will; Valuation

Christianity, 37,719

see also, Morality; Religion

Index

887

Churchill, Winston, 855

Ciccoti, Ettore, 627n

Circulation Credit Theory, 204,430,

567-573

Citizens, economics and, 874-875

Civil War, American, 825

Civilization

ancient, decline of, 761-763

destiny of, 10,825

liberalism and, 8, 837

primitive, 36,145,600

private property and, 264,679

progress of, 85,87,600,645,813

see also, History; Savings

Clark, John Bates, 4, 255n,496n

Class conflict, 670-671

Class interests, 5, 8

1

Class of wants, 12 3

Class probability, 107-1 10

Classical economists

achievement of, 23 2

capitalism and, 9

error of, 62, 12 1,633,678

formation of prices and, 62-64

pacemakers of capitalism, 8-9, 615

profit concept of, 532

teachings of, 174

theory of value and, 2,63, 12

1,

206,485

trade and, 274

Clearing agreements, 472,796

Clientele, bank, 43 1

Cockaigne, 70

Coercion, governmental, 7 1, 149,

180,283,718

Cognition, 38,584n, 881

Cohen, Morris

R.,

38n,86n, 643n

Collectivism, 42-43, 145-1 53, 772

see also, Marxism; Socialism

Colonial regime, 497

Commercial legislation, 2 14

Common man, 46,192-193,611,

616-617

Communion, mystic, 166167

Communism

effect of, 64-41

Second International, 152

see

also, Marxism; Socialism

Communist Manifesto, 605

Comparative cost, law of, 158-163

Competition

biological, 273-274, 663

catallactic, 117,274-277,278-279,

669

free, 275

goodwill and, 3 77

imperfect, 357, 378

labor and, 625

monopolistic, 3 57-3 78

prices and, 3 57,

3

58

restriction of, 278-279,373-374

social, 274

Compulsion, governmental, 7 1,149,

189,283,718

Computation of interest, 533-534

Comte, Auguste, 72-73, 15 1

Concatenation

defined, 105,324

market and, 252,330,441,566,604

Conception and understanding, 5 1-58

Confiscation

philosophy of, 800-801

redistribution and, ch. 32, pp.

800-807

taxation and, 802-807

Conflicts (and harmony) of interests,

ch. 24, pp. 660-684; 686

Connexity

among occupational groups, 590

of prices,

3

88-3 89

see also, Catallactics; Market economy

Conquest, 645446,817,828

see also, War

Consequence and anteriority, 99

Conservation, 652-653

Consistency (Constancy), 103-104

Constituent Assembly, 284n

Consumers

business propaganda and,

3

163 19

choices of, 63

demand of, 241,495,553

goods, 93-94,330,487

policy312, 315

prices and 328, 390

service to, 227

sovereignty of, 270-272,297,305,

308,495,724

surplus and, 385

Action

Consumers

value judgment and, 328

see also, Entrepreneurs; Market

economy

Consumption

affected by monopoly prices,

381-384

capital, 261,481,511-514, 846

government interference

with,

727-729

production and, 354,427

see also, Underconsumption

Continental currency, 42 5

Contraction, credit, 564-567

Contractual bonds, 196-1 99,280,497

Contracyclical policies, 792-794

Control

foreign exchange, 794-796

of supply, in monopoly, 3 57

population, 663-669

price, 752,756763,822

qualitative credit, 790

rationing, 757,822

rent, 759-761

see also, Interventionism; New

Deal; Planning

Conventionalism, 39

Convertibility of capital goods,

499-502,505,510

Cooperation

human, 143-145,157,663,712

international monetary, 473475

social,2,147n, 179, 184, 196,280,

285,668; Part 5, pp. 685-71 1;

830;

see

also, Action, human

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 58, 186

Cspyrigh,

3

82-3 83,557-5500,

676-677

Corn-hog cycle, 583

Corn Laws, 82

Corporations, 303-304,532n,

703-704

Corporativism and syndicalism,

ch.

3 3,

pp. 808-816

Cosmology, 18, 192,634

Cost

accounting, 3 36-347

comparative, 158-163

entrepreneurial, 341

external, 650-656

of production, 340,367

of restriction, 737

phenomenon of Valuation, 393-394

prices and, 97,349

real, 393,632

reduction, 344

shipment, 450

see also, Economic calculation; Mar-

ket economy; Money

Crack-up boom, 424,433

Cranks, monetary, 186

Creative genius, see, Genius

Credit

circulation, 430,567-573

commodity, 43 0

contraction, 564567

expansion, see, Credit expansion

manipulation, currency and, ch. 3 1,

pp. 774-799

money, 42 5426,432n

qualitative control, 790

Credit expansion

creation of, 434,439n

definition of, 43 1,568,787

effect of, 548-562,771,787-792

gold standard and, 470,473

interest, trade cycle and, ch. 20, pp.

535-583

see also, Cycle theory; Deflation;

Depression; Inflation; Malinvest-

ment; Money

Creditors

unpopularity of, 5 3 7-5 3 8

versus debtors, 536,777, 785

Currency

Continental, 425

credit manipulation and, ch. 3 1, pp.

774799

debasement, 774775

deposit, 443

devaluation, 462-463,781-787

government, 774777,784

School, 204,435,437 439,568-569

theory, 559n

see also, Fiats; Legal tender; Money

Cycle theory

contracyclical policies, 792

corn-hog, 583

Index

889

monetary or circulation credit, 204,

567-573

nonmonetary, 551-552,578-583

sunspot, 579

trade, 204; ch. 20, pp. 535-583; 788

see also, Credit expansion; Defla-

tion; Depression; Inflation

D

Darwinism, 170,173-175

DaVanzati, Bernardo, 232

Debasement, currency, 774-775

Debt

abatement or aggravation of,

777-779

public, 226-229,843-845

Debtors and creditors, 536,777, 785

Deduction by reasoning, 38

Deflation, 419421,428,564-567,779

see also, Cycle theory; Depression;

Money

Deists, 69

Deity, 1, 151

Demand

consumer, 241,553

elasticity of, 55, 349

for money, 398-402

for Swedish products, 793n

measurement of, 349

monopoly of, 380-381,591-593

supply and, see, Supply, demand and

Democracy

case for, 76n, 150, 846

eighteenth-century, 174

elections in, 647n

industrial, 28 1,809

majority rule in, 76, 149, 153, 189,

193,647n

market, 271,678

Depletion of natural resources, 135x1,

383,635,652-653

Depression

contracyclical policy, 792

creation of, 204n,423,43 1,560,

579,791

effect of, 573

of 1929,849

under totalitarianism, 562-563

see also, Credit expansion; Cycle

theory; Deflation; Inflation;

Malinvestment

Deproletarianization, 665

Destruction and aggression, 169-1 73

Devaluation and currency, 462-463,

781-787

Devil, the, 51

Dialectical materialism, 79-84

Dickinson, Henry Douglas, 702n,

706n

Dictatorship, 11 3,647

see also, Government; Totalitarian-

ism

Dietz, Frederick Charles, 61 7n

Dietzgen, Eugen, 74n

Differential rent, 632

Discount rate and external drain, 459

Discrimination

of prices, 385-388

see also, Valuation

Disequilibrium, 42 8

Disproportionality of trade cycle,

581-583

Distribution, 255,335,391,800

see also, Consumers; Entrepreneurs;

Prices

Disutility of labor, see, Labor, disutil-

i

ty

of

Dividends, corporation, 532n

Division of labor, see, Labor, division of

Dorn, Walter Louis, 614n

-

Douglas, Clifford Hugh, 186

Douglas, Paul, 349

Dridzo, Solomon Abramovich,

(Lozovsky,

A.,

pseud.), 76511

Dualism, 17-18,7 12

Duopoly, 3 59-360

Durable goods doctrine, 58 1

Duration of serviceableness, 476477,

479

Dynamics, 258, 3 53

E

East versus West, 84,495,665,836

Eclecticism, 185

Econometrics, 348,349

Economic autarky, 267n,3 14

890

Human

Action

Economic calculation, Part 3, pp.

201-232; ch. 26, pp. 694-711

capitalism and, 2 3 1,260,488, 5 11

limits of, 2 15-2 18

market and nonmarket and, 206,

210-212

money and, 215,225,230,260

problem of, 207-2 10,345

results of, 42 1-422

socialism under, ch. 26, pp. 694-7 11

sphere of, ch. 12, pp. 2 13-229

theory of, 199-232,260,421-422,

692-7 1 1,856

valuation without, ch. 11, pp.

20-212

see also, Mathematics; Measure-

ment; Quantitative economics

Economics

armchair, 9

backwardness of, 7-8,56,664n, 865

bourgeois, 78

calculation, see, Economic calcula-

tion

citizens and, 874-875

cognition of, 205,881

defined, 10,22Sn,266,881

denial of, 4, 7,2 l,23 5-237, 643

effects, long-run and short-run,

82-83,294,649,650,744,787,

844

education and, 872-874

epistemological character of, 4;

ch. 2, pp. 30-71

external, 650-656

freedom and, 875-876

government policy and, 239,467

history and, 51, 66,266, 327,426,

502,603,863-865

law of, 755-756

learning and, ch. 38, pp. 863-876

logical method of,

2

5 1,347

mathematical method of, 25 1,257,

330,347-354,374-376, 396,

697-698,706711

nondescript character of, ch. 37,

pp. 858-862

objectives of, 6, 185,203, 354

of market society, Part 4, pp.

233-684

philosophy of laymen, 464

praxeology and, 1-3,92,95,497,

879,881

prediction of, 105, 117,866

privileges and, 81, 313,658-659,

742

problems of human existence and,

ch. 39, pp. 877-881

procedure of, 64-69

profession of, 865-866

public opinion and, 537, 859-860

quantitative, 55-57,118,347-349

realism and, 646

restriction and, 749-75 1

revolt against, 9,67-68; ch. 3, pp.

72-91; 755-756

Ricardian,

see,

Ricardo, David

scarcity and, 93,236237, 525

singularity of, 858-859

society and, Part 7, pp. 858-881

specialization of, 69, 870

study of, 3,64,491,863-865

teaching of, 868-874

theory of, 6-10,202

universities and, 868-872

value judgment and, 10,2 1,295,

256,879-881

war, ch. 34, pp. 817-828

see also, Catallactics

Economists

Austrian, 4,120,492-493

English, 493n

laissez-faire, 61

5

Marxian criticism of, 9

mathematical, 25 1, 354, 396,410

metaphors in language of, 114,

117,272-273,456-457,725-726

profession of, 865

see also, Classical economists

Economy

autistic, 195,244-245

changing, originary interest in,

531-533

direction of, 270

English, 9, 147

mixed, 259-260,7 12

progressing, 252,292-296,411

retrogressing, 192,252, 296-297

Robinson Crusoe, 206

Russian Soviet, 260

stationary, 251-252,256-257,292

Index

89

1

see also, Entrepreneurs; Evenly

rotating economy; Imaginary

construction; Market economy;

Planning

Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 57n,

2

1 In

Education

economics and, ch. 38, pp. 863-876

evaluated, 3 11

for special work, 620

Egalitarianism, 173

Ego, 11,23-26,44

Ehrlich, Paul, 700

Einfihlung, 50

Einstein, Albert, 3 9, 102n

Elasticity of demand, 55, 349

Elections, 647n

see also, Voting

Ellis, Howard, 406n

Ely, Richard

T,

357n,523n, 724n

Empathy, 50,87

Empiricism, 32, 69

Employer-employee relations, see,

Labor, relations

Ends and means of action, 70,92-94,

201-202,208,476

Engels, Friedrich, 74, 165, 198n,

236n,267,588n,602n, 670

Engineering, social, 112, 113, 783

see also, Interventionism; Socialism

England, see, Great Britain

EngliS, Karel, 2511

Enlightenment, Age of, 240

Entrepreneurs

activities of, 227,230,249,

253-257,324,707

booms and, 550

calculation and, 3 3 1,345

capitalists and, 502

description of, 254, 288

freedom restricted, 9, 269

good will and, 3 78

gross market rate of interest and,

536538

in a changing economy, 3 3 3,s 3 1

investment and, 582

labor market and, 591

mentality of, 33 3,582

monopoly and, 358

operation of, 300,325, 341, 704

prices and, 3 3 3

profit and loss of, 286297,375,

514,531,739n

technology and, 345

term of, 61-62

training of, 3

1

1

see also, Consumers; Market econ-

omy

Environment and inheritance, 46

Envy, 90

Epicureanism, 15, 147

Epistemological problems, l,4; ch. 2,

pp. 30-71

see also, Knowledge

Equality under law, 83 8

see also, Inequality

Equations

differential, 8, 3 5 1, 707-7 1 1

of exchange, 354,396,410

Equilibrium

prices and, 248, 326,375,411, 706

speculation and, 2 5 1,2 5 3

want-satisfaction and, 482

Error, fight against, 184-1 87

Ersatz, 925-826

Espinas, Alfred, 3n

Ethics, 15,95, 147, 719-725

Ethnologists, 84

Euclidian geometry, 2 1 1

Eudaemonism, 15,2 1

Europe

banks and banking of, 442

civilization of, 85

conservation and, 653

Western poverty and, 832

Evenly

rotating

econmql

consumption and, 482

interest and, 523, 53 1,535

land and, 639n

monopoly and, 41 1,413

prices and, 326,35 1, 375,633,707

production and, 676n, 620

state of rest and, 245-251

see also, Imaginary construction

Evolution, 33, 170, 192,267,485

Exchange

action and, 97-98

autistic, 195-196

bilateral, 794-796

892

Human

Action

direct versus indirect, 203,402

equation of, 3 54, 396,410

foreign, see, Foreign exchange

indirect, 66,203; ch. 17, pp.

395-475

interpersonal, 195-196, 202,245,

322,535

media of, 40,209, 395, 399,

459463,774

ratios, 233, 324,427,449455

theory of, 33n, 410

within society, ch. 10, pp. 195-200

see also, Market economy; Money;

Trade

Exorcism, 37,68

Expansion, credit, see, Credit expan-

sion

Expenditures, public, see, Spending,

public

Experience, 18,25, 39-49,65,69

Experiments, 3 1-32,58-59

Exploitation doctrine, 298,601-606,

766

Export and import

money and, 448,475,785

see also, Exchange; Free trade;

Tariff; Trade

External costs and economies,

650-656

External drain, money and, 437,456,

459,473,569,791

F

Fabianism, British, 755

Fact-finding board, 812

F2ctn57

q~tem,

51

5

see also, Industry; Technology

Fairchild, Fred Rogers, 812n

Fascism, 8 13

Federal Reserve Act of 19 13,566

Ferguson, Adam, 198n

Fetter, Frank Albert, 262n, 27111,486,

631n

Feudalism, 81 7,835

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 15

Fiats, 394,426,432n, 568

see also, Legal tender; Money, paper

Fichte, Johann, 7 17

Fiduciary media, 43041,457,473,

548,551,559,568

see also, Banks and banking; Credit

expansion; Inflation; Money

Final causes, 26

Final state of rest, 246

Finance, public, see, Spending, public

Fisher, I~ng, 205,221,439-440,

486,540

Flaubert, Gustave, 268n

Flexible standard, 781-783,784-786

Flight

capital, 5 15

into real goods, 424,466467,547

Foch, Ferdinand, 509

Forecasting

business, 649, 866-868

economic, 105, 117

quantitative, 207

Foreign exchange

balance of payments and, 449-45 5

control and bilateral exchange

agreements, 794-796

equalization accounts, 459,781

external drain and, 437,456,459,

473,569,791

free trade and, 452-453

parity theory of, 452

prices and, 5 16

speculation and, 454

see also, Money; Trade

Foreign investments, 493-495,

497-499

Foreign trade, 322,45243,662

Fourier, Charles, 7 1n

France

banks and, 443

foreign exchange and, 5 16

Revolution of, 28411,425,819

Franklin, Benjamin, 78n

Free banking, 440,44145

Free enterprise, 83,2

3

0

see also, Freedom; Laissez faire;

Market economy

Free trade

arguments about, 743

British, 8 1-84

foreign exchange and, 452-453

see also, Money; Trade

Index

Free will, 46, 105, 193,644

see also, Choosing; Valuation

Freedom

economics and, 875-876

foes of, 268

preferred, 280

restricted, 9

significance of, 279-285

French Banking Inquiry, 443

French Revolution

consequence of, 42 5,8 19

Constituent Assembly of, 284n

Freud, Sigmund, 3 5

Frontier, passing of the, 652-653

Fullarton, Principle of, 441

Functional integration, 252-25 6

Futures

market. 256257,324

uncertainty of, 105, 117, 207, 649,

868

G

Galileo, Galilei, 41, 186

Gambling, 106,108,112,115-116

Games, 1 16

Garbo, Greta, 619

Geist, 72, 74, 79

Genius, 90, 138-140,241n,264,3117

657

Geometrical theorems, 3 8,2 1

1

German Historical School, 81,20211,

755,756

German Reichsbank, 549

Germany

calculation in, 698-699

cartels and, 363

conflict with Britain, 81

2

demand for Swedish products, 793n

Mark of 1923,425

Nazism and, 76, 187,268~1,

698-699,796799

pattern of socialism, 471,687,

713-714,752-753,759

Sozialpolitik,

3

63-3 64, 82 9

Volkwirtschaft and, 3 19-3 2 3,2 96,

513,518,633

Gesell, Silvio, 787

Gestaltpsychologie, 45-46, 145

Giddings, Franklin Henry, 144n

Goal, aim for, 476,494

Godwin, William, 71n

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 23 1

Gold

iron and, 12 1

points, 450

standard, 411412,418,425,

456459,468473,571,

776-777,780-781

see also, Money

Good will, 376-380

Goods

capital, 263,292,293,487490,

493,499-502,505,510

consumer, 93-94,128,330,487

induced changes, 4 16-41 9

orders of, 93-94

perishable, 486

prices of,

3

30-3

3

6

producers, 93-94

quality of, 222

real, flight into, 424,466-467,547

Gordon, Mania, 644n

Gossen, Hermann Heinrich, 124,

331,697

Government

autocratic, 647,686

bonds, 226,461,841

bureaucratic management, 305

coercion and, 71, 149, 189,283,718

currency and, 774-777,784

functions, delimitation of 71 5-719

interference, see, Interventionism

liberalism and, 149,283, 321

majority

rule

and, 76,149,153,

189,193,647n

market and, ch. 27, pp. 712-729;

752-763

ownership, 259,650

price determination, see, Prices,

determination of

socialistic approach to, 260,265,

267,563,671n, 689-691

spending, see, Spending, public

subsidies of, 365,600,654-655,

737,738

world, 682,817

see also, Capitalism; Collectivism;

Depressions; Foreign exchange;