Mayr E. What Makes Biology Unique? : Considerations on the Autonomy of a Scientific Discipline
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Adanson, Michel, 160
Adaptation and Natural Selection
(Williams), 147
adaptedness, 58–59
allopatric speciation, 108
allospecies, 182
Alvarez, Walter, 32–33
anagenesis, 121
Aristotle, 12, 16, 23–24
eidos of, 54
puposive processes, 43
teleology and, 90
teleomatic processes, 50–54
asexual reproduction, 189–190
Australopithecines, 196–206
brain size in, 201
characteristic features of,
196–198
climatic changes and, 199
diet shifts for, 200–201
Homo genus vs., 198
human evolution, role in,
197–206
Baer, Karl Ernst von, 4, 59, 110–111,
162
Bateson, William, 119
Bergson, Henri, 17, 22
biological species concept. See BSC
biology
Aristotle and, 12, 16
autonomy of, 21–37
biopopulation, 28
bona fide science, 11–18
chance, role in, 33–34
comparison methodology, 33
development of, 21
developmental stages of, 168
dual causation, 30–31
evolution and, 32
evolutionary, 35, 121–126
functional, 24
historical, 24–25
human understanding and,
37
modern, 25–26
natural laws, role in, 27
observation as part of, 33
biotic adaptation, 147
biopopulation, 29–30
The Blind Watchmaker (Dawkins),
58
Blumenbach, J.F., 161
branching, 100–102
227
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BSC (biological species concept),
177–190
criticism of, 179–182
definition of, 177–178
difficulty applying, 181–183
variants of, 184
Buffon, George Louis, 16, 101, 161, 162
Campbell, J.H., 63
Cartesian philosophy, 2, 23
Cartesianism, 17
causa finalis, 23
Chambers, Robert, 161
chance, role of, 91–92
chronospecies, 183–184
cladogenesis, 121
classifications (species), 160–161
common descent, 100–102, 161, 162
Darwin’s theory of, 87
compositionism, 75
connectability, 78
cosmic teleology, 59–60
Critique of Judgment (Kant), 16, 24,
90–91
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 1–2
culling, 134
cytology, studies of, 102
Darwin, Charles
common descent, 100–102, 161–162
contributions, 85–86
evolution as such, 100
five theories of evolution, 97–114
gradualism, 103–105
influence on modern thought, 83–95
multiplication of species, 105–109
natural selection, 109–112
natural selection theory, 31
paradigm, 98–114, 128–129
physicalist ideas of, 26
secular science and, 84
theories, acceptance of, 112–114
Darwinian revolution, 84–85, 163–166
Darwinism
acceptance of, 117
maturation of, 117–130
neo-Darwinism vs., 129–130
of the present, 129–130
usages of the term, 117–121
Darwin’s method, 93–95
Das Kapital (Marx), 83
Davis, B., 51
Dawkins, R., 58, 144, 152
Democritus, 40
derivability, 78
Descartes, Ren
´
e, 12, 22
Descent of Man, The, (Darwin), 138
determinism, 27, 91–92
Diderot, Denis, 161
disciplinary matrix, 159–160
divergence, principle of, 98
Dobzhansky
regarding evolution, 85
second synthesis, 122–123
synthesis, 123–124
downward classification, 160
Driesch, Hans, 17, 22
Drosophila (fruit flies), 120, 139
Einstein, Albert, 15
inanimate nature and, 83–84
elan vital, 43
emergence, 74–77
Emergent Evolution (Morgan), 74
epistemological progress, 168
essentialism, 26–27, 88
criticism of, 27
evolution, 29
Darwinian, 34
Evolution (journal), 127
Evolution, the Modern Synthesis (Huxley),
124
evolutionary biology, 161–168
evolutionary synthesis, 123
extraterrestrials
believers in, 209
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conditions suitable for, 210
probability of communicating with,
213, 215
Fata Morgana, 36
feedback, negative, 56
finalism, 90–91
Fisher, R.A., 120–122
Fisherian synthesis, 122, 123
founder priciple, 163
fruit flies (Drosophila), 120, 139
Galileo, Galilei, 12–15
Geisteswissenschaften, 13, 33
genetic program, 89–90
genetic selectionism, 141
genetics, 17
Genetics and the Origin of Species
(Dobzhansky), 122, 124
genomics, 126–128
Geoffroy, Etienne, 161
geographic speciation, 97, 107–108, 123
gradualism, 103, 112
group selection, 145–149
casual, 147–148
fitness values of, 148
hard, 146
refutation of, 147
social, 148–149
soft, 145
Haldane, J.B.S., 75, 110, 139
Hartmann, E. von, 43
Herder, J.G., 41, 161
Herschel, 14
historical narratives, 25, 32
holistic approach, 69
holistic thinking, 34–35
homonids, 195–198
human eveolution, role in, 195–198
Sahelanthropus fossil, 197–206
Hooker, Joseph, 172
Hoyningen-Huene, P., 71
humans, origin of, 195–206
Huxley, Andrew, 105
Huxley, Julian, 42
Huxley, T.H., 41, 76, 89, 103, 118
interactor, 153
isolating mechanisms, 178
Johannsen, Wilhelm, 119
Kant, Immanuel, 14, 15, 16, 24, 43,
90–91
teleology and, 16
Kuhn, Thomas, 159–160, 167–168
scientific revolutions of, 157–168
Lack, David, 147
Lamarckism, 125
Lamarke, Jean Baptiste, 41, 101, 105,
161
law of gravity, 50
law of thermodynamics, second, 50
Lebenskraft, 22. See also vitalism
Leibniz, 12
Linnaeus, Carl, 106, 160
living systems, complexity of, 29–32
Lorenz, Konrad, 146
Lyell, Charles, 89, 100
macrocosmos, 35–36
Magnol, Pierre, 160
Marx, Karl, 83
mechanics (science), 13–14
mathematics’ role in, 18
Mendel, Gregor, 119, 141
Mendelism, 119–121
Menzel, Donald, 210
mesocosmos, limitations to, 35–36
microcosmos, 35–36
molecular biology, 36
molecular revolution, 126
Montague, Ashley, 148
Morgan, Lloyd, 74
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Morgan, T.H., 120, 124
mosaic evolution, 204
M
¨
uller, Fritz, 110
M
¨
uller, J., 4
multiplication of species theory, 108
natural laws, 92–93
natural selection
current staus of, 154–155
development of, 134–136
mate selection, 137–138
resistance to, 110–112
role of chance, 91–92, 111–113
two-step process of, 136–138
natural theologians, 16
natural theology, 86
ideology of, 110–111
naturalists, 16, 22. See also vis vitalis
Newton, Isaac, 12, 14
object of selection, 154
One Long Argument (Mayr), 117
Origin of Species (Darwin), 14, 26, 41–42,
84, 117, 162, 167–168
orthogenesis, 24, 125
teleology and, 24
orthogenesists, 41–42
Owen, Richard, 162
Pais, Abraham, 15, 84
phenotype, 152
Philosophie Zoologique (Lamarck),
105
Philosophy of Biology, 2, 15
phyletic evolution, 120–121
phylogenetic species concepts,
189
physicalism, 13–15
Galileo, Galilei, and, 13–14
mechanics and, 13
physics, 14
physics, theories of, 36
Pierce, C.S., 62
Pittendrigh, C.S., 51–52
plate tectonics, 164–165
population thinking, 88–89
“principle of divergence”, 98, 107
purposive behavior, 57
Quine, Willard, Van Ormond, 91
Ray, John, 16, 106
reduction
criticism of, 72
kinds of, 70–71
limitations of, 71
reductionism, 27, 34, 67–75, 77–79
criticism of, 69
drawbacks to, 72
failure of, 73–74, 79
reductionism, analysis vs., 67–80
Reductionism in a Historical Science
(Rosenberg), 80
Remak, Robert, 166
Rensch, B., 124
replicator, 151–152
Sagan, Carl, 214
Sahelanthropus fossil, 197–206
saltationism, 125
Scala Naturae (scale of perfection), 41, 162
sciences
definition of, 11
etymology, 12
mathematics in, 15
proliferation of, 16
Scientific Revolution’s effect on, 12
unification of, 36
Scientific Revolution, 16
search for extraterrestrial intelligence. See
SETI
secular science, 86–87
Sedgwick, Adam, 34–35, 110–111
selection, 31, 133–155
gamete, role in, 142
gene, role of, 141
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group selection within, 145–149
hard group, 146
at higher levels, 149–150
individual organisms, role in,
142–143
kin selection within, 145–146
levels of, 139–140, 150
objects of, the, 140, 143–144, 147,
151
for reproductive success, 138–139
survival, 136
The Selfish Gene (Dawkins), 144
SETI (search for extraterrestrial
intelligence), 209. See also
extraterrestrials
Setians, 209–216
Simpson, G.G., 42, 111
Smith, Adam, 110
Smith, John Maynard, 164–165
Snow, C.P., 17
somatic programs, 55
speciation theories, 107–109
factors for, 122–123
problems with, 108–109
species, 171–190
analysis of, 172
classification of, 175–176
concept of, 171
turnover/replacement of, 150
species concepts
asexual reproduction and,
189–190
BSC (biological species concept),
177–190
ecological, 185
phylogenetic, 189
pseudospecies within, 188–189
subspecies within, 188
taxa as part of, 173, 186–188
typological, 175–176
Spencer, Herbert, 135, 141
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
(Kuhn), 160
sympatric speciation, 107–109
Systematics and the Origin of Species (Mayr),
124
taxonomists, armchair, 172
teleology, 23–24, 39–63
adapted features as part of, 57
Aristotle and, 43
categories of, 48–49
cosmic, 41
criticisms of, 46
etymology, 47, 51–52
evolution and, 62
finalism and, 43
function and, 45
proximate vs. evolutionary causation
in, 48
religious implications, 41
religious roots for, 40
teleonomic processes, 49–57
teleology processes, current status of,
61
teleomatic
closed programs, 54
open programs, 54
processes, negative feedback and,
56
somatic programs, 55
Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Simpson),
124
theory reduction, 77–79
typological species concept, 175–176
upward classification, 160
variation, 31
Variation and Evolution in Plants
(Stebbins), 124
Vienna School, 16
vis vitalis, 22. See also vitalism
vitalism, 2, 17, 21–23
teleology and, 22
Vries, Hugo de, 119
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Wagner, Moritz, 97
Wald, George, 69
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 119, 140
Weismann, August, 118–119
What Evolution Is (Mayr), 133–134
Whewell, William, 14
Williams, G.C., 147
Wilson, E.B., 53
Wissenhaften, 13
Wonderful Life (Gould), 135
world, three ways of looking at, 40–41
Wright, Sewall, 111, 123
Zweckm¨assigkeit (adaptedness), 24
232