Мартыненко Т.П. и др. Практический курс физики. Квантовая физика. Элементы физики твёрдого тела и ядерной физики
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151
4.100.
, ,
= 1,565
178 .
8,8·10
17
–3
.
l = 8 .
4.101. d = 1
L = 10
= 0,2 .
. L
U = 300 .
, R = 0,1
3
/ ,
ρ = 0,5 · .
4.102. - ( d =10 ,
L= 100 ) U = 10
= 0,1 .
= 0,1 . ,
ρ = 2 · .
4.103. 1 ( X),
9,0 ( Y) 0,2 ( Z)
U = 1,4
10 . Z
B=0,1 Y
U
X
=10 . : ,
, .
4.104.
d = 10 l = 50
= 0,5 .
U = 10 .
∆ = 50 ρ=2,5 · .
.
4.105. d = 2
.
j = 2·10
–6
A/
2
, ,
= 2,8 .
.
B = 0,5 .
4.106. -
l = 12 d = 8
( = 0,12 )
. ,
, ∆ϕ = 1,83⋅10
–2
.
,
152
R = 3,66·10
–4
3
/ . ρ
= 0,009 ⋅ .
4.107.
l = 60 , d = 20
a = 0,1 .
i = 10
1 2
U
1,2
= 0,51 ,
3 4
. ,
,
= 0,1 , 3 4
U
3,4
= 0,55 .
,
n
n
.
4.108. bS t
1
= 20°
R = 10
4
.
t
2
= +80º . =0,6 .
4.109.
= 593 = 7·10
–4
· .
t = 1000° .
E
= 0,8 .
4.110.
t
1
= 20° t
2
= 300° ?
= 0,5 .
4.111.
- ,
t
1
= 20°C t
2
= 74°
10 .
4.112.
( )
t
1
= 27°C t
2
= 127º ,
1,4 ?
127° .
4.113. -
, η = 5
T
1
= 300 K T
2
= 400 .
4.114.
=1,11 . T
1
= 300 ,
T
2
= 316,5 .
?
a . 3
. . 2 i
d 1
B · 4
l
153
4.115. ,
, R
1
R
2
1
2
,
1
>
2
. " "
.
4.116.
27°
2
. , " "
= 1,4 .
4.117.
" "
.
= 1000 , " "
= 1,11 .
4.118.
T = 300 , " "
=1,2⋅10
–19
.
4.119. ,
, ,
1
< 0,7 ,
2
< 0,65 . ,
.
4.120. " " = 0,75
.
?
T = 300 .
4.121. " " = 5 .
∆
d
= 0,065 .
.
4.122. ,
, " "
= 0,2 , .
t = 100° .
4.123. " "
= 6,5 . ,
.
200 ?
4.124.
= -0,071
–1
.
,
.
T = 294 .
154
4.125.
, T = 300 , ,
= 1,14·10
–6
.
4.126.
∆n
n
= ∆n
p
= 0,92·10
18
-3
,
R=184 .
l = 0,1 .
:
n
= 0,132
2
/( · ), = 0,048
2
/( · ).
R .
4.127. ,
l, . ,
R
0
,
R. ∆n
n
∆n , ,
n
.
, ∆n
n
∆n .
4.128.
6500·10
–10
.
" " , ,
1,3 .
4.129. -
, ,
∆ = 0,7 ,
1
= 1,2·10
–6
,
2
= 0,5·10
–6
3
= 0,3⋅10
–6
.
4.130.
ρ = 50 · .
ρ
0
= 40 · , t = 9
ρ
2
= 45 · .
τ
ττ
τ, ,
n = n
0
·
–t/τ
.
. .
4.131.
t = 400° .
4.132.
= 20 . = 197·10
–3
/ .
4.133.
1
= 20
2
= 600 .
= 64·10
–3
/ .
Cu
= 339 .
155
4.134.
= 2 . ,
. = 1,84·10
3
/
3
,
= 9⋅
⋅⋅
⋅10
–3
/ .
4.135.
t
1
=
200°
2
= 2 ? ,
,
.
Al
=2,7·10
3
/
3
,
Ag
= 10,5·10
3
/
3
,
M
Al
= 27·10
–3
/ , M
Ag
=108·10
–3
/ .
4.136. , ,
m=0,025 ,
, t
1
= 10°
t
2
= 30º Q = 117 .
4.137. , v = 400 / ,
.
, 10%
?
. M
Pb
= 207·10
–3
/ .
4.138. T
1
= 20 K T
2
= 30
,
C
1
= 0,226 /( · ) C
2
= 0,760 /( · )?
, .
4.139. ,
m = 25
1
= 5
2
= 20 .
. M = 0,108 / .
4.140.
,
/85,5v
ll
=
/23,3v
=
⊥
.
= 7,8·10
3
/
3
, M = 56·10
–3
/ .
4.141. ,
, /8830=v ,
/55,12=v
ll
.
n = 1,23·10
29
–3
.
4.142.
,
/1590=v /3600=v
ll
. = 10,5·10
3
/
3
,
= 0,108 / .
?
156
4.143.
, = 456 .
. = 8,9·10
3
/
3
,
= 59·10
–3
/ .
⊥
=
vv
ll
.
4.144.
,
340 .
= 8,9·10
3
/
3
, = 64·10
–3
/ .
⊥
=
vv
ll
.
.
4.145. ,
= 300 ,
– d = 0,25 .
4.146. ,
,
= 165 , d = 4·10
–10
.
,
.
4.147. ,
= 210 .
4.148. 1
, d = 0,3
v = 4 / .
4.149. ,
= 0,1
max
,
v = 1380 / . = 100 .
.
4.150. ,
0 ,
0,5 T
1
=0K
T
2
= 20 .
F
= 5,5 ,
= 210 .
4.151. ,
m=50
∆T = 2
1
= /2, -
.
4.152.
1
= 0 K
2
= 30
.
F
= 7 ,
330 K.
4.153.
, = 20
= 1,7 /( · ). , << .
157
4.154.
,
= 20 c = 2,7· /( · ).
= 7,8·10
3
/
3
, - M = 56·10
–3
/ .
4.155. m = 25
1
= 10
2
= 20
Q = 2,08 .
, >>
1
2
.
= 197·10
–3
/ .
4.156. ,
m = 50
∆ = 2
1
= .
= 24·10
–3
/ .
4.157.
m= 100 ∆ = 5
1
= 0,5 .
= 207·10
–3
/ .
4.158. 0,4
1
= 10
2
= 20 Q = 0,80 .
,
1
2
<< .
4.159. Q
1
,
1
= 0
2
= 5 ,
,
3
= 10
4
= 15
.
F
= 7 , = 340 .
4.160. U
1
1
= 0
2
= 30
∆U
2
3
= 500
4
= 600
. = 366 .
4.161. Q
1
,
, ∆ =
100
1
= 10 ,
Q
2
, t
2
= 500°
t
3
= 600° . = 658 K.
4.162. ∆U
1
T
1
= 0 K T
2
= 200 K
U
0
. = 2000 .
4.163. , =
0,01
max
= 52 . ,
D
,
v = 4,8 / .
4.164.
,
= 165 K. <n
m
>
= 300 .
= 19,3·10
3
/
3
, = 0,197 / .
158
4.165. < l >
SiO
2
,
κ = 13 /( · ),
m
= 44 /( · )
5 / . = 2,65·10
3
/
3
.
4.166. < n
i
>
ν
i
= 5·10
12 -1
,
1
= 300
<n
max
> ,
,
= 400 .
4.167. < n
max1
>
,
1
= 50 < n
max2
> ,
2
= 600 .
= 460 .
4.168.
300 ,
κ = 418 /( · ), v = 3700
/ , = 210 .
= 10,5·10
3
/
3
, = 0,108 / .
4.169. SiO
2
,
κ = 13 /( · ),
< > = 4 ,
V = 5 / . = 2,65·10
3
/
3
, =
60·10
–3
/ .
4.170. , U (
)
max
n
0
dn·hU ν= , dn -
ν dν,
: ) >> ( -
); )
T << .
159
5.
. . .
, .
( . . .).
1 . . . = 1,6604·10
–27
.
= mc
2
,
:
1 . . . = 931,5 .
( p
1
1
) – ,
, ; m = 1,67265·10
–27
= 1,00728 . . .
/2
.
( n
1
0
) – , ;
m
n
=1,67495·10
–27
=1,00867 . . .
/2
.
Z +Z . Z
.
.
N = – Z.
:
Z
X
X
A
Z
, –
.
:
0
n
1
– ,
-1
0
– .
Z =1 ( ) Z = 92
( ). , ,
. ,
, .
, :
1
1
,
,
1
1
H
m
= 1,00783 . . .;
,
1
D
2
,
, m
1D2
= 2,01410 . . .
1
3
,
,
...01605,3=m
3
1
T
.
r ≅ 1,3·10
-15
·
1/3
= 1,3·
1/3
, (5.1)
- ,
" ":
1 = 1 = 10
–15
,
160
1,3
1,7.
(5.1) ,
( ).
N Z.
. N/Z
, 1,6.
– .
, :
1=i
i
S=S
.
(5.2)
, ,
,
(
i
S ) .
,
317
/10~ρ
.
,
.
, ,
:
=
⋅+⋅=
1i
npi
mNmZm
, (5.3)
m
n
– , m
– .
, m
,
.
:
np
mm·)ZA(m·Zm --
+
=
∆
. (5.4)
,
.
,
,
,
.
:
2
c·m∆=
. (5.5)