Mark J. Kirwan Paper and Paperboard Packaging Technology

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INDEX

427

lacquering, 147

laser cut die boards, 150

laser printing, 132, 135, 141, 145

letterpress printing, 124, 136–8, 139, 140,

142, 143

lithography, 116, 140–41

screen process, 118, 135, 141, 142–3, 144, 147

thermal transfer printing, 145–6

UV inks, 124, 125, 129, 130, 135, 137, 139,

141, 142, 143, 147

variable information printing, electronic, 121,

133, 135, 136, 144–5, 146, 154

labels

collar or neck labels, 134

colour change sterilisation labels, 134

diffractive optically variable image devices,

DOVIDs, 135

guilloches, 134

hologram labels, 125, 131, 134, 135

hot-melt adhesives, 128, 131

label paper substrates, 22, 120, 121, 123, 145

label testing methods, 157–9

leaflet and book labels, 117, 131,

134, 138, 148

linerless self-adhesive labels, 119, 123

logistics labels, 122, 132–3, 135

optically variable devices, OVIDs, 133, 135

primary labels, 117, 121, 125, 132

RFID labels, 133

secondary labels, 117, 121, 132, 136

security labels, 125, 131, 134, 133, 134

solvent-based adhesives, 128, 129

swing tickets, 134

tactile labels, 131, 134, 136, 143

tags, 133, 134, 135

tie on labels, 134

water-based adhesives, 128

laminating papers, 23, 33

lamination with plastic films, 23

land quality deterioration, 50

landfill, 62, 63, 71, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82

letterpress, 31, 136–8

life cycle assessment, (LCA), 78

lignin, 8, 10

liquid packaging, paperboard-based

applications, 390, 392, 398, 399, 405,

406–8, 409–10

aseptic processing, 406–7

barriers, 391–4

distribution, 407, 408–9, 412

heat sealing, 390, 391, 394, 407

LCA, 411

materials, 389, 390, 391–4

opening, reclosure and tamper evidence, 390,

401–5

pack designs, 395–401

post packaging sterilisation, retortable, 407–8

printing and converting, 394–5

recovery, 390

recycling, 390, 411–12

resource reduction, 410

systems approach, 412

transit packaging, 390, 408–9

lithography, see offset lithography

machine direction, (MD), 16

machine glazed, MG, finish, 22, 30

machine glazing or ‘Yankee’ cylinder, 18

machine, MF, finish, 22

manufacture of paper and paperboard, 1, 2, 6, 12–20

Marbach Crease Bend Tester, 293

mass spectrometry, 48, 313

mechanical pulping, 8, 9, 11, 24, 25, 26, 48

microcreping, 23

mineral pigment for surface coating, 12, 19,

23, 24, 25, 30

Modulus of Elasticity (E) or Young’s Modulus, 38, 41

moisture content, 18, 35, 36, 37, 43

mould inhibitor, 5, 23

moulded pulp packaging

applications, 414–18

description, 414

manufacture, 418–22

pack design, 414–18

printing and decoration, 421–2

raw material, 418

multi-ply, sheet forming, 12, 18

multiwall sacks

applications, 208, 209, 231, 240

baling systems, 242

definition, 208

designs, open mouth, 208, 209–12

designs, valved sacks, 208, 212–17

environmental position, 5, 246–7

filler (filter) cords, 223

handles, 208, 214, 223

manufacturing standards, 242–5

manufacturing tolerances, 245–6

printing, 224

sack identification, 239

sewn closures, 217–18

tapes, 223

threads, 217, 223

valve design, 214–17

428

INDEX

multiwall sacks, materials, 218–14

adhesives, 224, 228

bitumen laminated kraft, 222

coated kraft, 219

creped kraft, 219

extensible kraft, 219, 221

laboratory testing of paper sack

materials, 224–8

laminated kraft, (Aluminium foil, plastic film),

222

laminated kraft, (woven and non-woven

plastics), 220, 222, 223

PE coated kraft, 220, 221

PVdC coated kraft, 222

scrim and cloth laminates, 222

silicone coated kraft, 222

use of PE liners, 208, 211

waxed kraft, 222

multiwall sacks, performance

closing, 208, 223, 230–31, 233–5

filling, 227, 230, 239, 241

sack flattening and shaping, 241

sack testing, drop testing, 228–30

slip resistance, 224, 228

weighing, filling and closing systems, 230–40

odour, see taint and odour neutrality

offset lithography, 31, 140–41

opacity, 11, 31, 32

optical brightening agents (OBA), 11

organic recycling, composting, 73, 75

ozone depletion, 50

packaging needs, 4, 48

packaging requirements, 26–8

appearance properties, 28–34

performance properties, 34–48

packaging waste, 61, 72, 75

packaging waste recovery, 71, 72, 74, 78

palletising, 26

paper bags

applications, uses, 162–7

bag designs, 162–7

bag papers, 168–9

historical development, 161, 173–4

manufacture, 170–71

performance testing, 171–2

printing, 172–3

wicketting, 164, 172

Parker PrintSurf (PPS), Bendtsen and

Sheffield instruments, 30

performance properties, 4, 34, 35, 48

photosynthesis, 54

pigment coating waste, 71

Pira Cartonboard Creaser, 292

Pira Crease Tester, 293

plantation forestry, 57

ply bond (interlayer) strength, 12, 43, 289–91

points, (thickness), 4, 6, 36

pollution of rivers, lakes and seas, 50, 51, 69

polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), 5, 48

polymethyl pentene (PMP), 5

polypropylene (PP), 5, 21, 47

polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), 5, 47

population, 50, 51, 57

porosity, 45

press section, 18, 21

print mottle, 33

printability, 11, 31, 32

product safety, 24, 25, 48, 312–13, 368–9

pulping, 3, 7, 8, 9

quality standards, 48

rain forests, 57, 59

raw materials for paper and paperboard

manufacture, 5–12

recovered fibre, 10, 20, 26

recovered waste paper and paperboard

classification, 10

recycling, 61, 65, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76,

77, 79, 80

refiners, 13

relative humidity (% RH), 8, 35, 36

renewable energy, 55, 61, 62, 63, 67, 76, 79, 80

rigid boxes

adhesives, 253

applications, 252

definition, 249

designs, 250–51, 254–5, 257–9

manufacture, 255–9

paper and board used, 252–3

printing, 253

strengths/benefits, 249

roll bar, 18

rub resistance, 32, 33

sack kraft, 22, 218–23

sealing, 4, 21, 46, 47