Leroy C., Rancoita P.-G. Principles Of Radiation Interaction In Matter And Detection
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January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
910 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
impact parameter, 41
Maxwell equation, 304
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, 810
Maxwellian energy distribution, 303
MBU, 561
MCZ silicon, see Silicon, MCZ
Mean
collision energy loss, see Energy loss,
average
energy imparted, 193, 287, 346, 348
energy loss, see Energy loss, average
free path, 14
visible hadron energy, 675
Memory, 287, 560, 564, 568
cell, 560, 569, 579
density, 562
device, 561
FLASH, 569
logic status, 573
Meridional ray, 441
Merit factor, 428
MESA
detector, 524, 526, 531
planar, 523–530
standard, 524
junction, see Junction, MESA
pro cess, 522, 529
planar, 525
radiation detector, 522
silicon detector, 522, 530
structure, 523
technology, 451, 522, 530
planar, 522, 523
standard, 523
Meson, 5, 276, 712
charged, 712
Messenger–Spratt equation, 544, 547, 551
Metab olic activity, 755
Metal work function, 385
Metastable
droplet state, 723
nuclear state, see Nuclear, metastable
state
Microwave, 3
Minimal supersymmetric model, 28, 722
Minimum
detectable energy, 642
energy, 725
ionizing particle, see mip
Minority carrier, see Carrier, minority
diffusion, see Carrier, minority,
diffusion
lifetime, see Carrier, minority, lifetime
mip, 24, 25, 47, 84, 393, 461, 496, 508,
585, 618, 673, 723
energy partition, 619
ideal particle, 619
Missing energy, 611
Mobility, 462, 467, 472, 473
carrier, 288, 380, 405, 406, 557
charge carrier, 575
dopant concentration dependence, 469,
557
electric field dependence, 468
electron, 452, 463, 468, 470, 472, 586,
588, 590, 591, 760
Hall, see Hall, mobility
hole, 452, 463, 468, 470, 472, 760
ion, 586, 589, 590
majority carrier, 382, 385
temp erature dependence, 469, 557
Mo dulated
flux, 562
particle, 299
Mo dulation
parameter, 325
strength, see Modulation, parameter
Molecular
level, 420
refractivity, 432
weight, 432
Moli`ere
radius, 49, 207, 208, 615, 651, 652, 654,
664, 667, 716
theory, 122
Momentum
conservation, 9, 96, 127
of a material point, see Momentum,
particle
particle, 6
recoil, 35
transfer, 50
Monitoring, 23
Monoatomic gas, 302
Mono chromatic particle beam, 13
Monomer, 421, 656
Monte Carlo simulation code, see
Simulation code
MOS, 299
gate oxide, 380
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Index 911
transistor, 299, 380, 540
Most probable energy loss, see Energy
loss, most probable
Mott
differential cross section, 224
scattering, 85
Mott–McKinley–Feshbach electron cross
section, 360
MRI, 28, 755, 773, 779
flow imaging, 779
image, 779
Multifragmentation, 267
Multiparticle production, 70
on nucleus, 260, 261
Multiple
angular view, 761
bit upset, see MBU
Coulomb elastic scattering, see
Multiple, scattering
Coulomb scattering, see Multiple,
scattering
scattering, 118, 119, 122, 123, 207,
214, 713
effect, 122
mean square angle, 121, 122
mean square lateral displacement,
123
non-Gaussian tail, 122
Multiplication
factor, 446, 604, 608, 609
pro cess, 622
Multiwire proportional chamber, 21, 24,
667, 773
Muon, 6, 712
cascade, 720
comp onent, 712, 720
lateral distribution, 720
comp onent in EAS, see EAS, muon
comp onent
detector, 714
to electron ratio, 720
MWPC, see Multiwire proportional
chamber
Mylar, 130
N shell, 44
n-type
material, 454, 456
region, 454, 456, 457
semiconductor, see Semiconductor,
n-type
NaI, 424, 612, 655, 656, 761, 772
Naphtalene, 23
Natural radioactivity, 233
Near-equatorial current sheet, see
Heliospheric, current sheet
Neutralino, 28, 708, 709, 722, 737, 739
cross section, 738, 753
generalized spin-independent, 742
spin dependent, 739, 742
spin independent, 739
mass, 731, 738
Neutrality equation, 458
Neutralization
electrons, 587
factor, 587
Neutrino, 6, 611, 616
oscillation, 6
primary, 714
Neutron, 5, 217, 288, 478
1 MeV ASTM-standard, 346
3-D detector, 521
capture, 342, 680, 682
classification, 345
cold, 345
converter, 451
cross section, 297, 343, 639, 730, 731
elastic, 343, 344, 510
inelastic, 343
non-elastic, 343
on argon, 684
on hydrogen, 684
on silicon, 343
total, 343, 344, 510
damage, 639
function, see Damage function, for
neutron
detection, 451
with silicon detector, 509
dose, 722
elastic scattering, 355, 728
emission, 271
energy threshold, 727
epithermal, 345
equivalent fluence, 290, 291, 343, 532,
534
evaporation, 272, 680
evaporative, 266
excess, 222
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912 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
fast, 288, 343, 345, 346, 348, 383, 386,
422, 510, 518, 519, 521, 544
irradiation, 372, 375
fission, 682
fluence, 291, 343, 373, 377, 383,
389–393, 397, 403, 404, 416,
417, 544, 546–548, 578, 602–604
large, 384, 416
flux, 291, 563, 564, 581
inelastic scattering, 355
interaction, 291, 355, 727
on nucleus, 343
irradiation, 297, 375, 383, 416, 534, 548
magnetic moment, 226
minimal energy, 731
mo derator, 639, 640
mono energetic, 727, 730
nucleus interaction, see Interaction,
neutron nucleus
number, 218
probability emission, 266
reaction, 536, 573
relativistic, 345
resp onse, 723, 734
rest mass, 355
slow, 345
source, 269
sp ectral fluence, 342, 345, 348, 384, 412
sp ectral flux, 343, 731
sp ectrometer, 731
sp ectrum, 348, 349
thermal, 291, 345, 348, 496, 510, 512,
572
ultra cold, 345
ultra fast, 345
very cold, 345
very fast, 345
wavelength, 345
yield, 680
NIEL, 29, 30, 287, 288, 294, 346,
350–353, 363, 369, 379, 452
approximate scaling, 384, 551, 552
dep osition, 287, 335, 358, 359, 369, 370
energy deposited, 30, 353
energy deposition, see NIEL, deposition
p er unit path, 350
pro cess, 30, 293, 294, 334, 346, 362,
376–378, 540, 552, 554
scaling, 30, 522, 532
hypothesis, 294, 534–536
violation, 30, 294, 384, 531, 537
Nitetrain experiment, 567
NMOS transistor, 380, 561
No screening, see Screening, no
Noise, 476, 599
acoustic, 737
charge, 481
electronic, 490, 491, 658, 766
equivalent electrons, 658
parallel, 477, 557
preamplifier, 476
series, 30, 477, 557
total, 477
Non-electromagnetic
comp onent of hadronic shower, see
Hadronic, component of
hadronic shower
Non-ionization
energy loss, see NIEL
pro cess, see NIEL, process
Non-ionizing energy loss, see NIEL
Non-sto chastic quantity, 196
Norgett–Robinson–Torrens expression,
354
NTP, 93, 94
Nuclear
γ emission, see γ nuclear emission
angular moment, 226, 752
binding energy, 218, 239
last nucleon, 278
loss, 698
binding energy per nucleon, 219, 221
asymmetry energy, 222
Coulomb energy, 222
pairing energy, 223
surface energy, 222
volume energy, 222
b ond, 27
break up, 240, 275, 616
capture, 230, 291
capture process, see Nuclear, capture
charge density, 223, 224
distribution, 224
collision length, 279
density, 220
level, 270
droplet model, 221
effective charge, 96
electric quadrupole moment, 226, 227
energy loss, 39, 356, 376
January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
Index 913
evaporation, 267, 269, 273
temp erature, see Nuclear,
temp erature
excitation, 712
energy, 270, 272
Fermi gas model, 235, 236, 237, 271
level density, 270
fission, 267, 278, 342
force, see Interaction, strong
spin dependence, 239
form factor, see Form factor, nuclear
fragment, 262, 275, 278, 680
ground state, 226
inelastic length, 242, 279
interaction length, 279, 615, 668, 670,
701
air, 716
approximate formula, 279
level, 239
magnetic
moment, 226, 227, 239, 752
quadrup ole moment, 227
magneton, 226
mass, 218, 219
defect, 218
difference, 218
matter transparency, 241
mean density, 220
medicine, 29, 287, 755, 769
metastable state, 226
multiple Coulomb elastic scattering, see
Multiple, scattering
p otential well, 239
pro cess, see Interaction, nuclear, 275
pro duct, 262
radial charge density, 225
radiation environment, see Radiation,
environment, nuclear
radius, 17, 120, 220, 236, 242, 358
reactor, see Reactor
recoil, 350, 568, 723, 727
shap e, 226
shell, 238, 752
mo del, 235, 239
structure, 239
spallation, see Spallation
spherical shape, 226
spin, 226, 227, 755
stopping power, 35, 39, 51, see Nuclear
stopping power, 52, 77, 78, 80,
81, 356
reduced, 78, 80
scaled, 80
sublevel, 239
temp erature, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275
units, 270
total angular moment, 226
transmutation, 377
vaporization, 267
wave function, 256
Nucleon, 5, 218, 357
binding energy, 275
b oiled off, 262
b ound, 240
even number, 223
flux in atmosphere, 718
interaction length in air, 718
kno cked out, 267, 269
mass, 338
number, 358
o dd number, 223
quasi-free, 236
spalled, 267
transp ort
equation, see Gaisser equation
in atmosphere, 718
Nucleus
comp ound, 269
decay, 269
dephase, 774
ellipsoidal, 180
evaporation, 270
even even, 223, 239
even mass number, 226
even odd, 223, 240
excited, 218, 270, 271
fissionable, 680
ground state, 218, 241, 270
intermediate, 267
ionizing recoil, 684
isomeric, see Isomer
magic number, 239
magnetization, 774
non spherical, 180
non zero spin, 755, 773, 776
o dd even, 223
o dd mass number, 226
o dd odd, 223, 240
recoil, 35, 269, 294, 348, 350, 354, 355,
558, 568, 571, 681, 684, 687
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914 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
recoiling, 572
residual, 262, 265
secondary, 709
stability, 218
stable, 227, 238
unstable, 227
Nuclide, 217, 218, 219, 220, 227, 231, 239,
242, 248, 249, 256
β stable, 231
metastable, 231
stable, 228, 229
unstable, 227
Number density term, 322, 325
Numerical aperture, 441
Nymmik–Panasyuk–Pervaja–Suslov
mo del, 329
Observatory factor, 306
Odd-group model, 747
expression, 749
Ohmic
b ehavior, 398
conduction, 397
connection, 385
contact, 288, 387, 388, 392, 393
prop erty, 392
medium, 391
side, 465
Omnidirectional
distribution function, 324, 325, 330
intensity, 325
Onsager model, 589
Op en magnetic field, 311, 313
Optical
mo del, 247, 250
theorem, 248, 251
Orbit
altitude, 335
ap ogee, 297
inclination, 297, 335
p erigee, 297
Orbital angular momentum quantum
number, see Quantum number,
azimuthal
Organ, 770
imaging, 757
Organic
crystal, 422
liquid, 421
Oscillator strength, 53, 86
Outgassing, 292, 295, 593
Over depletion voltage, 467
Oxygen concentration, 296, 372
in silicon, 296
Oxygen-carb on, 373
Oxygenated, 297
material, 297
silicon, see Silicon, oxygenated
Oxygenation, 296
p-i-n structure, see Diode, p-i-n, structure
p-type
impurity, 458
imurity, 458
material, 456
region, 454, 456, 457
semiconductor, see Semiconductor,
p-type
Pair production
angular distribution, 179
cross section, 756
differential probability, 166
effect, 31, 138, 163, 184, 198, 622, 755
energy distribution, 167, 168, 173
without screening, see Hough
approximate formula
in electron field, 176, 178
complete screening, 177
total cross section, 177
without screening, 176
in nuclear field, 164
photon threshold energy, 164
in electron field, 164
in nuclear field, 164
screening parameter, 164, 166
total cross section, 170
triplet production, 164, 176
Pairing effect, see Nuclear, binding energy
p er nucleon, pairing energy
PAMELA mission, 612
Parallel plate capacitor, 459, 460
approximation, 459, 460
Parity, 584
conservation, 240
Parker
mo del, 301, 308, 310, 320, 327
spiral, see Archimedean spiral
Parker–Gleeson–Axford–Jokipii
treatment, 320
January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
Index 915
Partial reaction cross section, see Cross
section, partial reaction
Partially depleted device, 401
Particle
acceleration process, 331
backscattered, 290
diffusion, 9
elementary, 4, 240
emission angle, 588
exchanged, 253
identification, 26, 427, 611
detector, 21
interaction in silicon device, 539
ionizing, 421, 436, 440, 456, 585
momentum, 435
non showering, 619
physics experiment, 29, 287, 289
range, 422
rigidity, 330, 339, 341
scattering, 9
velocity, 435
Partition energy, 348, 351, 354, 619, 673
Passive
absorb er, 27
sampler, see Sampler, passive
Path-length, 71, 73, 91, 572, 575, 577, 603
distribution, 572, 579, 580
maximum, 571, 576
Pauli exclusion principle, 44, 236, 239, 811
Payload, 289, 297
Pb, see Sampler, passive, Pb
PbF
2
, 656
PbWO
4
, 655, 663, 667, 669
Pedestal, 476
Penetration depth, 71, 74
Permanent damage, 29
Permittivity, 573, 587, 589
free space, 455, 799
gas, 607
relative, 455
silicon, 455, 467
PET, 28, 755, 768, 769, 770, 773
Phantom, 94
Phase
contrast angiography, see Angiography,
phase contrast
shift additivity, 250
space, 320
distribution function, 320
normalized distribution function,
320
Phonon, 346
Phosphorescence, 419, 425
Photo-Luminescence, 371
sp ectroscopy, 371
Photo cathode, 4, 420, 421, 426, 442, 443,
447, 656
area, 659
bialkali, 426, 427, 657
Photo conversion, 428
Photo diode, 390, 655, 658
n-type, 390
avalanche, 664
silicon, 662
Photo electric
absorption, 194
cross section, 628, 756
effect, 31, 138, 139, 161, 184, 207, 215,
425, 438, 439, 443, 446, 622,
627, 628, 755, 756, 780
emitted electron angular
distribution, 140
K-shell cross section, 139
K-shell differential cross section,
140
p olarization of incoming radiation,
141
efficiency, 420, 425
K-shell
comp onent of cross section, 142
cross section, 141, 143
total cross section, 142, 143
Photo electron, 4, 23, 141, 428, 430, 443,
445, 447, 773
statistics, 659
Photographic emulsion, see Emulsion
Photomultiplier, 23, 128, 420, 426, 429,
434, 436, 442, 443, 655, 658, 664, 757
Photon, 622
absorption, 60, 136, 761, 773
in matter, 136
low energy, 623
capture, 291
cross section, 181, 183
on neutron, 183
on nucleus, 183
on proton, 183
emission
by transition radiation effect, 133
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916 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
hadronic cross section, 182
high energy, 709
induced shower, 715, 716
interaction in matter, 136
low energy, 623, 624, 626, 627, 631
mono chromatic, 136
primary, 758, 762, 771
scattered, 146, 151
backwards, 151
scattering, 136
secondary, 758
soft, 623
total atomic cross section, 136
UV, 609, 610
virtual, 253
wavelength, 137
yield, 438, 442
Photoneutron production, 180
Photonuclear
absorption, 179, 184, 755
cross section, 138, 180
pro duction, 179
scattering, 179
Photopro duction, 255, 712
on nucleus, 241, 252
Photosphere, see Solar, photosphere
Phototub e, see Photomultiplier
Photovoltaic cell, 503
efficiency factor, 506
fill factor, 508
p ower generated, 506
quantum efficiency, 508
Physical constants, 798, 802
PICASSO experiment, 737, 747, 753
Piezo electric sensor, 721, 736
Pinch voltage, 575
Pion, 5, 240, 275, 276, 431
interaction length in air, 718
rejection, 669
Pioneer 11 spacecraft, 310
Pip eline, 22
Pitch, 489, 490
effective, 489
readout, 489
Pixellated silicon detector, see Silicon,
pixel detector
PKA, see Primary, knock on, atom
PL, see Photo-Luminescence
Planar silicon detector, see Silicon
detector, planar
Planck constant, 6, 37, 798
reduced, 5
Plasma, 331, 466, 481, 561
frequency, 48, 130–132
photon energy, 130
wind, 709
embedded magnetic field, 709
Plexiglas, 631, 638, 639
PM detector, see MESA, detector, planar
PMOS transistor, 380, 561
Point defect, see Defect, point
Poisson
distribution, 445
equation, 467
Polarization, 47
molecular, 130
of the medium, 124
vector, 113
Polarized region, 124
Pollution, 602
liquid argon, 292, 601
oxygen, 596, 600–602
liquid argon, 600
Polyenergetic beam, 731
Polyethylene, 512, 518, 521, 630, 639, 690
Polymer, 656
Polymerized gel, 721
Polypropylene, 130
Polystyrene, 23, 441, 442
Polytropic
index, 302
law, 302
Polyvinyltoluene, 23
Population inversion, 774
Pore, 522
dimension, 522
into the silicon detector, 521
Position
measurement, 664, 666
resolution, 663, 665, 666
degradation, 667
Positron, 5, 31, 85, 334, 622
β decay, see Decay, β, positron
collision energy loss, see Energy loss,
collision, positron
effectice range, 770
electron tomography, see PET
emitter, 768–770
11
C, 769
13
N, 769
January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
Index 917
15
O, 769
18
F, 769
end point energy, 770
restricted energy loss, see Energy loss,
restricted, electron and positron
Potential
barrier, 231, 272, 723
p enetration, 232, 233
energy, 231
energy height, 231
square well, 236, 238
state, 237
well, 236, 237, 239, 374
Power transistor, see Transistor, power
Poynting vector, 161
PPO, 656
Practical coherent condition, see Coherent
condition, practical
Preamplifier, 447, 481, 598, 600, 737
charge sensitive, 491
Precession, 774
Preshower, 667
calorimeter, 293, 522
crystal system, 667
detector, 664, 667
silicon, 613
Pressure
front, 737
gas, 586
Primakoff effect, 253
Primary
defect, see Defect, primary
diplaced atom, 351
electron, 3, 85, 488
interaction, 346
ionization, see Ionization, primary
kno ck on
atom, 351, 354, 377
nucleus, 294, 346, 356–358, 362,
363
nucleon, 334
particle, 2
p oint defect, see Defect, point, primary
proton, 563
recoil, 351
atom, 375
energy, 351
recoil energy, 351
Primordial black hole, 708
Principal quantum number, see Quantum
number, principal
Pro duction yield, 522
PROFIT model, 582–584
Projected range, 71
Prop er mass, see Mass, invariant
Prop ortional counter, 603, 609
avalanche multiplication, 603
cylindrical coaxial wire chamber, 605
Proton, 5, 217, 240, 478
fluence, 529, 531, 533, 535, 537
ionizing recoil, 684
magnetic moment, 226
recoil, 265, 681
shower, 276
energy deposition, 276
Pseudorapidity, 258, 260, 265, 291, 425,
593
distribution, 260, 261, 263, 265
A dependence, 260
Pulse height, 447, 606
Purification technique, 723
Purity, 586
liquid argon, 600, 601
QCD, 719
QED, 5, 172, 199, 622
Quantameter, 646, 648
gas, 648
Quantum
efficiency, 24, 25, 128, 421, 426, 428,
430, 443, 655, 656
number, 44
angular momentum, 239
azimuthal, 44
magnetic, 44
principal, 44, 239
spin, see Spin
yield, 133
Quark, 4, 6, 218
gluon plasma, 612
mass, see Mass, quark
matter, 714
Quasi
comp ensating calorimeter, see
Calorimeter, hadronic, quasi
comp ensating
non-irradiated model, 404
trapp ed particle, 337
Quasi-deuteron interaction theory, 182
January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
918 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
Quasi-direct
nucleon, 266
proton, 262
Quasi-elastic
p eak, 236
pro cess, 242
scattering, 236, 278
Quasi-intrinsic layer, 389, 392
Quenching, 682
gas, 610
parameter, 421
R-parity, 737
Radial
current density term, 323, 325
distance, 78
Radiant energy, 193
Radiation
˘
Cerenkov, 26, 119, 124, 427, 436, 656,
657, 659, 712, 713
angular distribution, 714
energy loss, see Energy loss, by
˘
Cerenkov radiation
intensity, 713
light emission, 426
pro duction, 657
quantum mechanical treatment,
127
radial pattern, 713
reaction correction term, 127
threshold particle velocity, 125,
427
damage, 1, 24, 25, 29, 288, 334, 351,
369, 381, 532, 535, 536, 555
by displacement, see Displacement
damage
detector, 20, 29, 287, 288, 296, 451, 523
dose, 291, 294, 550
integrated, 560
dose rate, 291
effect, 30, 297, 548
electromagnetic, 3, 371, 712
dip ole, 95
emission
˘
Cerenkov, 124, 130
˘
Cerenkov maximum angle, 126,
427
in the electron field, 99
in the nuclear field, 96
quantum mechanical calculation,
96
transition, 130, 131
energy loss, see Energy loss, radiation
environment, 1, 29, 287, 289, 290, 292,
295, 451, 530, 539, 561, 562, 584
adverse, 289
atmospheric, 563
by radioactice source, 565
high-luminosity machine, 289
LHC, 293
nuclear, 342
space, 297, 299, 378, 562, 579
terrestrial, 564, 568
exp osure, 722
field, 292, 297, 568, 584
hard
scintillator, see Scintillator,
radiation hard
hardness, 292, 293, 296, 297, 381, 593,
662, 772
electronics, 293
liquid argon, 295
parameter, 291, 343, 349, 528,
530, 533–536
scintillator, 295
silicon, 296
silicon detector, 531
hazard, 337
induced
center, 382
defect, 296, 347, 373, 386, 554
negative space charge, 296
reverse current, 530
infrared, 3, 126
interaction
in silicon, 370
with matter, 611
ionizing, 377, 481, 575
length, see Length, radiation
expression, see Length, radiation,
expression
level, 291, 293, 532
near visible, 125
nitrogen fluorescence, 712, 714
isotropic angular distribution, 714
photon distribution, 714
photon, 723
probability, 96
resp once, 299
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Index 919
sensitivity, 297
source, 289
total cross section, 103, 114
transition, 26, 119, 130
γ dependence, 133
angular distribution, 131
average number of photon emitted,
133
most probable emission angle, 131
total energy emitted, 133
ultraviolet, 3, 125, 126, 420, 427, 436,
655, 657
unp olarized, 95
violet, 3
visible, 3, 125, 419, 427, 655, 657
emission, 424
weighting factor, 335, 337
yield, 105, 112
yield formula, see Koch–Motz formula
Radiation belt, 337, 363, 378
AMS, 337
Earth, 335
SAMPEX, 337, 563
Van Allen, 336
inner, 335, 336, 562, 563
outer, 337, 563
Radiation stopping power
for electron, 104, 636
in Al, 107
in Fe, 109
in Pb, 111
in Si, 108
in W, 110
in water, 106
Radiative
correction, 175
emission, 85, 95, 114
intensity, 96
energy loss by electron and positron,
see Energy loss, radiation,
electron and positron
pro cess, 114
Radiator, 130, 133
˘
Cerenkov, 428, 429, 431
disp ersion, 427
foil, 437
length, 428, 430, 433
multilayer, 437
Radioactive
element, 769
material, 755, 757
source, 731
tracer, 769–771
Radioactivity, 755
Radiofrequency, 755, 773
wave, 776
Radioisotop e, 762, 769
half life, 763
lifetime, 772
Radionuclide, 757
133
Xe, 757
178
Ta, 757
201
Tl, 757
99m
Tc, 757
photon emitter, 755
Radiopharmaceutical, 29, 755, 763, 771
p ositron emitter, 755, 769
Radiowave, 3
Radius
atomic, see Atomic, radius
Bohr, see Bohr radius
electron
classical, see Electron, classical
radius
gyration, 305, 319, 327
nuclear, see Nuclear radius
reduced, 79, 80
Thomas–Fermi, see Thomas–Fermi,
radius
Radon, 722
Raether condition, 605, 606
Ramo theorem, 462, 469, 478
Range, 94, 422
δ, 94
heavy charged particle, 70
in air, 72
in an absorber, 72
kinetic energy relationship, 71
muon, 73
in standard rock, 73
practical, 91, 92, 93, 94
in aluminum, 93
in argon, 93, 94
in polystyrene, 94
in water, 94
proton in silicon, 529
straggling, 73
total, 46
Rapidity, 258, 259
Ray