Leroy C., Rancoita P.-G. Principles Of Radiation Interaction In Matter And Detection
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880 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
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882 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
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Index
α particle, 231, 571, 594
background, 723
decay, see Decay, α
emission, 232
emitter, 233
α-cell, 601, 602
β decay, see Decay, β
β instability, see Instability, β
δ electron, see Ray, δ
δ ray, see Ray, δ
η particle, 283, 674, 712, 714
γ decay, see Decay, γ
γ hadron separation, 712, 714
γ nuclear emission, 239, 267
γ ray, see Ray, γ
π/mip ratio, 614, 670, 673, 676
1 MeV equivalent neutron fluence, see
Neutron, equivalent fluence
A-center, see Vacancy-oxygen
Ab erration
chromatic, 434
optical, 434
Absorb ed dose, 193, 195, 299, 337, 377,
540
Absorb er
medium, see Sampler, passive
thick, 56, 58
thin, 56, 58, 59, 67, 68
Absorption
co efficient, 425
cross section, see Cross section,
absorption
curve, 91, 93
edge, 63, 137, 139, 756
energy, 139, 140
K-shell, 139
L-shell, 139
length, 591, 592, 596
range, 628
sp ectrum, 421
Accelerator, 722
Acceptor, 452, 454, 456
center, 454
comp ensation, 395
concentration, 394, 395, 454
creation, 474
density, 459
impurity, 454
ACR, see Ray, cosmic, anomalous
Acrylic, 441, 442
Activation, 600
metho d, 285
Activation energy, 370, 533
Activator, 423–425
center, 424
Active
medium, 20, 27, 292, 612
sampler, see Sampler, active
Activity, 733, 763
ADC, 448, 597–599
calibration, 600
sp ectrum, 596, 598
Additivity rule, see Bragg additivity rule
Adiabatic
compression, 302
Admittance, 400
Aerogel, 431, 435
AFM, 288, 416, 417
surface topography, 416
Age parameter, 715, 716
Air
883
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884 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
˘
Cerenkov telescope, 712
shower, see AS
Al, see Sampler, passive, Al
Alfv´en
sp eed, 314
theorem, 306
Almost compensating calorimeter, see
Calorimeter, hadronic, quasi
comp ensating
Ambipolar diffusion, 389
co efficient, 467, 469
length, 392
Amplification, 609
Amplifier, 601
AMS
mission, 338
sp ectrometer, 338
amu, see Atomic, mass, unit
Analogue to digital converter, see ADC
Anger camera, 757, 761
Angiography, 779
enhanced contrast, 780
phase contrast, 779
Angular
frequency cut off, 545, 547, 549
momentum conservation, 240
resolution, 666
Annealing, 295, 373, 530, 533
effect, 295, 383, 554, 555
factor, 375
long term, 383, 386, 529, 555
p eriod, 295
pro cess, 533
rate, 295, 374
short term, 374, 375, 383, 529
stage, 373
state, 532
temp erature, 533
time, 533, 535, 536
Ano de, 446, 447, 478, 479, 585–587, 590,
606–610
Anomalous cosmic ray, see Ray, cosmic,
anomalous
Anthracene, 23, 423
Anti annealing, 529
Antimatter, 5, 711
primordial, 711
Antiparticle, 6
Antiproton, 286, 708, 711
Antiquark, 6
Approximate NIEL scaling, see NIEL,
approximate scaling
Approximation B, 118, 200, 201, 207, 622,
623, 625, 633
Archimedean spiral, 308, 309, 328
interaction structure, 311
Argon
gas, 586
density, 586
vessel, 594
Aromatic compound, 655
AS, 709, 711
electromagnetic, 714
lateral development, 715
longitudinal development, 715
Nishimura and Kamata
parametrization, 715
shower maximum, 715
sub-shower, 714
exp eriment, 612
radiator volume, 711
size, 715
Atmosphere, 563, 564
Atmospheric
nuclei, 716
radiation environment, see Radiation
environment, atmospheric
Atom
inner constituent, 217
number per cm
3
, 14
in silicon, 348, 383
recoil, 346–348, 351, 353–355, 374, 377
recoiling, 351
Atomic
b ound electron, see Electron, bound
displacement, 20, 287, 343, 346, 358,
550
adiabatic, 347
by neutron, 348
electron, 34, 37, 45, 49, 50, 287, 293
quasi-free, 60, 85
force microscopy, see AFM
form factor, see Form factor, atomic
mass, 15, 218
number, see Mass, number
unit, 15
mo del, 16
number, 14, 32, 33, 184, 218, 262, 275,
279, 360, 615, 672, 730
radius, 120
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Index 885
shell, 61
standard weight, 15
unified mass
unit, 15, 219
weight, 14, 15, 33, 137, 184, 220, 242,
248, 249, 256, 257, 262, 275,
615, 739
Attachment, 587
co efficient, 590
Attenuation
factor, 601, 602, 604
length, 633
mass, 216
total, 442
Attenuation coefficient
linear, 137
Compton, 764
photo electric contribution, 143
mass, 137, 138, 183, 622, 624
Z dependence, 622
Al, 188
brain, 187
Compton, 163
dry air, 185
Ge, 190
Pb, 192
photo electric contribution, 143
Si, 189
W, 191
water, 186
total, 184, 764
Auger
effect, 144
electron, 144, 757
yield, 144
Avalanche, 605–607, 610
ionization, 610
photo diode, see Photodiode, avalanche
Average energy loss, see Energy loss,
average
Avogadro constant, 14, 15, 242, 275, 348,
514
Azimuthal
angle, 15
quantum number, see Quantum
number, azimuthal
B1-center, see Vacancy-oxygen
BaF
2
, 773
Ballo on, 711
exp eriment, 612
Barkas
correction, 42–44, 46
aluminum, 44
gold, 44
silver, 44
effect, 39, 42, 44, 76
Barkas–Andersen effect, see Barkas, effect
Barometric equation, 301
Baryon, 5, 6
number, 737
symmetric universe, 711
Baryonic resonance, 183
Base transport, 547
factor, 542, 545
Base-collector junction, see Junction,
base-collector
Beam-gas interaction, 289
Bendel
cross section, 581, 582, 584
function, 581
Bending radius, 445
Benzenic cycle, 420, 655
Bernoulli equation, 301
Bethe relativistic formula, 39
Bethe–Blo ch formula, see Energy loss,
formula
Bethe–Maximon theory, 172
BGO, 612, 655, 662, 669, 761, 772
Bhabha differential cross section, 85, 86,
90
Bias
resistor, 491
voltage, 456, 462, 474
BIBUQ, 656
BiCMOS (Bipolar Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), see VLSI,
BiCMOS
Binding
energy for electron, see Electron,
binding energy
energy losses, 655
energy of nuclei, see Nuclear, binding
energy
Bio chemical activity, 755
Biological effectiveness, 335
Bip olar
device, see Transistor, bipolar
junction transistor, see Transistor,
bip olar
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886 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
transistor current gain, see Current,
gain, bipolar transistor
Birks
constant, 421
law, 421, 425, 682, 684
BJT, see Transistor, bipolar
Black track, 263, 265, 267, 269, 273
Blo ch correction, 39, 43, 44
Blo od flow, 780
BNL, 289
Bo dy capacitance per unit length, 490
Bohr
k parameter, 40
assumption, 269
energy loss formula, 43
orbital velocity, see Electron, Bohr
orbital velocity
oscillator model, 42
radius, 79, 96, 354
hydrogen atom, 76
Boiling temperature, 721
Boltzmann equation, 320, 323
Bone, 758, 771
Born
approximation, 17, 42, 96, 98, 101, 114,
121, 140, 164, 172, 223
next-high-order correction, 42
screened cross section, 176
unscreened cross section, 172, 174
expansion, 17
Boson, 4
Bow shock, 316, 318
Box model, 589
Bragg
additivity rule, 52
p eak, 70, 498
Bragg–Kleeman rule, 71
Breakdown, 605, 606
voltage, 385, 387
Bremsstrahlung
angular distribution, 112, 113
average emission angle, 113
emission cone, 113
emission, 164, 198
energy distribution, 100
for positron, 104
intensity, see Radiative, emission,
intensity
intensity distribution, 100
photon polarization, 113
Bridgman crystal growth, 760
Bromine, 730
Bubble, 721–723, 725
Built-in
p otential, see Contact potential
voltage, see Contact potential
Bulk, 294, 296, 540
damage, 287, 294, 550, 551
mechanism, 346
silicon, 294
defect, 294
leakage current, see Leakage current,
bulk
material, 416
prop erty, 288, 387
silicon, 288
region, 387
base, 547
neutral, 398, 400
resistivity, 400
silicon, 296, 347–349, 378, 383, 402
FZ, 372
MCZ, 372
C-V
characteristics, 385, 461, 524, 525
curve, see C-V, characteristics
measurement, 461, 525
Cadmium vapor, 760
Calibration, 22, 597, 598
pro cedure, 598
Calorimeter, 290
configuration, 626, 693
depth, 612
electromagnetic, 27, 198, 611
ATLAS, 592
linear response, 616, 617, 620
non linear response, 616
Pb/LAr accordion, 667
resp onse, 614, 615, 618
sampling, 670
sampling structure, 619
Si/Pb sampling, 618
Si/U, 629
Si/W sampling, 617, 641
with complex absorber, 631
with dominant passive sampler,
620
electromagnetic barrel
ATLAS, 593
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Index 887
electromagnetic section, see
Calorimeter, hadronic,
electromagnetic section
forward, 291, 292
granularity, 613, 664
hadronic, 27, 278, 611, 616
ATLAS, 593
ATLAS end cap, 593
comp ensating, 27, 614, 616, 677,
682, 683, 701
electromagnetic section, 669, 685
end cap, 291, 292, 593
energy resolution, 679
Fe/scintillator, 684
forward, 593, 602–604
hadronic section, 669, 685
intrinsic response, 674
linear response, 674, 676, 679
measurement units, 673
non compensating, 685, 703
non linear response, 677
Pb/scintillator, 683
quasi compensating, 676, 679,
682, 694
resp onse to mip, 673
sampling, 670
Si/Fe, 675, 677, 704
Si/Pb+Fe, 675, 677
Si/U, 689, 704
SICAPO, 282
U/liquid argon, 684
U/scintillator, 677, 682, 698
hadronic section, see Calorimeter,
hadronic, hadronic section
homogeneous, 27, 611, 614, 618, 654
CLEO energy resolution, 662
Crystal Ball energy resolution, 659
CUSB energy resolution, 659
energy resolution, 654, 655, 659,
660, 661, 663
energy resolution degradation,
658, 663
hadronic, 655
intrinsic energy resolution, 657,
663
L3 energy resolution, 662
OPAL EMEC energy resolution,
659
SSC-GEM energy resolution, 662
homogeneous sampling, 615
lateral leakage, 613
linear response
to electron, 674
liquid argon, 292
longitudinal depth, 657
longitudinal leakage, 613
Pb/scintillating fiber, 672, 698
PbFe–Si–PbFe configuration, 694, 695
resolution, 27
resp onse, 614, 615, 628
calibration, 674
non linearity, 655
to hadron, 675
sampling, 27, 436, 612, 616, 618, 622,
623, 640, 656
comp ensating hadronic energy
resolution, 698, 701, 704
constant term in hadronic energy
resolution, see Constant term
electromagnetic energy resolution,
614, 641–643, 652, 653, 697
electromagnetic energy resolution
degradation, 643, 646, 651
electromagnetic energy resolution
degradation due lateral energy
loss, 650, 651
electromagnetic energy resolution
degradation due longitudinal
energy loss, 650, 651
electromagnetic energy resolution
due to limited shower
containment, 650, 652, 653
electromagnetic energy resolution
with dense readout detector,
642–645, 647
electromagnetic energy resolution
with gas readout detector, 646,
649
hadronic effective energy
resolution, 704, 705
hadronic energy resolution, 696,
697, 701, 705
hadronic energy resolution
degradation due to dead area
energy loss, 706, 708
hadronic energy resolution
degradation due to lateral
energy loss, 706, 707
hadronic energy resolution
degradation due to longitudinal
January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
888 Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
energy loss, 706, 707
hadronic intrinsic energy
resolution, 697, 698, 700–702,
704–706
hadronic sampling energy
resolution, 699, 701
indefinitely extended, 619
non compensating hadronic energy
resolution, 704
quasi compensating hadronic
energy resolution, 699, 701
SDC, 635
Calorimetry, 436, 440, 448, 611
at very high energy, 708
electromagnetic
energy resolution, 640, 642
electromanetic
sampling, 615
hadron reference energy, 669, 678, 701,
703
hadronic, 614, 628, 669
enenergy resolution, 614
hydrogeneous readout, 278
intrinsic properties, 614, 669
sampling, 631
with complex absorber, 631
CAMAC, 595
Capacitance, 397, 399, 459, 460, 476, 491
for irradiated device, 405
frequency dependence, 402
full depletion, 397, 461
measurement, 397
voltage measurement, see C-V,
measurement
Capacitance-versus-voltage curve, see
C-V, characteristics
Capacitive coupling, 489
Capture, 586, 587
pro cess, 382
rate, 587
reaction, 572
Carrier, 3, 375, 454
charge, 451, 452, 462, 468–470, 487,
560, 569, 585, 596
diffusion, 467, 487, 561
charge transport, see Charge transport
concentration, 382, 393, 401
density, 288, 405, 466
diffusion, 388, 542
electron, 452
excess, 398
concentration, 543
free, 382, 397, 456
concentration, 401, 409, 416, 417
generation, 288, 382, 386
high injection, 388
hole, 452
injected, 542, 543
injection, 542
intrinsic, 385, 453
concentration, 388, 394, 408, 475
lifetime, 294, 382, 452, 475
degradation, 531
majority, 288, 374, 381, 382, 385, 405
concentration, 382, 385, 388
diffusion, 387, 474
emitter-region, 542
minority, 375, 381, 383, 543, 548
base-region, 542, 543
concentration, 387
diffusion, 467, 474
flow, 542
injected, 398, 542
lifetime, 30, 288, 382–384, 540,
543–546, 549, 551, 554
lifetime degradation, 544
recombination, 382
mobility, see Mobility, carrier
motion, 406
removal, 375, 382
transp ort model, 473
trapping, 382
Cascade, 611, 612
development, 289, 640
electromagnetic, 291, 619, 622, 636,
654, 668, 670
energy, 637
hadronic, 668, 670, 708
high energy regime behavior, 614, 708
pro cess, 612, 614
Cascading
damage, see Cascading, displacement
displacement, 347
displacement, 347, 349, 351, 354, 358,
362, 384, 551
by neutron, 347
shower, see Shower
Catho de, 478, 479, 585, 606–610
CCE, see Charge, collection, efficiency
CCR, see Corotating rarefaction region
January 9, 2009 10:21 World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in ws-bo ok975x65˙n˙2nd˙Ed
Index 889
CDM, 28, 723, 731, 732, 737
particle, 722, 723
CdZnTe, 761
CeF
3
, 669
Center of mass, see Mass, center of
Chain-reacting pile, 342
Chamber
cylindrical, 607
coaxial, 606
gas, 439
wire, 439
Chapman–Ferrero cavity, see Earth,
magnetosphere
Charge, see Electric charge
carrier, see Carrier, charge
center of gravity, 489
cluster, 439
collected, 292, 393, 461, 462, 464, 473,
481, 489, 526, 558, 569, 571, 579
after irradiation, 393
by diffusion, 570
by electrical drift, 570
critical, 558, 560, 564, 574–577, 579,
583
in silicon, 576
density, 456
density of the nucleus, see Nuclear,
charge density
depleted region, see Depleted region
distribution, 453, 455
drift, 486
effect, 329
exchange reaction, 283
invariant, 356, 376
number, 32, 55, 95, 330, 427, 656
recombination, 478
transp ort, 462, 465, 471
mo del, 474, 524
trapping, 380, 478
lifetime, 462, 472
Charge collection, 392, 451, 461, 462, 463,
470–472, 477, 481, 522, 524, 587, 590,
601, 761
by diffusion, 561
efficiency, 294, 295, 393, 451, 472, 477,
480, 481, 483, 522, 526, 531, 564
degradation, 29
full, 392, 393
incomplete, 760
measurement, 461
pro cess, 570
region, 560
relative efficiency, 390
spatial efficiency, 482
Charged shower particle, see Shower
particle
Cherenkov
angle, 125, 127, 129, 434, 713
detector, 21, 26, 426, 428, 431, 656
differential, 26, 433, 669
threshold, 26, 429, 431, 433
effect, 713
light, see Radiation,
˘
Cerenkov
material, 448, 654, 656
photon, 127, 129, 435
intensity, 128
number, 127
radiation, see Radiation,
˘
Cerenkov
radiator, 657
threshold, 713
Chord, 770
Chromosphere, see Solar, chromosphere
Cladding material, 440
Classical
cross section, see Rutherford
differential cross section
electron radius, see Electron, classical
radius
Thomson differential cross section, see
Thomson, differential cross
section
Close collision, see Collision, close
Cluster of defects, see Defect, cluster
CMOS, see VLSI, CMOS
Co efficient
mass absorption, 193
mass energy absorption, 183, 193, 195,
196
mass energy transfer, 193
Coherent
condition, 246, 248
kinematics, 246
practical, 248
disso ciation, 250
interaction on nucleus, see Interaction,
on nucleus, coherent
length, 130
pro duction
on nucleus, 241
scattering, 249