Lal R., Shukla M.K. Principles of Soil Physics
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Consolidation, 208
Constant flux method, 583
Constant head method, 362–363
Constant-volume hydrogen scale, 517
Consumptive water use, computing, 276
Contact angle, 259–261
Contact angle effect, 348–349
Continuity equation, 380, 384–385
Convection, 467, 533–534
equation for, 470–471
Convective diffusion transport, 490
Convective dispersion process, 477, 478
Convective-dispersive equation (CDE), 483–484
nondimensional, 496, 498–499
simplest form of, 482–483
Convective transport, 492
Coshocton wheel sampler, 278, 281
Coulomb’s law, 55–56, 198
Covalent bonds, 57–58
Cracking, 183–184
assessing degree of, 184
effect on soil water evaporation, 452
in vicinity of porous blocks, 337
Cracks, 634–635
Creep, 194
Critical soil organic matter content index, 131
Critical state theory, 237
Cropping systems, influence on soil structures, 136–137
Crop residue mulch, 120
Crops, albedo from, 525
Crop yields, effect of soil compaction on, 206, 207, 208, 217–218
Crumb structure, 104
Crusting
conceptual model of, 175
defined, 165
effect of rough seedbed on, 171
general model for, 174–176
versus hardsetting, 181
impacts on plant growth, 176
mechanisms of, 171–173
and modulus of rupture, 203
soil and crop management options for reducing, 178
soil properties susceptible to, 170
Crusts
characterization of, 176
figures of, 169, 170
formation of. See Crusting
hydraulic resistance of, 423
management of, 176–179
measuring strength of, 176, 177
Index 644
methods of determining properties of, 177
multiple layer, 174
properties of, 173–174
types of, 166–167
and water infiltration, 422–423
Crust-topped method, 395
Cryic soils, 530–531
Crystalline minerals, 54
Cubic particles, 48–49
Cumulative evaporation, 451
Cylindrical shearing test, 202
Darcian flow, 467
Darcy–Buckingham equations, 382–383
applied to unsaturated flow, 384
diffusivity form of, 426
Darcy’s law, 357–359, 580
calculating intrinsic permeability with, 362
calculating saturated hydraulic conductivity of layered soil with, 373–374
compared to Laplace equation, 372
equating fluxes with, 423
for hydraulic head difference, 376
limitations of, 360–361
one-dimensional flow according to, 370–371
for predicting infiltration rates, 412–413
for saturated hydraulic conductivity, 361–362
for steady upward flow of water, 443
using permeability (k) in place of conductivity, 366
validity of, 359–360
Dark-colored soil, albedo for, 524
Deflocculation, 63, 168–171
Deformation stresses, 180–181
Degree of saturation (s), 24, 25
Delayed meniscus formation effect, 349
Denitrification, 567
Density, 527
Density of water, 528, 684
Deposition, 535
Depositional crust, 167
Depth of penetration (X
p
)
Desiccation, 173
Desorption, 347
Dew point temperature, 269
Dielectric constant (E), 306
Dielectric properties, measuring in soil, 305–308
Diffuse emitter, 523
Diffusion, 9, 467
equation for, 471
of gases, 571–575
Diffusion coefficient, 543, 573
Index 645
Diffusion constant, 574
Digital elevation models (DEMs), 309–310
Dilatant fluids, 267
Dimensional method, 657–658
Dipole moment, 98
Dirac pulse, 476
Direct method
for measuring soil moisture content, 298–300
pros and cons of, 217
Direct shear test, 201
Dirichlet’s boundary condition, 425
Disjoint-volume approach, 637
Dispersion, 37, 63
classifying soil according to, 124
factors leading to, 171–173
process of, 479–480
Dispersion agents, 38
increasing zeta potential with, 64–65
Dispersion coefficient, 481–482
Dispersion forces, 98
Dispersion ratio, 126, 129
Dispersity, 63
Dispersive transport
causes of, 472
equations for, 471–474
Dispersivity, 480
Displacing liquid, 474
Distribution percent by (DPW), 128
Diurnal temperature range (DTR), 528
DLVO theory of colloid stability, 63–64
Double layer repulsion
at different electrolyte concentrations or valencies of counterions, 173
equation for, 172
Double ring infiltrometer, 425, 428, 430
Downscaling, 657
Drainage, 548–549
effects on soil physical property, 566
Dry bulk density (ρ
b
)
range of, 25
Drainage to groundwater, 426
Drop-Cone test, 242
Dry sieving, 124
Dry specific volume (V
b
), 21, 25
Duff layer, 545
Dynamic penetration test, 215
Earth’s atmosphere
first, 557
nitrogen, 558
Index 646
origin of, 557
oxygen, 558–559
permanent gases, 558
second, 557
trace gases, 559–560
variable gases, 558
Ecological approach, 95–96
Ecology, 2–3
Ecosystems
agricultural. See Agroecology
categorizations of solutes in, 465
components of, 2–3
effects of soil structure on, 165, 168
natural versus managed, 3
soil quality in, 3
Edaphological approach, 94
Edaphology, 5
Edge-surface proximity concept, 102, 103
Effective diameter, 44
Elasticity, 194–195, 196
Elastoplastic soil, 196
Electrical conductance, 313
Electrical conductivity (EC), 644
and capacitance, 300
Electrical resistance, measuring, 336–337
Electric double layer, 171
Electrokinetic potential, 61–63
Electron transfer, 568–569
Electrostatic bonds, 55–57
Electrostatic forces, 99
Elovich model, 487
Emerson’s model, 102–104
Emissivity coefficient, 531
Endogenous factors, 115
Endothermic reactions, 535–536
Energy balance of soil, 536–537
Energy hill diagram, 535–536
Engineering
application of soil strength in, 197
importance of soil solids to, 80, 81
Engineering approach, 95
Enthalpy, 138
Entrapped air effect, 349
Entropy
for change reversible system, 522
defined, 411
for physical process, 522
of water, 257
Entropy effect, 349–350
Environment quality
Index 647
applications of soil physics to, 10–11
importance of soil solids to, 80, 81
Equation of continuity, 473
Equilibrium adsorption (S
s
), 485
equations for, 491
Equilibrium solute transport equation, 496
Erosion, 9, 615–617
Evaporation, 535
cumulative, 451
defined, 439
governed by soil water temperature, 527
and gravelly soils, 617–618
nonisothermal, 452
potential, 441–442
rate as affected by texture of soil, 446
of soil water. See Soil water evaporation
transient, 446–447
Evaporation rate (e) estimation, 444
Evaporemeter, 274
Exchangeable cations, 241
Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), 644
Exergonic reactions, 535
Exogenous factos, 115–116
Exothermic processes, 536
Exothermic reactions, 535–536
Expansive soils. See Swelling soils
Fahrenheit (°F), 515
conversion from one scale to another, 516
Falling head method, 365–366
Farming systems, influence on soil structures, 136–137
Fick’s laws, 469–470, 571–575
for calculating flux density, 508–509
second law of diffusion, 388
Field moisture capacity, 288–291, 427–428
assessing with neutron moisture meter, 302
effect of clay content on, 291
effect of organic matter on, 291
Field moisture content, 170
Filtering capacity, 33
Filter paper method, 337
Finger flow, 422
Fingering, 632–633
First atmosphere, 557
First law of heat conduction, 539–540
First law of thermodynamics, 521–522
First order model, 487
Fitting flow velocity, 501
Flocculation, 63
cause of, 171
Index 648
causing, 64, 65
dispersion forces in, 98
distinction between aggregation and, 108–109
edge-to-face type of, 102
electrostatic forces in, 99
forces involved in, 97–99
gravitational forces in, 99
incomplete, 65
intermolecular and intramolecular forces in, 98
preventing, 64–65
random, 65
van der Waals forces in, 98
Floccules, 63
card-house structure of, 103
formation of, 65
Fluidity, 267–268
Flux controlled infiltration, 408
Flux, equating with Darcy’s law, 423
Flux density, 358–359
calculating, 508–509
in unsaturated flow, 382
Fokkar-Plank equations, 388
Force of attraction, 56, 57
Force of buoyancy (F
b
), 39
Fortuosity, 580
Fourier law, 533, 539–540, 543
Fractals
defined, 133
and soil structure, 133–134
using for pore size distribution, 157
Fractionation, 37–38
Fracture flow, 632–633
Fragmental soils, 602
Free surface energy, 259
Free water, 70–71
Freezing, 535, 630–632
Freundlich adsorption model, 485, 487
Friable consistence, 233, 236
Friction force, 39
Frigid soils, 530–531
Frozen soils, 626–632
composition of, 626–627
freezing process, 627–628
simultaneous heat and fluid transport in, 629–630
water flow in, 628–634
Functional normalization, 657
Fungi, as binding agent, 112, 113
Furrow irrigation, 432, 433
Gamma radiation, 310
Index 649
Gamma ray attenuation, 304–305
merits and limitations of, 313
Gaseous components, 15
Gaseous diffusion in soil, 571–575
Gas thermometry, 520
Gas tortuosity (ξ
g
), 368
General Freudlinch model, 487
General Langmuir-Freundlich model, 487
Geometric mean diameter (GMD), 128
Geometric mean particle diameter (GMDp), 369
Gibbs equation, 520–521
Gouy-Chapman model, 60
Gravelly soils, 601–623
bulk density, 608–609
thermal properties of, 618–619
Gravel mulching, 456
Gravels
effect of gravel on soil physical and hydrological properties, 605
and soil structure, 605
and soil texture, 605–606
spatial distribution of, 603–604
volumetric content, 605
Gravimetric gravel content, 609
Gravimetric heat capacity (C
g
)
,
523
Gravimetric soil moisture content (w), 23
converting into volumetric moisture content (Θ), 294
range of, 25
Gravitational force (F
g
), 39, 99
Gravitational potential (Φ
z
), 330
of soil moisture, 322
Gray water, 255
Greek alphabet, 667
Green-Ampt model, 412–415
calculating parameters of, 434
compared to other methods, 421
Greenhouse effect, 559
effect of soil properties and processes on, 10
Greenhouse gases, 559
Green water, 255
Griffith’s tensile failure theory, 200
Groundwater, 255
Hardsetting, 181–183
Hardsetting soils
figure of, 182
management of, 181, 183
structure of, 181
Hazen’s coefficient, 44
Heat
Index 650
diurnal and seasonal variations of, 529–530
intensity, 521
quantity, 521
Heat capacity, 618
of gases, 538
gravimetric (Cg), 523, 527, 538
of Nigerian soils, 539
of soil, 537–538
volumetric (C
y
), 523, 527
Heat conservation equation, 541–543
Heat dissipation technique, 334, 337
Heat evolution, 535–536
Heat flow in soils, 539–541
Heat of hydration, 72–73
Heat of wetting, 71
causes of, 72
measuring, 73
Heat transfer, 9
conduction, 533
convection, 533
radiation, 531–533
Helium (He), 557
Helmholtz model, 60
Henry’s law, 265
H-flume, 277
Holtan model, 419–420
compared to other methods, 421
Homogenous soil, 371
Hookean model, 190
Horizontal flow, calculating, 374–375
Horizontal infiltration, 415–416
Horton model, 419
calculating parameters of equation of, 434
compared to other methods, 421
Humic substances, 77
Humidity, constant, 686–688
Humus, 78
Hydration energy, role in swelling process, 67
Hydraulic conductivity, 243, 355, 628
and frozen solids, 631–632
in gravelly soils, 612–614
models for, 397–399
reducing, 179
relative, 397–399
in saturated zones. See Saturated hydraulic conductivity
and soil drying, 442
in unsaturated zones. See Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic diffusivity, 448–450
Hydraulic gradients (∆H), 357–358
calculating in absence of high conduc- tance porous plate, 364–365
Index 651
in clayey soils, 360–361
in coarse-textured soils, 360
rate of change of, 396
Hydraulic head, 331
in Darcy’s law, 370–371
at inlet and outlet, 364
Hydraulic potential (H), 356
Hydraulic resistance, of crusted soil, 423
Hydraulic weighting device, 282
Hydrodynamic dispersion, 467, 468, 469
Hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D), 479–480
Hydrogen (H
2
), 557
Hydrogen bonds, 58–59, 70
Hydrological process, 321
Hydrologic cycle, 269–270
components of, 271–281
Hydrophilic soil, 260–261
Hydrophobicity, 115
Hydrophobic soil, 260–261
Hydroscopic coefficient, 68
Hydrosphere
defined, 255
soil physical properties important to, 11
Hyperthermic soils, 531
Hyphae, as binding agent, 112
Hysteretic soil, 347
Ideal gas, 517, 520
Infrared thermometry, 519
Immiscible displacement, 474
Immobile (σ
im
) water contents, 504–506
Immobile water zones, 468
Index based on texture and cementing agents, 131
Index of crusting, 131
Index of erodibility (I
e
), 130
Index of resistance (I
r
), 130
Index of structural stability (I
s
), 130–131
Indirect methods for measuring soil moisture content, 300–312
Industrial building, importance of soil solids to, 80, 81
Infiltration. See Water infiltration
Infiltration rate, 406–407
Infiltrometers, 425, 428, 430
Initial conditions
at exit, 495
for pulse application, 495
for step-type input, 496
Inlet condition, 494
Inorganic bonding agents, 111
Inorganic components, 15
clay minerals, 52–66
Index 652
packing arrangement of, 73–77
particle shapes of, 44–47
particle size distribution of. See Particle size distribution
primary particles of, 34
properties of, 34
secondary particles of, 34
specific surface area of, 47–52
swelling and shrinkage of, 66–68
water absorption in, 68–69
water adsorption in, 69–73
Inorganic soils
composition of, 26
particle density of, 20
In situ methods for measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, 394–396
Insulation, factors affecting, 523–524
Interaggregate pores, 94, 95
Interlattice swelling, 66
Intermolecular attractions, 98
Internal drainage method, 395–396
Interparticla swelling, 66
Intraaggregate pores, 94, 95
Intramolecular attractions, 98
Intrinsic charge density, 59
Intrinsic permeability, 362
of air, 581
Inverse modeling technique, 503–504
Ionic bonds, 55–57
Irreversible (sink/source) model, 487
Irrigation, 548
Isobars, for soil-moisture potential, 331
Isomorphic substitution, 53
Isotropic soil, 372
Isotropism, 195
Kaolinite, 72
Kelvin (K) equation, 350, 515, 520
conversion from one scale to another, 516
Kelvin model, 191
Kinematic viscosity (η
k
), 265–266
Kostiakov model, 418–419
calculating parameters of, 434
compared to other methods, 421
Kozeny-Carman equation, 368
Krilium, 121
Labile pool, 78, 79
Labile solutes, 466
Laminar flow, 359–360
equation for relationship to pore radius, 366–367
Index 653