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ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɚɡɢɦɭɬ ɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɹ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɦɚɪɤɲɟɣɞɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ), ɚ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ
R
P
(ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɇɟ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɡɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ) ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ, ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ «ɧɚ ɝɥɚɡ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ,
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ. Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ «ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ» ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
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RRQ
R
,
. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ,
R
P
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɢɦ
1R
P
(ɞɥɢɧɚ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɉɪɨɬɨɞɶɹɤɨɧɨɜɭ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɤɟɪɧɚ) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ
NR
P
(ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɹ – ɭɝɨɥ ɢ ɚɡɢɦɭɬ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ) ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ.
ɋɚɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ
Degr
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)
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ – ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ, ɦɢɧɭɬɵ, ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ «ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ» ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ
ɱɢɫɟɥ
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NQ
N
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Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ,
ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɚɪɨɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɟɪɧɚ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɚ:
«ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ». ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɥɨɠɶ:
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.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ - ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ
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charcharQ
char
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. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥ