Карлсон Б. Основы эмбриологии по Пэттену

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PYlC. 11.17. rOJlOBHOli M03r Ha PB3J1H'IHbIX CTa)!,HllX pa3BHTHll UJIo)!,a; BH)!, cOOKY. (nO

Retzlus.

C H3MeHeHHllMH,)

4 Mec.

6-A Meclll~.

7-A Mecll~.

8-li Mecll~.

J{.

9-A Mecll~. 1 - ~eHTpaJIbHaH OOp03i\a;

2 - JlaTepaJIbHall (cHJlbBHeBa) OOp03i\a; 3 - BepxHllH BHCO'lHall OOp03i\a;

4 -

nOJlloc BHco'lHolI

)!,OJIH; 5 - M03me'lOK; 6 - TeMeHHo-3aTbIJlO'lHall oopo3)!,a; 7 - npOi\OJlroBaTbIit M03r;

8 _

OCTpOBOK._

PeliJla Ha )!,He CHJIbBHeBOli OOP03)!,bI.

pe3YJIhTaTe 3HaIJHTeJIhHOro yTOJIIu;eHH5ICTeHOK'nOJIOCThCpe)l.HerO.

M03ra 3aMeTHO yMeHhIlIaeTC5I, o6pa3y5I Y3KHH KaHaJI, COe)(HH5IIOlll.HA

nOJIOCTH3a)l.HerO H npO)(OJIrOBaTOrO M03ra (IJeTBepThIH JKeJIY)l.OIJeK)C

rrOJIOCThIOrrpOMeJKyToIJHorO M03ra (TpeTHH JKeJIy)l.OIJeK). 3TOT KaHaJI

Ha3hIBaeTC5I

CUAb6Ue6bl.M 6000np06000.M

(aquaeductus cerebri;

pHC.

11.18,

JK).

npOMeJKyTo'lHblH M03r (diencephalon).

rrpou:ecce P~3BHTH5Irrpo-

MeJKyToIJHoro M03ra npOHCXO)(HTp5I)( CYlll.eCTBeHHhIXH3MeHeHHH: Kphl-

IlIa ero HCTOHIJaeTC5I,H COCy)(bI,,pa3BHBaIOlll.HecH Ha BHeIlIHeH rroBepx-

HOCTH, B)l.aBJIHB8IOT ee B rrOJIOCTbTpeTbero JKeJIY)(OIJKa, o6pa3YH

ne-

peoH.ee cOCyoucToe CnAeTeH.Ue TpeTbe20 OfCeAyoO'llCa

(tela choroidea

ventriculi tertii; pHC.

11.18,

JK).

Cpe)(HeH IJaCTH KphIIlIH npOMeJKy'

TOIJHOrO M03ra, rr03a)l.H cocy)(HCTOrO CnJIeTeHH5I, o6pa3yeTcH

anu¢us-

(IlIHIlIKOBH)l.HOe TeJIO,corpus pineale; pHC.

11.18, JK).

Ha )(He npOMeJKyToIJHoro M03ra pa3BHBaeTcH Cpe)(HHHhIH )l.HBepTH-

KyJI, Ha3bIBaeMhIH

60POH.ICOU

(infundibulum). L!.IIcTaJIhHaH IJaCTh Kap-

MaHa PaTKe TepHeT CBOIOHCXO)l.HYIOCBH3h C 3KTO)l.epMoH CTOMO)l.eyMa,

II rrJIOTHOrrpHJIeraeT K BopOHKe (pHC.

11.11

17.33).

HeCKOJIhKO rr03.

JKe 3TH )l.Be CTpyKTypbI 06'he)l.HHHIOTCH,<pOpMIIpyH 3H)l.OKPIIHHYIOJKeJIe-

2unO¢U3

(pIIC.

11.18,

15.1).

OIJeHb paHHIIH rrepHO)l. pa3BIITIIH BeHTpOJIaTepaJIhHhIe CTeHKR

nepe)l.HerO M03rOBoro rrY3hlpH )(aIOT HaIJaJIO rJIa3HhIM rrY3hlp5IM

(pHC.

11.13, A

12.2, E).

ITocJIe pa3)(eJIeHIIH prosencephalon Ha

PYlC. 11.18. CarHTTaJIbHblA cpe3 '1epea rOJlOBHoli M03r Ha pa3JIH'IHbIX CTai\HllX pa3BHTHH

UJlOi\_a_

(no Retzius C H3MeHeHHllMH.) -A MeCll .

8-11 MeCH~.

)1(.

9-A Mec~~.

Mec.

5-li Mecll~.

6-li MeCll~,.

J{.

.!.

UJ UJKO~ Hoe -reJIo;

4 _

TeMeHHO-3aTbl"

1 - ~eHTpaJlbHall oop03)!,a; 2 - M03o~HCToe TeJlO. 3 S)~ 7 _ :nOPHall oOp03i\a;

8 _

CHJlbBHe&-

JlO'lHall oOp03i\a; 5 - '1eTBepOXOJlMHe. 6 - KJlHH (cune~He'

meJIYi\O'lKa' 11 _ npoi\oJIroBaTblll'

Bo)!,onpoBo)!,; 9 - M03me'lOK;

10 -

cocy)!,HcToe CnJleTe a Hll' 14 _ ne ei\H'llll i\OJIll rHnoqlH3a;

M03r; 12 - MOCT; 13 - BHCO'lHall )!,OJIll upaBoro nOJIyUJ p • . 17 _ ~e MHHaJlbHall nJlaCTHHKa;_

15 - 3pHTeJlbHblil nepeKpecT; 16 - np~)!,t3PHTeJld?H.oe2l~~~pJI:;~:~ KOMHcc~pa; 21 _ MOHpoeBo OT-

18 -

coc~eBH.n.Hoe TeJIO;

19 -

massa In erme la, .

BepcTHe; 22 - cocy)!,HcToe CnJleTeHHe III meJlY)!,O'lKa.

telencephalon H diencephalon rJIa3Hhle cTe6eJIhKH OTKphIBaIOTcH B rro-

JIOCThrOJIOBHOrO M03ra B HerrOCpe)l.CTBeHHOH6JIH30CTH OT MeCTa pa3-.

)l.eJIeHHH (pHC.

11.16, B).

YCJIOBHaH BeHTpaJIhHaH rpaHHu:a MeJK)l.y

KOHeIJHhIM II npOMeJKyToIJHhIM M03rOM rrpOxO)l.HT IJepe3 Cpe)(HHHOe yr-

JIy6JIeHIIe Ha )l.He rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, pacrr?JIO)KeHHOe HanpoT~B MeCTa'

BXO)l.a rJIa3HhIX cTe6eJIbKOB (recessus ophcus, pHC.

11.14, A

11.11).

Cpa3y JKe rr03a)l.H OT recessus opticus HMeeTCH 3aMeTHoe yTOJIlll.eHHe,.

r)l.e nepeKpelll.HBaeTCH IJaCTh BOJIOKOHKaJK)l.OrO 3pHTeJIhHOrO HepBa~:

06JIaCTh rrepeKpecTa '3pHTeJIhHhIX BOJIOKOH Ha3hIBaeTCH

XUa3.MOW

(chiasma opticum) (pHC.

11.14, A

11.11).

ITocJIe XHa3MhI rrepeKpe-

lll.eHHhle H HenepeKpelll.eHHhle BOJIOKHao6pa3yloT

3pUTeAbH.ble TpaK.Tbl.

3pHTeJIhHhle TpaKThI THHyTC5I B)(OJIh JIaTepaJIhHhIX CTeHOK npOMeJKy-

TOIJHOrOM03ra, r)l.e 3aKaHIJHBaIOTCH HeKoTophle H3 HX BOJIOKOH•.

OCTaJIbHbIe CJIe.ll.YIOTK UeHTpaM 3aMbIKaHHH 3pHTeJIbHbIX pe<pJIeKCOBa

colliculi superior (pHC. 11.2, .lI.yra 56) H tIepe3 KOJIeHtIaTbIe TeJIa K

3pHTeJIbHOH:OOJIaCTHKOPbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra.

fIpOJIH<pepaUHH HeH:p06JIaCTOB B rrJIarueBOM CJIoe rrpHBO.ll.HTK yTOJI-

rueHHIO .lI.0pCOJIaTepaJIbHbIX CTeHOK rrpOMe2KyTOtIHOrO M03ra. 9TH yTOJI-

rueHHbIe OOJIaCTH Ha3bIBaIOT

SpUTeJlbfibl.MU 6yepa.Mu

(thalami optici).

B .lI.OpCaJIbHyIO tIaCTb Ka2K.lI.Oro 3pHTeJIbHOrO 6yrpa BXO.ll.HTrrpOBO.ll.H-

ruHe rryTH H3 crrHHHoro M03ra H

CT80Jla eOJl08fiOeO .Mosea

(pHC. 11.2,

.lI.YrH

H 7). B HHX cOCpe.ll.OTOtIeHbI KpyrrHbIe CHHarrTHtIeCKHe ueHTpbI

(H.lI.pa), KOTopbIe .lI.eH:CTBYIOTKaK rrepeKJIIOtIaTeJIbHbIe CTaHUHH.

YTOJIrueHHe JIaTepaJIbHbIX CTeHOK rrpOMe2KyTOtIHOrO M03ra CHJIbHO

cy2KaeT ero rrOJIOCTb,a B ueHTpaJIbHOH: tIaCTH rrpoTHBOrrOJI02KHbIe CTeH-

KH TpeTbero 2KeJIY.ll.OtIKa rrpHxO.ll.HT B KOHTaKT H CJIHBaIOTCH, 06pa3yH

massa irrtermedia.

KOHetIHblli M03r (telencephalon). I(oHetIHbIH: M03r pa3BHBaeTcH H3

rrapHbIx .lI.0pCOJIaTepaJIbHbIX BbIpOCTOB pOCTpaJIbHOH: 06JIaCTH HepBHOH:

Tpy6KH. 9TH BbIPOCTbI CHatIaJIa oopa3yIOTcH B BH.lI.errOJIyC<pepHtIeCKHX

BbIcTyrroB, Ha3bIBaeMbIX OOKOBbIMH nY3bIp5):MH KOHetIHOrO M03ra

(pHC. 11.14,

B).

XOTH B .9TOi1 06JIaCTYI pa3.l1.eJIel-IHeJIaTepaJIbHbIX CTe-

HOK HepBHOH:Tpy6KH Ha KPbIJIOBH.lI.HbIe H 6a3aJIbHbIe rrJIaCTHHKH lie

tIeTKO Bblpa2KeHO, CtIHTaIOT, tITO 60KOBbIe nY3blpH KOHetIHOrO M03ra

B03HHKaIOT.H3 KPbIJIOBH.lI.HbIXrrJIaCTHHOK.

BHatIaJIe rrOJIOCTHrry3bIpeH: KOHetIHOrO M03ra COe.ll.HHeHbIC rrepBHtI-

HOH:nOJIOCTbIOHepBHOH:Tpy6KH llIHpOKHMH rrpOXO.ll.aMH (pHC. 11.14,

B).

O.ll.HaKO rro Mepe pa3BHTHH .9TH rrpOXO.ll.bI 3HatIHTeJIbHO CY2Ka"IOTCH,HO

TeM He MeHee OHH coxpaHHIOTCH .lI.a2Ke BO B3pOCJIOM COCTOHHHHKaK

.MOfipOe8bl,

HJIH

.Me'JIC'JICeJlYOOIiK08ble,OT8epCTUJl

(pHC. 11.18,

JK).

Cocy-

.lI.HCTbIe CnJIeTeHHH rrpoHHKaIOT tIepe3 Ka2K.lI.OeMOHpoeBO oTBepcTHe B

JIaTepaJIbHble 2KeJIY.ll.OtIKHKOHetIHOrO M03ra H epOPl'1mpyIOT

JlaTepaJlb-

fible XOpouofible CnJleTefiUJl.

BOKOBble .lI.OJIHKOHetIHOrO M03ra 6bICTpO YBeJIHtIHBaIOTCH B pa3Me-

pax (pHC. 11.17). BHatIaJIe HX rroBepxHocTb rJIa.ll.KaH H He HMeeT

.rrpH3HaKOB JIOKaJIbHOH:.lI.HepepepeHuHpOBKH, HO n03.l1.Hee B03HHKaIOT

perHOHaJIbHbIe rrO.ll.pa3.l1.eJIeHHHH MH02KeCTBOH3BHJIHH.

5!CHO BbIpa2KeHHaH

060fiJlTeJlbfiaJl 60posoa

(sulcus olfactorius)

pa3.l1.eJIHeT BeHTpaJIbHyIO H .lI.OpCaJIbHyIO 06JIaCTH rrOJIyllIapHH: KOHetI-

HOro M03ra. OOJIaCTb Me.ll.HaJIbHee 060HHTeJIbHOH: 60P03.l1.bI B OCHOBHOM

'CBH3aHa C epyHKuHeH: 060HHHHH, H nO.9TOMY ee tIaCTO Ha3bIBaIOT

060-

fiJlTeJlbfiblM .Moseo.M

(rhinencephalon), BKJIIOtIaIOruHM oOOHHTeJIbHYIO

,JIyKOBHUY H 060HHTeJIbHbIH: TpaKT. HaHOOJIbllIerO pa3BHTHH 060HHTeJIb-

HbIH: M03r .lI.OCTHraeT y HH311IHXepOpM n03BOHOtIHbIX, oco6eHHO y Tex,

B 2KH3HH KOTOpbIX 060HHHHe HrpaeT' OCOOo Ba2KHYIO pOJIb. Y BbICllIHX

MJIeKOrrHTaIOruHX B pe3YJIbTaTe CHJIbHOrO pa3paCTaHHH 60JIee .lI.0P-

<caJIbHbIX OT.lI.eJIOBKOPbI 060HHTeJIbHbIH: M03r He CTOJIb 3aMeTeH.

I TepMHH «CTBOJI M03ra» HCnOJIb3yeTcll .L\JIll 0603HaqeRHll Bcex qaCTei'J: rOJIOBHOrO M03-

:ra, KpOMe KOHeqHOrO 1I npOMe)KyTOqHOrO M03ra, a TaKllie M03llieQKa.

,UopCaJIbHee 060HHTeJIbHOH: OOP03.l1.bIHapY2KHbIe CTeHKH rry3bIpeif'

KOHetIHOrO M03ra epOpMHpyIOT

lieOnaJlJluyM,

He CBH3aHHbIH:C <pyHKu

Hea

oOOHHHHH. HeOnaJIJIHyM - epHJIOreHeTHtIeCKH HaH60JIee HOBaH OOJIaCTf>.

KOPbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, B KOTOpOH:JIOKaJIH30BaHbI UeHTpbI, CB513aHHbIe'

C naM51TbIO, rrpOH3BOJIbHbIMH .lI.eH:CTBH51MHH TOPM03HbIM KOHTpo~eM

(pHC. 11.2, .lI.yra 7).

PA3BY1THE nEPY1C1JEPY14EOKOro HEPBA

THnHtIHbIH: nepH<pepHtIeCKHH: HepB COCTOHTH3 .lI.BHraTeJIbHOrO, tIyBCTBH-

TeJIbHOrO H aBTOHOMHoro KOMnOHeHTOB (pHC. 11.1). 3a HCKJIIOtIeHHeM

raHrJIH51 .lI.OpCaJIbHOrO KopelliKa CnHHaJIbHOrO HepBa, KOTOpbIH CO.ll.ep-

2KHT KJIeTOtIHbIe TeJIa tIYBcTBHTeJIbHbIX HeH:pOHOB, rrepHepepHtIeCKHK

HepB rrpe.ll.CTaBJI51eTCOOOH:OTpOCTKHHeH:pOHOB,rrOKpbITbIe KJIeTO'lHbIMIt

H HeKJIeTOtIHbIMH 060JIOtIKaMH.

POCT aKCOHOB. ¢OpMHpOBaHHe HepBa HatIHHaeTCH C pOCTa aKCOHOB:

OT HeKOTopbIX KpynHbIx .lI.BHr'aTeJIbHbIX HeH:pOHOB6a3aJIbHOH: rrJIaCTHH-

KH crrHHHoro M03ra HJIH CTBOJIa rOJIOBHOrO M03ra (pHC. 11.19). PaooTa

[appHcoHa [25], B KOTOpOH:6bIJIO nOKa3aHO, tITO .9MOpHOHaJIbHbIe Hep-

BbI B03HHKaIOT B pe3YJIbTaTe rrporpeCCHBHoro pOCTa aKCOHOB OT TeJI

HepBHbIX KJIeTOK, OTKpbIJIa .9rroxy MHOrOJIeTHHX .lI.HCKyCCHH:,rrOCB51rueH-

HbIX He TOJIbKO MexaHH3MY pOCTa HepBa, HO TaK2Ke H CaMOH:CTpyKTyp-

HOH:rrpHpO.ll.e HepBHOH:CHCTeMbI. B CBOHX OrrbITaX [appHCOH rroMerua.n

KJIeTKH HepBHOH: Tpy6KH 3apO.ll.bIllIeH: JI51rYlliKH B CbIBopOTKy Ha rrpe.ll.-

,~'l~~

3~~)~~5

PHC.

1 L 19,

CxeMa, HJlJlIOCTpHpYIOUJ;a5106pa30BaHHe nepH<jlepH'IeCKOrOHepBa,

PaHHHe cTaAHH, .D:BHraTeJlbHble HellpOHbl, HaxOAHUJ;HeC51B 6a3aJlbHoll nJlaCTHHKe cnHHHoroo

M03ra, nOCblJlalOT aKCOHbl K nepH<jlepHH (YKa3aHbl CTpeJlKollj, OAHOBpeMeHHOHellpoHbl, Jle*a-

UJ;He,B '1yBcTBHTeJlbHOMraHrJlHH, nOCblJlalOT OTpOCTKHK cnHHHoMy M03ry H nepH<jJepH'IeCKHlIt

opraHaM,

POCT OTpOCTKOB3aBeprueH; YCTaHOBHJlaCbCB513bMe*AY nepH<jJepH'IeCKHMHopra-

RaMI{ Ii onpe.n.eJIeHHbIMH OT.u.eJIaMH cnHHHoro M03ra.

ABHraTeJlbHble aKCOHbl; 2 - '1YBcTBHTeJlbHbIll raHrJlHll;

JJ.opcaJlbHblll KoperuoK;

BeHTpaJlbHbIli KoperuoK;

5 -

MbIru~a;

6 -

Ko*a.

MeTHOM CTeKJIe H Ha6JIIo.n.aJI 3a,

pOCTOM OTpOCTKOB 3THX KJIeTOK

(pHC.

11.20). B

3TOH pa60Te HapH-

.n.y C pelIIeHHeM Ba:>KHOHnp06JIeMbI

pa3BHTHH 6bIJI npe.n.JIO>KeHHOBbIH

MeTO.n.- KyJIbTypa TKaHH in vitro.

I1epBbIMH, KaK npaBHJIO, HalJH-

HaIOT 06pa30BbIBaTb OTpOCTKH

KpynHbIe HeHpOHbI. KOHlJHK HepB-

Horo BOJIOKHa BbITHrHBaeTCH B BH-

.n.e

KOflyca pOCTa,

OT KOToporo OT-

XO.n.HTMHOJKeCTBOTOHKHX .n.BHJKy-

rqHXCH Hano.n.06He nceB.n.ono.n.HH

OTpOCTKOB -

¢UJlonOOUU

(pHC.

11.20).

C nOMorqblO aMe60HJJ:Horo

.n.BHJKeHHHHepBHbIH OTpOCTOKnpo-

.n.BHraeTCH Bnepe.n., HCnOJIb3yH npH

CBoeM nepe.n.BHJKeHHH KaKOH-JIH60

no.n.xo.n.HrqHH cy6cTpaT. C03.n.aeTcH

BnelJaTJIeHHe, lJTO KOHyC pOCTa TH-

!HeT 3a C060H .n.JIHHHbIH IJ,HTOnJIa3MaTHlJeCKHH OTpOCTOK (MOJIo.n.oe

HepBHoe BOJIOKHO); 04HaKO B .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTHPOCT BOJIOKHa CBH-

3aH

TeJIOM HepBHOH KJIeTKH, B KOTOpOM CHHTe3HpYlOTCH He06xo.n.H-

MbIe .n.JIHpOCTa BerqecTBa H TpaHcnopTHpylOTCH no HepBHoMy BOJIOK-

Hy K TOlJKe pOCTa. CHHTe3 H TpaHcnopT IJ,HTOnJIa3MaTHlJeCKHXMaTepHa-

JIOB no pacTyrn:eMy HepBHoMy BOJIOKHy Ha3bIBaeTCH

aKCOflflblM TpaflC-

nopTOM

[67].

3TO OCHOBHOHcnoc06, C nOMorqblO KOToporo HeHpoH

cnoc06eH no.n..n.ep)KHBaTb.n.JIHTeJIbHbIHKOHTaKT C TOH HJIH HHOH nepH-

¢epHlJeCKOH CTpyKTypOH. ,UaJKe eCJIH nepepe3aTb HepB y B3pOCJIOro

opraHH3Ma, BOJIOKHa .n.HCTaJIbHee MeCTa nep~pe3KH .n.ereHepHpylOT, a

Ha npOKCHMaJIbHOM oTpe3Ke 06pa3yeTcH KOHyC pOCTa H .HepB paCTeT

K TKaHHM-MHlIIeHHM.

3TOM CJIylJae POCT HepBHbIX BOJIOKOHHa3bIBa-

lOT

pezeflepalfueu.

KaKHM 06pa30M pacTyrqHii OTpOCTOKnepmpepHlJeCKOrO HepBa Ha-

XO.n.HTCBOIOMHlIIeHb B TeJIe 3apo.n.bIlIIa? Ha npOTHJKeHHH MHOrHX JIeT

BbI.n.BHraJIOCbMHOJKeCTBOrHnOTe3, HO MbI .n.o CHX nop He HMeeM OKOH-

lJaTeJIbHOrO OTBeTa Ha 3TOT Bonpoc. C03.n.aeTcH BnelJaTJIeHHe, lJTO

¢HJIOno.n.HH KaK 6bI «TeCTHpylOT KalJeCTBO» MHKpooKpyJKeHHH B 06JIa-

<CTHKOHyca POCTa H onpe.n.eJIHlOT HanpaBJIeHHe ero pOCTa. I1pHMbIe

Ha6JIlO.n.eHH5InOKa3aJIH, lJTO ¢HJIOno.n.HH cOKparqalOTCR npH KOHTaKTe

<c He6JIaronpH5ITHbIM cy6cTpaTOM, HO npHKpenJIHlOTC5I K 6JIarOnpH5IT-

HOMy cy6cTpaTy H cMerqalOT HepBHbIH OTpOCTOKB 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH.

onbITax in vitro nOKa3aHO

[66],

lJTO O.n.HHMH3 onpe.n.eJIHlOrqHX POCT

-¢aKTopOB 5IBJI5IeTC5I¢H3HlJeCKa5I npHpo.n.a cy6cTpaTa. 3TO HBJIeHHe

ObIJIO Ha3BaHO

KOflTaKTflOU opueflTalfUeU.

I10Ka erqe He5ICHO, lJTO pe-

1I'yJil'!pyeT HanpaBJIeHHe pOCTa nepH¢epH4eCKHX HepBOB: CneIJ,H¢H4eC-

'KHe XHMH4eCKHe areHTbI HJIH JIOKaJIbHble 3JIeKTpHlleCKHe nOJI5I.

PHC.

11.20.

POCT 3MClpHOHaJlbHbiXHepBHblX

,BOJlOKOHB KyJlbType TKaHH. KOHel< pacTy-

U\ero HepBHoro BOJlOKHa oClpasyeT TOHQait-

Ilime BbIpOCTbl. HanOMHHalOU\He nCeBJl,OnO-

.)l,HH, KOTopble HaXOJl,lITCliB nOCTOllHHOMJl,BH-

.:H<eHHH(no

[25]).

25,5

'I.

KOMnOHeHTbl pa3BHBalOIIJ,erOCH nepH$epHlJeCKoro HepBa.

Pa3BHTHe

cnHHaJIbHOrO HepBa HalJHHaeTC5I C pOCTa aKCOHOBKpynHbIx .n.BHraTeJIb-

HbIX HeHpOHOB B BeHTpaJIbHOM pore cnHHHorO M03ra.

JKe

BpeM5I

HeHpOHbl lJYBCTBHTeJIbHbIXraHrJIHeB, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX B.n.OJIbcnHHHoro

M03ra, nOCblJIalOT no HanpaBJIeHHlO K HeMy OTpOCTKH, KOTopbIe BXO.n.51T

B .n.opCaJIbHblH por ceporo BerqeCTBa (pHC.

11.19).

qYBcTBHTeJIbHbIe

OTpOCTKH TaK)Ke pacTyT K nepH¢epHH, r.n.e BCKope coe.n.HHHlOTCHC

BbIPOClIIHMH .n.BHraTeJIbHbIMH HepBHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH, 06pa3yH 06rqHH

HepBHbIH CTBOJI.

06bIlJHO .n.BHraTeJIbHbIe H lJYBcTBHTeJIbHbIe HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa.n.OCTH-

ralOT HHHepBHpyeMoH 06,JIaCTH B nepHo.n., Kor.n.a ee .n.H¢¢epeHIJ,HpOBKa

erqe He 3aBeplIIeHa. AKCOHbI 60JIblIIHX .n.BHraTeJIbHbIX HeHpOHOB ocy-

IUeCTBJIHlOT KOHTaKT C pa3BHBalOIUHMHC5I MbIlIIelJHbIMH Tpy60lJKaMH

3aKJIa.n.OK MbIlIIIJ,. I10CJIe yCTaHOBJIeHHH BpeMeHHbIX «npo6HbIX» ¢YHK-

IJ,HOHaJIbHbIXKOHTaKTOB BeTBH .n.BHraTeJIbHOrO HepBHoro BOJIOKHa ¢op-

MHpylOT OKOH4aTeJIbHbIe

flepBflO-MblUte<tflble coeOUfleflUfl (OBUZaTeJlb-

Hble KOfllfeBble nJlaCTUHKU)

C rpynnoH, COCTOHIUeHH3 HeCKOJIbKHX HJIH

HeCKOJIbKHX COTeH MbIlIIelJHbIX BOJIOKOH,06pa3yH

OBUZaTeJlbflYIO eou-

HUlfY

MbIIlIIJ,bl.

I103.n.Hee onpe.n.eJIeHHbIe lJYBCTBHTeJIbHble OTpOCTKH HH.n.yIJ,HpylOTB

He60JIblIIHX HHHepBHpyeMbIx rpynnax MbIlIIelJHbIX BOJIOKOH¢OPMHPO-

BaHHe

MblUte<tflblX BepeTefl -

CneIJ,HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX

nponpUOlfenTUBflblX

eOUl-lUlf,

pacnpe.n.e.iIeHHbIx Me)K.n.y .n.pyrHMH MbIlIIelJHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH

[70].

MbIlIIelJHble BepeTeHa TaKJKe cHa6)KalOTC5I .n.BHraTeJIbHbIMH HepB-

HblMH BOJIOKHaMH.,UpyrHe lJYBCTBHTeJIbHbIeHepBHbIe OTpOCTKHHanpaB-

JIHIOTCHK pa3BHBalOIUeHCH

KOJKe

H no.n.JIe)KarqHM TKaHHM H .n.H¢¢epeH-

IJ,HpylOTCH, o6pa3y51 60JIblIIOe pa3Ho06pa3He CneIJ,HaJIH3HpOBaHHblx

lJYBCTBHTeJIbHbIXOKOHlJaHHH.

O.n.HOBpeMeHHO C 3THMH npOIJ,eCCaMH Ha nepH¢epHH HepBa npOK-

CHMaJIbHbIe OTpOCTKH HeHpOHOB B cnHHHOM M03ry 06pa3ylOT CBH3H C

aCCOIJ,HaTHBHbIMHHeHpOHaMH HJIH BKJIlOlJalOTCH B TpaKTbI cnHHHoro

M03ra. I10CJIe ¢OpMHpOBaHHH IJ,eHTpaJIbHblX CBH3eH, 3aMbIKalOIUHX

pe¢JIeKTOpHble .n.yrH, 3apo.n.b1lII HalJHHaeT pearHpOBaTb Ha nepH¢epH-

lJeCKHe ceHcopHbIe CTHMyJIbI.

I10MHMO YCTaHOBJIeHHH COOTBeTcTBylOIUHX HepBHbIX CBH3eH pa3BH-

BalOIUHeC5I HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa .n.OJIJKHbIH30JIHpOBaTbCH .n.pyr OT .n.pyra.

MHeJIHHH3aIJ,HH HepBHbIX BOJIOKOHOCYIUeCTBJIHeTCHnyTeM MHorOKpaT-

Horo 3aKpYlJHBaHHH BOKpyr HHX CneIJ,HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIx lIIBaHHOBCKHX

KJIeTOK (pHe.

11.21).

HeKoTopbIe nepH¢epHlJeCKHe HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa

ClJHTalOTCH HeMHeJIHHH3HpoBaHHbIMH, HO

.n.aJKe

OHH lJaCTHlJHO oKpyJKe-

Hbl IJ,HTOnJIa3MOHlIIBaHHOBCKHX KJIeTOK.

ABTOHoMHble HepBbl.

'uBHraTeJIbHbIM H lJYBcTBHTeJIbHbIM BOJIOKHaM

B npOKCHMaJIbHbIX lJaCTHX CnHHaJIbHbIX HepBoB conyTcTBylOT a¢¢e-

peHTHble H 3¢¢epeHTHbIe BOJIOKHa

flenpOU3BOJlbflOU,

HJIH

aBTOflOMflOU

(BeZeTaTUBfloU), flepBf-WU CUCTeMbl

(pHC.

11.1).

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HbIe BOJIOKHa BbIXO.n.HTH3 cnHHHoro M03ra B COCTaBeBeHTpaJIbHbIX KO-

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PYlc.

11.21.

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MHeJlHHH3al.\HlI nepHq,epH'leCKOrO HepBa npoHcxoAHT B pe3YJlbTaTe MHoroKpaTHoro o15epTblBaHHII

llIBaHHoBcKoll KJleTKH BOKpyr aKCOHa.

l.\eHTpaJlbHoll HepBHoll CHCTeMe 3Ty q,YHKI.\HIO BblnO.ll-

HlIIOT OJlHrOAeHAPOrJlHaJlbHble KJleTKH.

1 -

aKeOH;

2 -

lI,1l.PO llIBaHHoBcKoll KJleTKH;

3 -

nepexBaT PaHBbe;

4 -

oJlHroAeHAPOrJlHanbHall

KJleTKa.

OT,neJIbHylO BeTBb H YCTaHaBJIHBalOT CB5I3HC KJIeTOqHbIMH TeJIaMH Heii:-

POHOBBToporo nOp5I,nKa, B03HHKalOIIJ.HX H3 HepBHoro rpe6H5I H c06paH-

HbIX B BH,ne IJ,enOqeK raHrJIHeB, JIe2KaIIJ.HXB,nOJIbKaM,nOll CTOpOHbITeJIa

BeHTpaJIbHee n03BOHOqHOrO cToJI6a HJIH B OT,neJIbHbIXraHrJIH5IX B rpyJJ.-

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CKOll aBTOHOMHOll HepBHOll CHCTeMe, nOCbIJIalOT OTpOCTKH K BHyTpeH-

HHM opraHaM, KpOBeHOCHbIMcocy,naM H KOMHbIM 2KeJIe3aM. KJIeTO'lHbIe

TeJIa aepepepeHTHbIX aBTOHOMHbIXBOJIOKOHTaKMe HaXOJJ.5ITC5IB raHrJIH-

5IX ,nopCaJIbHbIX KopelliKOB. lJ,eHTpaJIbHbIe CB5I3H OCYIIJ.eCTBJI5IlOTC5IB

cnHHHOM M03ry.

B xo,ne ,nHepepepeHIJ,HpOBKHaBTOHOMHbIX 'HellpOHOB Ha6JIlO,nalOTCH

KaK MHHHMyM ,nBe OCHOBHbIeCTa,nHH

[10].

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B paHHHll nepHO,n pa3BHTH5I, Kor,na HeKOTopbIe KJIeTKH HepBHoro rpe6-

H5I ,neTepMHHHpylOTC5I KaK 6y,nYIIJ.He KOMnOHeHTbI aBToHoMHoii: HepB-

HOll CHCTeMbI. 3TH KJIeTKH 3aTeM MHrpHpylOT BeHTpaJIbHO OT 3aKJIa,nKH

HepBHOll CHCTeMbI H 3aCeJI5IlOT COOTBeTcTBylOIIJ.HeOpraHbI. Bo BpeMH:

BTOpOll OCHOBHOll CTa,nHH ,nHepepepeHIJ,HpOBKHaBTOHOMHbIX HellpOHOB

npOHcxOJJ.HT KaqeCTBeHHa5I CneIJ,HaJIH3aIJ,H5IHX HepBHbIX OKOH'laHHii:.

XOT5I B HaCT05IIIJ.ee BpeM5I H3BeCTHO 60JIee ,neC5ITHMeJJ.HaTopOB, KOTO-

pbIe 06Hapy2KeHbI B pa3JIHqHbIX qaCT5IX HepBHOll CHCTeMbI, HO aBTOHOM-

HbIe HepBbI 6bIBalOT JIH60

XOAUrtapeU£f.eCKUMU

(T. e. HX Me,nHaTOp--'-

aUeTHJIXOJIHH), JIH60

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1~ 20 30· 40 50 60 70 .. E

11:;-

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...

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11.22.

'IHCJlO BbIlKHBalOlI.\HX (15eJlble KPYlKKH) H ,Il.ereHepHPYlOlI.\HX ('lepHble KPYlKKH) Hell-

;pOHOB B BeHTpaJlbHOM pore cnHHHoro M03ra llInopl.\eBoll JllIrYlliKH B pa3J1H'lHble nepHOAbl pa3BH-

THlI (no

[32J).

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'CHMnaTHQeCKOll HepBHOll CHCTeMbI 5IBJI5IlOTC5ICOOTBeTCTBeHHO,XOJIHH-

apm'leCKHMH H a,npeHapmQeCKHMH.

HaQaJIbHbIll nepHO,n 3aCeJIeHH5I

OpraHOB aBTOHOMHbIe HellpOHbI eIIJ.e He ,nHepepepeHIJ,HpOBaHbIB OTHO-

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aprHQeCKHX HJIH XOJIHH3prHQeCKHX.

BJIHSlHHe nepHepepH'IeCKHX CTpyKTyp Ha pa3BHTHe cnHHHoro M03ra.

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S·

PHC.

11.23.

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(CnpaBa)

H y CaJIaMaH,ll;pbl. KOTC>-

poll TpaHCnJIaHTHpOSaHa )l,OnOJIHHTeJIbHali HH:lKHlIli KOHeqHOCTb

(C/leBa).

HepSbI H COOTseTcTsylO-

Il\He qYSCTSHTeJIbHble raHrJIHH. H)I,YIl\He K c06cTBeHHoll H TpaHcnJIaHTHposaHHoll KOHeqHOCTH.

KpynHee. qeM HepBbI. cHaCl:lKalOll\He TOJIbKO cTeHKy TeJIa (no

[17)).

HO IIpHBO,lVIT TaK2Ke K YMeHbIlleHHIO pa3MepOB COOTBeTcTByIOIJl.erOtIyB-

CTBHTe~bHOrO raHr~H~ H BeHTpa~bHOrO (~BHraTe~bHOrO) pora CIIHH-

Horo M03ra. YMeHbIlleHHe pa3MepOB 3THX CTpyKTyp IIPOHCXO~HT B

pe3Y~bTaTe rH6e~H 3HatIHTe~bHoro KO~HtIeCTBa HepBHbIX K~eTOK. C~e-

,lI,yeT OTMeTHTb, tITO MHoro HeiipOHOB rH6HeTB CIIHHHOM M03ry .zr.a2Ke

B xo~e HopMa~bHor6 pa3BHTH~ (pHC. 11.22). B IIO~CHHtIHOii 06~acTH

CIIHHHoro M03ra HopMa~bHoii IllIIOpIJ,eBOii ~~rYIllKH K nepHO,lI,y MeTa-

Mopep03a ~ereHepHpyeT OKO~O 90

~BHraTe~bHbIX HeiipoHoB

:[33].

Iloc~e y~a~eHHH IIOtIKH KOHetIHOCTH3epepeKTeIJl.e 6o~ee nopa3HTe~eH.

faM6yprep '[21] y~a~~~ nOtIKy Hom 2,5-~HeBHoro KypHHoro 3apo~bI-

Illa H K 6-My H~H 7-My ,lI,HIO06HapY2KH~ MaccoByIO rH6e~b K~eTOK, tITO

B KOHetIHOMHTore IIpHBe~o K 3~HMHHaIJ,HHIJ,e~oii nonY~~IJ,HH (20000)

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tIHC~a HepBHblx K~eTOK, npopaCTaIOIJl.HX B 3Ty o6~acTb (pHC. 11.23)

[17].

IloKa3aHo, tITO Ha pa3BHTHe HeKoTopbIX KOMnOHeHTOBHepBHoH

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pa pOCTa HepBOB IIo6Y,lI,H~0 HCCne,lI,OBaTe~eiiK nO~CKaM ,lI,pyrHx cne-

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pa3BHTHe HepBHoii CHCTeMbIH HHbIXCTPYKTYPopraHH3Ma.

qepenHble

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Hble COMaTHtIeCKHe 3epepepeHTHble, BHcuepa~bHble aepepepeHTHble H

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HepBoB MbI HaXO,lI,HMHe TonbKO TaKHe 2Ke THIIbI, HOH HeiipOHbI C 60~ee

orpaHHtIeHHbIM pacnpe~eneHHeM CBOHXOKOHtIaHHii H 6o~ee CIIeIJ,HanH-

3HpoBaHHbIMH epyHKIJ,HHMH(pHC. 11.24). fna3 H yxo, HaIIpHMep, IIpe.u.-

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cne/,fuaAb-

HblMU COMaTUt.teCIWMU arjJrjJepeHTHblMU BOAOKHaMU.

¥l3 BKyCOBbIX

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cneIJ,Ha~bHbIX tIyBCTB, BOCIIpHHHMaIOIJl.HXIIpHKocHoBeHHe, TeMIIepaTy-

py, 60~b, OHH Ha3bIBaIOTC~

cne/,fuaAbHbLMU Buc/,fepaAbHbLMU arjJrjJepeHT-

HblMU BOAOKHaMU.

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IJ,epanbHoii MycKynaTypbI ,lI,pymx 06nacTeii Tena TeM, tITO OHa o6pa-

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BHCIJ,epa~bHblx 9epepepeHTHblx BonOKOH H Ha3bIBaIOTCH

cne/,fuaAbHbLM.U

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CIIHHanbHble HepBbI paCIIOn02KeHbI cerMeHTapHo H HMeIOT O,lI,HHa-

KOBblii II~aH CTpoeHHH. <l>H~oreHeTHtIeCKH tIepeIIHble HepBbI Ta

K2K:-

BepoHTHo, IIPOHCXO~HT ~T cerMeHTHpoBaHHbIx CTpyKTyp rO~OBHOH

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~H OT IIpHMHTHBHoro (IIepBHtIHOro) ,lI,opCanbHoro HnH IIpHMHTHBHoro

BeHTpa~bHoro KopeIllKOB. .uBa tIepeIIHbIX HepBa - 060H~Te~bHblii

(I)

H 3pHTe~bHblii

(II) -

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HCTHHHble HepBbI, a KaK IIp0,lI,On2KeHHeTpaKTOB ronOBHoro M03ra.

HeKOTopble tIepeIIHble HepBbI

(III, IV, VI

XII),

BepoHTHo, B03-

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pOBaTb HX KaK COMaTHtIeCKHe~BHraTe~bHble HepBbI (pHC. 11.24). P5I.lI..

tIepenHblx HepBoB

(V, VII, IX, X

XI)

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PHC.

11.24.

<l>YHKl\HOHSJIbHble CBlI3H PS3JIHqHblX THnOB BOJIOKOH qepenHblx HepBoB. CJIeJl.yeT

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HS noli cxeMe. I(SK H B CJIyqse CnHHSJIbHblX HepBOB. 3q,q,epeHTHble S1jlPS HJIH rpynnbl 3q,q,e-

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(CM. pIIC.

11.14).

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1 -

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2 -

6S3SJIbHSSI nJISCTHHKS;

3 -

Cnel\HSJIbHOe COMSTHqeCKOe sq,-

(j)epeHTHoe S1jlPO;

4 -

06l.l\Hll COMSTHqeCKHlI sq,q,epeHTHbllI CTOJI6;

5 -

Cnel\HSJIbHblll BHCl\epSJIb-

Hblll sq,q,epeHTHblll CTOJI6;

6 -

06l.l\HlI BHCl\epSJIbHblll sq,q,epeHTHblll CTOJI6;

7 -

sulcus llmltsns;

8 -

O~l.l\Hll allCl\epSJIbHblll 3q,q,epeHTHblll CTOJI6;

9 -

Cnel\HSJIbHblll aHCl\epSJIbHblll 3q,q,epeHTHblll

CTOJI6.

10 -

COMSTHqeCKHlI 3q,q,epeHTHblll CTOJI6;

11 -

yJIHTKS;

12 -

sMnyJIS;

13 -

nOJIyKpyJKHble

KSHSJIbl;

14 -

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15 -

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16-

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17 -

MblWeq-

;Hble CJIOII KHWeqHOll CTeHKH;

18 -

6sps6sHHSSI CTpyHS;

19 -

aKycoasSI nOqKS;

20 -

CJIH3HCTSlI

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21 -

ABHrSTeJIbHSlI qSCTb HHJKHeqeJlIOCTHOll aeTaH Tpoll-

HHqHOrO Hepas;

22 -

JKeBSTeJIbHble MbIWl\b1 (6psHxHoMepHble);

23 -

MblWl\b1 S1SblKS;

24 -

nOA-

• qeJIIOCTHSlI JKeJIe3S. PHMCKHMH l\Hq,PSMH 060SHSqeHbl qepenHble Hepabl.

. a¢¢epeHTHble (IlYBCTBHTeJIbHble), HO H ,n:BHraTeJIbHble HepBHble BOJIOK-

Ha (CneIl,l1aJIbHble BHCIl,epaJIbHble 3¢¢epeHTHble), cHa6>KalOIJJ:He

>Ka6epHble ,n:yrH H nOnepellHOnOJIOCaTble MbIIlIIl,bI, B03HHKllIHe H3 Me-

3eHXHMbI .lli:a6epHbIX ,n:yr (pHC.

15.3).

,llBHraTeJIbHble HeHpOHbI, OTpOCT-

KH KOTOpbIX BKJIlOlleHbI B COCTaB llepenHbIX HepBOB, B03HHKalOT H3

I<JIeTOK rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, a a¢¢epeHTHble HeHpoHbI H HX raHrJIHH-

H3 3KTo,n:epMaJIbHbIX nJIaKO,n: HJIH HepBHoro rpe6H51. B Il,eJIOM Me.lli:,n:y

.'lepenHbIMI1 H CIlHHaJIbHbIMH HepBaMH HMeeTC5160JIbllIee CXO,n:CTBO,lleM

PHC,

11.25.

PeKoHcTpYKl\HlI rOJIOaHOrO M03rs H qepenHblX HepBoa SSpOJl.b1WS CBHHbH Jl.JIHHolI

MM. (no Lewis

F. T .• 1902.

Am. Jour. Anst.. vol.

2.)

1 -

HHJKHHll rSHrJIHII 6JIYJKJl.slOl.l\ero HepBs;

2 -

nepBblll wellHbllI rSHrJlHlI;

3 -

nOjl'bll3b1qHblll

HepB; 4 - rSHrJIHll <l>popHns;

5 -

HHJKHHlI rSHrJIHll S1SbIKorJIOTOqHOro Hepas;

6 -

CnHHSJIbHSlI

BeTBb jl06SBOqHOrO Hepas;

7 -

KOMHCCypSJIbHblll rSHrJIHll;

8 -

aepxHlIlI rSHrJlHlI 6JIYJKJl.slOl.l\ero

HepBs; 9 - KopewKH 6JIYJKjlslOl.l\ero Hepas;

10 -

BepxHHlI rSHrJIHlI lISblKOrJIOTOqHOrO HepBs;

11 -

CnHpSJIbHblll rSHrJIHlI cJIyxoaoro Hepas;

12 -

KOJIeHqsTblll rSHrJIHlI JIHl\eaOrO Hepas;

13-

nOJIYJIYHHblll rSHrJIHll TpollHHqHOrO Hepas;

14 -

6JIOKOablll Hepa;

15 -

rJlssoABHrSTeJIbHblll HepB;

16 -

rJISSHSlI aeTBb TpollHHqHoro Hepas;

17 -

oTaojllll.l\HlI Hepa;

18 -

aepXHeqeJIIOCTHSlI BeTab

TpollHHqHoro Hepas;

19 -

HHJKHeqeJIIOCTHSlI aeTab TpollHHqHoro Hepas;

20 -

6sps6sHHSlI CTpyHs;

21 -

60JIbwoll KSMeHHcTblll Hepa;

22 -

JIHl\eaoll Hepa;

23 -

S1SblqHSSI aeTBb lI3blKOrJlOTOqHOrO

Hepas;

24 -

rJIOTOqHSSI aeTab lI3blKorJIOTOqHoro Hepas.

3TO MO.lli:HO6bIJIO O.lli:H,n:aTbIlpH IlepBOM IlOBepXHOCTHOM03HaKOMJIeHHH

C HHMH. . ,

060HSITeJIbHbIH HepR

n. olfactorius). B OTJIHllHe OT ,n:pymx

qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIX HepBOB 060H5lTeJIbHbIH HepB He HMeeT raHrJIHH. ,llpy-

ra51 oco6eHHOCTb 3aKJIlOllaeTC51 B TOM, llTO Bce ero BOJIOKHa 6e3MHKOT-

Hble (HeMHeJIHHI13HpOBaIIHble). 3TH BOJIOKHa o6pa3ylOTcH KJIeTKaMH

3ITHTeJIHaJIbHOrO CJI051, BbICTHJIalOIJJ:erO 060H51TeJIbHble 5lMKH

(pHC.

11.26),

H OTCIO,n:aOHH pacTyT Il,eHTpOCTpeMI1TeJIbHOB o60HHTeJIb-

Hble JIyKOBHIl,bI. B o60HHTeJIbHbIX JIyKoBHIl,aX (pHC.

13.4, F)

BOJIOKHa

o6pa3yIOT CHHaITTHlleCKHe OKOHllaHH51H BXO,n:HTB KOHTaKT C ,n:pyrHMH

HeHpoHaMH, KOTopble Ilepe,n:aIOT HMIlYJIbCbI IlO o60HHTeJIbHoMy TpaKTy

B Il,eHTpbI o60HHTeJIbHOrO M03ra.

3pUTeJIbHbIU HepR

(II

n. opticus). BOJIOKHa

8pUTellbH.020 H.ep8a,

TaK .lli:e KaK H 060H51TeJIbHOrO, o6pa3yroTC51 nepH¢epHllecKH JIOKaJIH30-

BaHHbIMH KJIeTKaMH H npo,n:OJI.lli:aroTC51ueHTpocTpeMHTeJIbHo. HeHpo-

6JIaCTbI, paCIlOJIO.lli:eHHble B llYBCTBHTeJIbHOM CJIoe ceTllaTKH B TeCHOM

KOHTaKTe co cBeTollYBcTBHTeJIbHbIMH KJIeTKaMH, IlOCbIJIaroT OTpOCTKH,

BbIxo,n:51IJJ:HeH3 rJIa3HOrO 60KaJIa llepe3 COCy,n:HCTyroIJJ:eJIb.3TH BOJIOK-

Ha 3aTeM IlpOXO,n:51TB,n:OJIb3pHTeJIbHOrO cTe6eJIbKa H BXO,n:51TB rOJIOB-

PRC. 11.26. ITapacarllTTaJlbHblil cpes (cnpaBa OT cpe.D:Heil JlIIIIHH) tIepea rOJlOBYaapO,D.blLUa

CBIIHbH,D.JlHHOil15 MM. XOpOLUOBII,D.HbIOTHOLUeHHHMelK,D.YHOCOBOltHMKOlt,o(loHHTeJlbHbIMII

rJlaaO,D.BHraTeJlbHbIMHepBaMII. PHCYHOKC,D.eJlaHC nOMOlUblOnpoeK~HoHHOro annapaTa.

1 - nepe,D.HHHKap,D.IIHaJlbHaHBeHa; 2 - KopeLUoKLUeltHoro HepBa; 3 - THMYCIII; 4 - nO,D.'bHSbltI-

Hblll HepB; 5 - HHlKHlIll raHrJlHll (lJlYlK,D.alOlUeroHepBa; 6 - KopeLUKH nO,D.'bHabltIHOrOHepBa;

7 - rJlOTKa; 8 - CJlYXOBOltnysblpeK; 9 - ,D.06aBOtIHbIltHepB; 10 - SaKJla,D.KarJlaso,D.BHraTeJlbHoll

MbILU~bI;11 -'3a,D.Hee COCY,D.IICTOeCnJleTeHHe; 12 - IV lKeJlY,D.OtIeK;13 - (lJlOKOBblltHepB; 14-

nOJlOCTbCpe,D.HerOM03ra; 15 - rJlasO,D.BHraTeJlbHbIHHepB; 16 - nOJlOCTbnpoMelKYTOtIHOroM03ra;

17 - sa,D.HHHKOMMYHHKaTHBHaHBeTBb BHYTpeHHeltCOHHOltapTepHH; 18 - 3pHTeJlbHbIlt cTe6eJleK;

19 - o60HHTeJlbHa51JlYKoBII~a;

20 -

060H5ITeJlbHbIltHepB; 21 - HOCOBa51nOJlocTb; 22 - 0pOHa3aJlb-

HaH MeM6paHa (nepe,D.pa3pbIBoM).

PRC. 11.27. ITapaCarHTTaJlbHbIli cpes (npaBee, tIeM Ha pIIC. 11.26) tIepes rOJlOBY3apO,D.b1LUa

CBHHbH,D.JlHHOlt15 MM. XOpOLUOBH,D.HbIraHrJlIIH TpoltHHtIHOrO HSblKOrJlOTOtIHOroH (lJlYlK,D.alOlUe-

ro HepBOB. '

23 - HHlKHHlt raHrJlHll HSbIKOrJlOTOtIHOrOHepBa; 24 - BepxHHlt raHrJlHll (lJlYlK,D.alOlUerOHepBa;

25 -.BepxHlIlt raHrJllIll 51SbIKOrJlOTOtIHOrOHepIia; 26 - raHrJlHlt CJlyxoBoro HepBa; 27 - JlII~eBoll

Hepa. 28 - ,D.BllraTeJlbHaHtIaCTb HHlKHetIeJlIOCTHOllBeTBII TpoltHHtIHOrOHepBa; 29 - nOJlYJlYHHbIlI

raHrJlHlt TpoltHHtIHOrOHepBa; 30 - OTBO,D.HlUHltHepa; 31 - HOCOBa51HMKa. OCTaJlbHble o(loSHaqe-

HIIHTe lKe, tITOHa pHC. 11.26.

HOH M03r B 06JIaCni .n:Ha npOMe2KyTOqHOrO M03ra. B MeCTe BXO.n:a .n:Ba

3pHl'eJIhHbIX HepBa

06pa3yIOT XHa3MY, B KOTOpOH OITpe.n:eJIeHHOe qHC-

JIO BOJIOKOH Ka2K.n:OrO HepBa nepeXO.n:HT Ha .n:pyryIO CTOpOHy. B pe3yJIh-

TaTe ~lToro Ka2K.n:hIH rJIa3 OKa3hIBaeTCfI CBfI3aHHhIM C 06eHMH CTopOHa-

MH rOJIOBHOrO M03ra.

rJla3o.n:BHraTeJlbHbIH HepB (III; n. oculomotorius). KaK CJIe.n:yeT

Ji3 Ha3BaHHfI, 31'01' HepB co.n:ep2KHT 3epepepeHTHhle BOJIOKHa, H.n:YllJ;He K

.-fJIa30.n:BHraTeJIhHhIM MhIIlll.l.aM. rpynna HeHpo6JIaCTOB, 06pa3yIOllJ;HX

: 3TH BOJIOKHa, JIe2KHT B 6a3aJIhHOH nJIaCTHHKe cpe.n:Hero M03ra

(pHC. 11.25 H 11.26), BOJIOKHa 01' 06JIaCTH .n:Ha cpe.n:Hero M03ra npo-

_ XOJJ.fIT npfIMo K op6HTe, HHHepBHpyfI HH2KHIOIO KOCyIO, a TaK2Ke Bepx-

HIOIO H cpe.n:HIOIO npfIMhle MbIIlll.l.hI rJIa3HOrO fI6JIOKa.

6J10KOBbIH HepB (IV; n. trochlearis). 31'0 .n:BHraTeJIhHhIH HepB

BepxHeH KOCOH MhIIlll.l.hI rJIa3a. Ero fI.n:po, TaK 2Ke KaK fI.n:po TpeThero

aepBa, Haxo.n:HTCfI B 6a3aJIhHOH nJIaCTHHKe cpe.n:Hero M03ra. BOJIOKHa

I ITOCKOJIbKY CBeTOlJYBCTBlfTeJIbHble H faHfJIlf03Hble KJIeTKIf CeTlJaTKH B03HlfKalOT 1f3

CTeHKH fJIa3HOfO 60KaJIa, KOTOpbIH B CBOIO OlJepe,llb lIBJIlIeTClI BblnlllJlfBaHHeM nepe,lI;-

HefO M03fa 3apO,llbIllIa, CTPYKTYPY. KOTOpyIO Mbi 06bllJHO Ha3bIBaeM 3pHTeJIbHblM Rep-

BOM. 60JIee npaBlfJIbHO ClJlfTaTb He HepBOM, a npOBO,llllrnlfM nYTeM (TpaKTOM), B03HiIf-

.KaIOrnlfM ,If;! MO)J.If<jJHIJ;lfpOBaHHoHCTeHKIf M03ra.

3Toro HepBa BhIXO.n:fIT He npfIMO H3 BeHTpOJIaTepaJIhHhIX CTeHOK M03ra

(qTO 06hlqHO xapaKTepHO ..n:JIH .n:BHraTeJIhHhIX HepBOB), a no.n:xo.n:HT K

.n:opCaJIhHOH CTeHKe cpe.n:Hero M03·ra (pHC. 11.25 H 11.26) H nepeKpe-

llJ;HBaIOTCH nepe.n: BbIXOJJ.OM. '

TpOHHHqHblH HepB (V; n. trigeminus).

TPOUHUf.lHblU Hep8

nOJIy-

qHJI CBoe Ha3BaHHe nOToMy, qTO HMeeT TpH OCHOBHbIe BeTBH: rJIa3HYIO.

BepXHeqeJIIOCTHYIO H HH2KHeqeJIIOCTHYIO (pHC. 11.15. H 11.25). HaJIHqHe

KpynHoro nOJIyJIyHHoro raHrJIHH YKa3hIBaeT Ha 60JIbWOe qHCJIO qyBCT-

BHTeJIhHbIX BOJIOKOH B ero COCTaBe. TIOCKOJIhKY HH2KHeqeJIIOCTHaH BeTBb

co.n:ep2KHT .n:BHraTeJIhHhle BOJIOKHa, HepB CqHTaeTCH CMeIllaHHbIM

(pHC. 11.27). Ha3Barme ero BeTBeH HCHO YKa3bIBaeT Ha HX pacrrpe.n:e-

JIeHHe B 06JIaCTH JIHl.I.a. .

OTBO,lJ,SIIIl;HH HepB (VI; n. abducens). 31'01' HepB IIOJIyqHJI CBoe Ha·

3BaHHe nOToMy, qTO OR HHHepBHpyeT Hapy2KHyIO npfIMYIO MbIWl.I.Y,

KOTopaH nOBOpaqHBaeT rJIa3HOe 5l6JIOKO Hapy2Ky. Ero 5I.n:po JIe2KHT B

6a3aJIhHOH nJIaCTHHKe npO,lJ,OJIrOBaTOro M03ra, a BOJIOKHa BbIXO,lJ,SI1' Ha

BeHTpaJIhHOH CTopOHe Kay.n:aJIhHee MOCTa H npOXO,lJ,HT no HanpaBJIeHHIO

K op6HTe (pHC. 11.25 H 11.27).

JIHl.I.eBOH HepB (VII; n. facialis) •

.Hu/,feBou HepB -

HCXO.n:HO .n:BHra-

TeJIhHhIH HepB. O.n:HaKo npHcyTcTBHe raHrJIHH (ganglion geniculatum)

B6JIH3H ero KOpH5I YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, qTO OH TaKH<e co.n:ep)l<HT HeKOTO-

poe KOJIHqeCTBO qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIX BOJIOKOH. I36JIbIlla5I qaCTb ero qyBCT-

BHTeJIbHbIX BOJIOKOHBKJIIOqeHa B BeTBb 6apa6aHHOH CTpyHbI (chorda

tympani) (pHC.

11.24

11.25),

KOTOpa5I COeJI.HH5IeTC5IC HH2KHeqeJIlOCT-

HOH BeTBblO II5ITOrO HepBa. 3TH BOJIOKHa CB5I3aHbI C opraHoM BKyca.

)lBHraTeJIbHbIe BOJIOKHa HepBa B03HHKalOT OT 5IJI.pa, paCIIOJI02KeHHOrO

B 6a3aJIbHOH IIJIaCTHHKe IIpOJI.OJIrOBaTOro M03ra H HHHepBHpylOT MHMH-

qeCKHe MbIIIIU.bI JIHu.a.

CJIyXOBOH HepB

(Villi

n. acusticus). I13HaqaJIbHO rpyIIIIa raHr·

JIH03HbIX KJIeTOK, 06pa3ylOIIJ.HX BOJIOKHa BOCbMoro HepBa, TeCHO CB5I3a-

Ha C ganglion genicuiatum ceJI.bMOrO HepBa. TIocTeIIeHHO 3TH raHrJIHH

pa3JI.eJI5IlOTC5I,eIIJ.e II03JJ.Hee raHrJIHH BOCbMoro HepBa pa3JJ.eJI5IeTC5IHa

,l{Be qaCTH:

BeCTu6YILRPHblU

CnUpa.llbHblU eaHeILUU

(pHC.

12.13,

H )/(). TIoCJIe pa3JJ.eJIeHH5IraHrJIHeB HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa, OTXOJJ.5IIIJ.HeOT

HX KJIeTOK, <pOpMHpylOT JJ.BaOCHOBHbIX IIyqKa. TeM BpeMeHeM B 'CJIy-

XOBOM IIY3bIpbKe JJ.H<p<pepeHu.HpylOTC5IJJ.Bepa3JIHqHble 06JIaCTH:

yILUT-

"a -

opraH CJIyxa H

nO.llY"PYOICHble "aHaILbl,

KOTopbIe BMeCTe C

MaTOll-

"OU

MeUloll"oM

06pa3ylOT opraH paBHOBeCH5I. CIIHpaJIbHbIH raHrJIHH

H KOXJIeapHa5I (yJIHTKOBa5I) BeTBb BpCbMoro HepBa CB5I3bIBalOTC5I co

CJIyXOBOH qaCTblO CHCTeMbI. BecTH6yJI5IpHbIiI raHrJIHH Hero BeTBb

BCTyIIalOT B CB5I3b C IIOJIyKpy2KHbIMH KaHaJIaMH.

51sblKorJIoToqHblH HepB

(IXi

n. glossopharingeus).

f!8bl"OeJLOTOIl-

HblU HepB -

CMeIIIaHHbIiI HepB, HO 66JIbIIIa5I qaCTb ero BOJIOKOH

5IBJI5IeTC5IqYBcTBHTeJIbHoH. [aHrJIH03HbIe KJIeTKH, H3 KOTOpbIX B03HH-

KalOT qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIe BOJIOKHa, 06pa3ylOT JI.Ba CKOIIJIeHH5I: IIepBoe

OKOJIO KOpH5I HepBa

(BepxHuu zaHzILuu)

H BTopoe, JIe2KaIIJ.ee .u.HCTaJIb-

Hee IIO Xo.u.y 3Toro HepBa

(HUOICHUU UILU fWMeHUCTblU zaHzILuu;

pHC.

11.25

11.27).

HeiipoHbI BepxHero raHrJIH5I JI.alOT HaqaJIO BOJIOK-

HaM, HHHepBHpylOW:HM He60JIbIIIylO 06JIaCTb K02KH Hapy2KHOro yxa.

OTPOCTKH HeiIpOHOB KaMeHHCToro raHrJIH5I HHHepBHpylOT OCHOBaHHe

5I3bIKa H BKycoBbIe COCOqKH 3TOiI 06JIaCTH. )lBHraTeJ.lbHbIe BOJIOKHa

06pa3ylOTC5I KJIeTOqHbIMH TeJIaMH HeiIpOHOB, JIOKaJIH30BaHHbIX B 6a-

3aJIbHOii IIJIaCTHHKe IIpo.u.OJIrOBaTOro M03ra. 4aCTb H3 HHX HHHepBH-

pylOT IIIHJIOrJIOTOqHYlO MbIIIIU.Y. OCTaJIbHbIe cHa6>KalOT OKOJIOyIIIHylO

CJIlOHHYlO2KeJIe3Y.

6JIY1K)I,alO~HH HepB

(Xi

n. vagus).

EILYOICaalOU{Uu HepB -

CMeIIIaH-

HbIH HepB, HecYIIJ.Hii II5ITb pa3JII~qHbIX THIIOB BOJIOKOH. 4yBcTBHTeJIb-

HbIe BOJIOKHa ero BepxHero (5IpeMHoro) raHrJIH5I IIpOBO.u.5ITHMIIYJIbCbI

OT K02KH B 06JIaCTH Hapy2KHOro yxa. BOJIOKHa HH2KHero (Y3JIOBaTOro

raHrJIH5I (g. nodosum) - HMIIYJIbCbI OT rJIOTKH, ropTaHH, TpaxeH, mI-

IIJ.eBOJI.aH BHyTpeHHHx opraHoB rpYJJ.HoH H 6PlOIIIHOii IIOJIOCTeH. A<p<pe-

peHTHbIe BOJIOKHa, 06pa30BaHHbIe KJIeTKaMH HH2KHerO raHrJIH5I, IIepe-

.u.alOT HMIIYJIbCbI OT BKyCOBbIX IIOqeK, paCIIOJI02KeHHbIX B 06JIaCTH

HaJI.rOpTaHHHKa. 3<p<pepeHTHbIe BOJIOKHa HaqHHalOTC5I B 5I.u.pax npoJJ.oJI-

rOBaToro M03ra H T5IHYTC5IK IIOIIepeqHOIIOJIOCaTOii MycKyJIaType rJIOTKH

H ropTaHH. )lpyrHe .u.BHraTeJIbHbIe BOJIOKHa HaIIpaBJI5IlOTC5I K pa3JIHQ.

HbIM TepMHHaJIbHbIM raHrJIH5IM H Y2Ke OTClOJI.aHMIIYJIbCbI IIepeJJ.alOTc51

K BHCu.epaJIbHOH MycKyJIaType qepe3 JJ.BHraTeJIbHbIe HeHpOHbI BToporo

rrOp5IJJ.Ka(pHC.

11.24).

( )J.o6aBOQHblH Heps

(Xli

n. accessorius). I(oMHccypaJIbHbIH raHrJIHA

(p~c.

11.25),

B03HHKalOIIJ.HH B TecHoH CB5I3H C JJ.06aBOqHbIM HepBoM, B

JJ.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH5IBJI5IeTC5I IIpoJJ.OJI2KeHHeM BepxHero (5IpeMHoro)

raHrJIH5I 6JIY2KJI.alOIIJ.erOHepBa.

B3pOCJIOro opraHH3Ma raHrJlHHI

<1lpopHIIa 06bIqHO HCqe3aeT, H JJ.06aBOqHbIH HepB OCTaeTC5I6e3 raHrJlH5I.

Ero BOJIOKHa, IIOqn~ Bce 5IBJI5IlOIIJ.HeC5I 3<p<pepeHTHbIMH, IIpOHCXOJJ.5IT

He TOJIbKO H3 3aJJ.HeHqaCTH IIpOJJ.OJIrOBaTOro M03ra, HO TaK:>Ke H3 nep-

BbIX II5ITH HJIH IIIeCTH cerMeHTOB CIIHHHoro M03ra (pHC.

11.25).

3HaqH-

TeJIbHOe qHCJIO BOJIOKOHJJ.06aBOqHOrO HepBa npoJI.OJI:>KaeTC5IBMeCTe C

BOJIOKHaMH 6JIy:>KJJ.alOIIJ.erOHepBa K CHMnaTHqeCKHM raHrJIH5IM, OT

KOTOpbIX JI.BHraTeJIbHbIe HMnYJIbCbI HJJ.yT K rJIaJJ.KoH MycKyJIa'rype

BHyTpeHHHx opraHoB. ,Upyme BOJIOKHa JJ.06aBOqHOrO HepBa olheAH-

H5IlOTC5IC aHaJIOrHQHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH JJ.eC5ITOrOHepBa H CJIeJJ.YlOTK

nOIIepeQHOIIOJIOCaTbIM MbIIIIu.aM rJIOTKH H ropTaHH. B6JIbIIIa5I QaCTb

BOJIOKOH, HaQHHalOIIJ.HXC5IOT IIIeHHoro OTJJ.eJIaCIIHHHoro M03ra, 06'b-

eJJ.HH5I~TC5IB Hapy:>KHylO BeTBb, KOTOpa5I 3aKaHQHBaeTC5I Ha Tpaneu.He-

BHJJ.HOHH rpYJJ.HHHO-KJIlOQHQHO-cocu.eBHJJ.HoHMblIIIu.ax •..

nO,l{'bSl3bIQHblH HepB

(XIIi

n. hypoglossus).

flOa1JR8bttiHblU Hep8

nOQTH nOJIHOCTblO 06pa30BaH JJ.:imraTeJIbHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH, KOTopbIe

HaQHHalOTC5I OT 51JJ.pa,pacnOJIO:>KeHHOrO B 3aJJ.HeHQaCTH npoJJ.oJlrolia-

Toro M03ra. 3TH BOJIOKHa BbIXOJJ.5ITH3 M03ra B BHJJ.eHeCKOJIbKHX OT-

JJ.eJIbHbIXKopeIIIKOB, HO BCKope 06'beJJ.HH5IlOTC51B eJJ.HHbIHCTBOJIH CJIe-

JI.ylOT K MbIIIIu.aM 5I3bIKa (pHC.

11.25).

PA3BHTHE HEPBHOVl Cl>YHKl..lHH 3APO,D,bIWA

3aHHMa5ICb MOP<POJIo:HeH H pa3BHTHeM HepBHoH CHCTeMbI, He CJIeJJ.yeT

3a6bIBaTb ee rJIaBHOH pOJIH- reHepau.HH H KoopJJ.HHau.HH MHorHX

<pyHKU.HHopraHH3Ma.

60JIbIIIHHCTBa pa3BHBalOIIJ.HXC5I CHCTeM <popMa

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